Migrating from mobile telephony to multipurpose gadgets

If you asked people 20 years ago what they could do with their phone, they would have simply said, "Call people". Today, a reply would not be that short and easy. The transformations this device has undergone over the last two decades are tremendous. The mobile phone has evolved into a sleek multifuncational marvel. However, the versatile new models are not as good as the old ones when it comes to clear reception. Also, mobile phones' additional functions eat up battery life, so there is less talk time. The author looks at how mobile telephoning has turned into mobile media-based information exchange and the turmoil this transformation has caused.     

Synthesis of near-field patterns of arrays

A new technique of synthesis of near-field (NF) amplitude and phase patterns of linear, planar, of volume arrays of finite size or arrays located on a planar contour of finite size is presented. The array could consist of point dipoles or directive elements. The criterion for prescribing the NF (amplitude and phase) pattern information in the synthesis problem for unique determination of array excitation currents is also stated. The proposed near-field synthesis technique is based on the potential integral solution of source currents, Nyquist sampling of the near-field data and the technique of linear least square approximation (LLSA). The NF pattern synthesis technique is illustrated to synthesize a variety of NF patterns with a number of array configurations. Application of the proposed NF pattern synthesis technique to minimize distortion in far-field patterns of arrays mounted on a conducting platform and to realize array antennas with low sidelobes in the near and far field is also presented.     

On the optimum illumination of arrays

A unified method for the optimization of receiving arrays is presented. The optimization is performed by a linear transformation (coordinate transformation) method. Arrays of lossless arbitrarily arranged in space, but uniformly oriented, elements are analyzed.     

基于麦克风阵列的宽带健壮自适应波束形成算法

研究了用于麦克风阵列语音增强的宽带健壮自适应波束形成算法。该算法结合频率聚焦技术和对角加载技术。在此基础上,通过优化最坏情况下的波束性能确定对角加载因子,求得了最优加载因子的近似解析表达式。和相关算法相比,使用最坏情况性能优化的算法具有更好的语音增强性能,由于求得了最优加载因子的解析解,还具有运算量低、容易实现等优点。同时,该解析解揭示了哪些因素可以影响最优加载因子,以及如何影响。计算机仿真验证了该结果的正确性和有效性。     

Application of antenna arrays to mobile communications. II.Beam-forming and direction-of-arrival considerations

Array processing involves manipulation of signals induced on various antenna elements. Its capabilities of steering nulls to reduce cochannel interferences and pointing independent beams toward various mobiles, as well as its ability to provide estimates of directions of radiating sources, make it attractive to a mobile communications system designer. Array processing is expected to play an important role in fulfilling the increased demands of various mobile communications services. Part I of this paper showed how an array could be utilized in different configurations to improve the performance of mobile communications systems, with references to various studies where feasibility of apt array system for mobile communications is considered. This paper provides a comprehensive and detailed treatment of different beam-forming schemes, adaptive algorithms to adjust the required weighting on antennas, direction-of-arrival estimation methods-including their performance comparison-and effects of errors on the performance of an array system, as well as schemes to alleviate them. This paper brings together almost all aspects of array signal processing     

Quality of service for packet telephony over mobile ad hoc networks

IP telephony over mobile ad hoc networks is a topic of emerging interest in the research arena as one of the paths toward the fixed-mobile convergence in telecommunications networks. To investigate the performance characteristics of this service, we propose a complete system architecture, which includes a MAC protocol, a routing protocol, and the treatment of voice packets. The telephone system is analyzed in the case of point-to-point calls inside the ad hoc network, and the end-to-end performance is assessed in terms of the percentage of blocked and dropped calls, packet loss and packet delay. The analysis takes into account network scalability by investigating how; the size of the multihop ad hoc network impacts the quality of service. Moreover, the synthetic mean opinion score of the telephone service is evaluated according to the ITU-T E-model.     

Rapid near-field antenna testing via arrays of modulated scatteringprobes

Key results are summarized of efforts to significantly reduce the near-field measurement time by utilizing one- or two-dimensional arrays of modulated scattering probes in lieu of the single probe ordinarily used in conventional near-field measurement techniques. Results of analytical, numerical, and experimental investigations show that the modulated-scattering technique (MST) using arrays of hundreds or even thousands of modulated scattering probes can be used to map the complex near-field of antennas or scatterers in a few seconds or minutes. The results also strongly indicate that classical (nonmodulated) receiving/transmitting arrays can be adapted for rapid near-field data collection. Major factors affecting the accuracy and speed of probe arrays for near-field measurement are delineated and discussed. Experimental results obtained using laboratory prototype MST systems are also presented and discussed     

Power pattern synthesis of reconfigurable conformal arrays with near-field constraints

A conformal array power pattern synthesis technique is presented which makes it possible to take into account near-field constraints and to reconfigure the radiated pattern by controlling only the phases of the excitation coefficients. Far-field pattern specifications are given by masks while near-field constraints are given by prescribing the maximum allowable field intensity at points arbitrarily located in a given near-field region. The amplitude of the excitations, common to all radiated beams, and the phases corresponding to each one are obtained as a result of the synthesis algorithm.     

Analysis of symmetric Y-junction laser arrays with uniform near-field distribution

The analysis of a Y-junction laser array is presented. It is shown that the lowest-order cavity mode of this array has the lowest threshold gain and is thus preferentially excited. This mode has a uniform near-field distribution. Compared with the sinusoidal near-field distribution of the supermodes of the evanescently coupled laser arrays, this uniformity not only can delay the onset of the spatial-hole burning, which is the source of unstable far-field characteristic at high power level, it also allows for higher total power output before catastrophic mirror damage.     

Element spacing limitations of Dolph-Pritchard optimum endfire arrays

It is generally accepted that the Dolph-Pritchard technique for computing optimum or Chebyshev radiation patterns for single-lobe endfire arrays is valid for any array element spacing less than one-half wavelength. However, it can be shown that multiple-lobe radiation patterns will be obtained using this technique for element spacing less than one-half wavelength. A maximum element spacing for single-lobe radiation patterns can be derived, and this spacing is a function of the major-lobe-to-sidelobe amplitude ratio as well as the order of the Chebyshev polynomial. In general, for large amplitude ratios this maximum spacing approaches one-quarter wavelength.     

基于传声器阵列的声定位成像系统研究与设计

为了实现对室内声源定位的目的,文中对其中的两个关键技术：时延估计、定位算法做了深入的研究.通过使用高保真监听拾音器、多功能信号采集器MPS010602,以及结合简单的数据采集图形化编程软件LabVIEW,搭建了软硬件设计系统,讨论了五元十字阵列在不同条件下的定位精度.实验应用表明：该系统可以创新性的对多个声源判决定位,并且提高了声阵列定位成像系统在细节上的分辨能力.     

传声器相位差对双基阵声测被动定位的影响

文章研究了传声器相位差对双基阵声测被动定位的影响，并导出在不同情况下的定位算法和传声器相位差造成的定位误差的几何分布。理论分析和仿真实验表明，在传声器存在相位差的情况下，利用单基阵的方位角和俯仰角估计进行双基阵定位误差最小。     

麦克风阵列MUSIC算法声源定向的仿真分析

在运用DOA方法估计声源方位时,麦克风阵列的结构参数,对波达方向估计有着至关重要的影响作用。文章采用DOA方法中的经典MUSIC算法,在MATLAB仿真软件上通过改变阵列结构参数,对麦克风阵列多声源定位进行仿真,判断所选择的参数是否更有利于从空间图谱中读取波达方向,并讨论阵列结构参数的改变对波达方向估计性能的影响。仿真结果表明,合适的麦克风阵列参数的选取有利于获得较高精度的波达方向估计。     

The optimum directivity of uniformly spaced broadside arrays of dipoles

The optimum directivity of various types of uniformly spaced broadside arrays of dipoles is investigated theoretically in this paper. The formulation is processed with the aid of an array matrix. The expression for the optimum directivity and the corresponding excitation are expressed directly in terms of the elements of the array matrix. The computed values are assembled in several sets of curves, and the results are compared with the directivity of uniformly excited arrays.     

圆形口径平面天线阵列的多约束稀布优化方法

针对圆形口径平面稀布阵列的多约束优化设计问题,以均匀同心圆环阵列的阵元位置分布特性为基础,构造了稀布圆阵的满足多个优化约束的可行初始解.提出了一种个体元素的间接表示法,设计了一种新的交叉算子和变异算子,运用改进的实数遗传算法优化设计天线阵的阵元位置.优化约束包括阵元数约束、口径约束和最小阵元间距约束,优化目标是使阵列响应的峰值旁瓣电平最小.运用这种改进实数遗传算法可以充分利用阵元布阵的自由度,同时能减小搜索空间,提高计算效率。仿真试验证实了算法的稳健性和有效性.     

Simple unified algorithm for estimating and tracking location of desired talker by microphone arrays

In this paper, we discuss a unified approach and its simple algorithm for estimating and tracking the location of the desired talker in the far field and the near field by microphone arrays. The approach is unified for the far field and the near field and can enhance the effective power of the talker's signal. The simple algorithm further avoids singular-value decomposition (SVD) computations and is suitable for real-time processing. Computer simulations and experiments using actual array data support the techniques.Financial support from National Science and Technology Board of Singapore.On leave from the Department of Electronic Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, People's Republic of China.     

一种稀布矩形平面阵的多约束优化方法

针对矩形孔径平面稀布阵的多约束优化问题(包括阵元数、阵列孔径和最小阵元间距约束), 提出了一种基于矩阵映射的差分进化算法.该方法把差分进化算法的优化变量与阵元位置坐标按照特定的关系进行矩阵映射, 使含有多约束的阵元分布优化问题转换为仅含差分进化算法优化变量上、下限约束的优化问题, 从根本上避免了进化过程中的不可行解.通过抑制阵列峰值副瓣电平进行仿真实验, 结果显示了该算法的高效性和稳健性, 且能获得比现有方法更好的优化结果.     

Generation of optimum excitation waveforms for mobile radio channelsounding

The paper introduces a new development of an existing technique for channel sounding waveform generation. The signal is based on an optimized low crest factor signal which is pre-equalized and predistorted to compensate for the linear and nonlinear elements in the transmitter. The generated signal is such that, at the power amplifier's output, the power spectrum over the bandwidth of interest is uniform and such that there are no out-of-band components. In this way best utilisation is made of the available bandwidth and power. No bandpass filters are required     

The diffusion of mobile telephony among Norwegian teens: A report from after the revolution

This paper is an examination of the diffusion of mobile telephony in Norway, and particularly among teens. There has been a near saturation of this social group. Because of this situation, it is of interest to know what this can tell us regarding the mechanisms of adoption. Given this focus I look into the work of Rogers ’ and that of Silverstone and Haddon and their domestication perspective. The positive and the negative sides of these approaches are examined in the light of the recent experience with the mobile telephone. Rogers’ discussion of the social mechanisms behind diffusion and his work on the critical mass of communication equipment are of interest. On the other hand his basis in the world of marketing and perhaps simplistic diffusion progression are questioned. Another approach is that of domestication is seen to be a more of a global analysis of adoptions ex post facto. The approach provides one with an understanding of how innovations change and are changed by their social contexts. Finally, several areas of further research are outlined.     

Application of spherical near-field measurements to microwaveholographic diagnosis of antennas

Microwave diagnosis of antennas is considered as a viable tool for the determination of reflector surface distortions and location of defective radiating elements of array antennas. A hybrid technique based on the combination of the spherical near-field measurements and holographic metrology reconstruction is presented. The measured spherical near-field data are first used to construct the far-field amplitude and phase patterns of the antenna on specified regularized u-v coordinates. These data are then utilized in the surface profile reconstruction of the holographic technique using a fast-Fourier-transform (FFT)/iterative approach. Results of an experiment using a 156-cm reflector antenna measured at 11.3 GHz are presented for both the original antenna and the antenna with four attached bumps. Several contour and gray-scaled plots are presented for the reconstructed surface profiles of the measured antennas. The recovery effectiveness of the attached bumps has been demonstrated. The hybrid procedure presented is used to assess the achieved accuracy of the holographic reconstruction technique because of its ability to determine very accurate far-field amplitude and phase data from the spherical near-field measurements