Low Voltage Firing Characteristics of a Simple Triggered Vacuum Gap

The firing characteristics of the simple triggered vacuum gap (TVG) using lead zirconate titanate as dielectric material in the triggered gap are described. This TVG has a long life of about 2000 firings without appreciable deterioration of the electrical properties for main discharge currents upto 3 kA and is much superior to these made with Supramica (Mycalex Corporation of America) and silicon carbide as used in our earlier investigations. The effects of the variation of trigger voltage, trigger curcit, trigger pulse duration, trigger pulse energy, main gap voltage, main gap separation and main circuit energy on the firing characteristics have been studied. Trigger resistance progressively decreases with the number of firings of the trigger gap and as well as of the main gap. This decrease in the trigger resistance is more pronounced for main discharge currents exceeding 10 kA. The minimum trigger current required for reliable firing decreases with increase of trigger voltage upto a threshold value of 1.2 kV and there-onwards saturates at 3.0 A. This value is less than that obtained with Supramica as dielectric material. One hundred percent firing probability of the TVG at main gap voltages as low as 50 V is possible and this low voltage breakdown of the main gap appears to be similar to the breakdown at low pressures between moving plasma by other workers. and the cold electrodes immersed in it, as reported     

带陡化间隙的触发真空开关触发源研制北大核心CSCD

针对主电极间距20mm以上的沿面击穿型多棒极触发真空开关(TVS),研制了开关触发源。触发源利用脉冲变压器产生脉冲高压输出,在脉冲变压器高压侧并联小容值电容并在电容后串联陡化间隙。陡化间隙的加入可以使触发源输出不受触发沿面金属蒸气沉积的影响。通过调节间隙击穿电压也可以提高电容充电电压及储存能量,从而增加TVS触发沿面被击穿时注入到其中的触发能量。使用该触发源对TVS进行导通实验,结果表明,加入陡化间隙后的触发源输出能量大幅提高且不受触发沿面金属蒸气沉积的影响,能够实现TVS的100%可靠导通。     

一种基于吸气电极的新型真空触发开关

针对真空触发开关触发时延和抖动大、使用寿命不长的难题,设计了一种基于吸气电极的新型真空触发开关,开展工作寿命测试实验和不同触发极性、主间隙电压和触发能量下的导通特性实验。实验结果表明:与纯金属电极开关相比,吸气电极开关的触发时延和抖动更小,工作寿命更长。负极性触发时的触发时延和抖动均远低于正极性触发。正极性触发的触发时延为1.7～3 μs,抖动为300～700 ns,而负极性触发的触发时延为400～600 ns,抖动为30～70 ns。触发时延和抖动都随着触发能量的增大而减小,但当能量高于一定值后,触发能量对导通特性的影响趋于饱和。     

大电流两电极气体开关研究

 由于引燃管难以满足现在能源系统对放电开关承受大电流的要求，因此研制了大电荷转移量两电极气体开关。这种新型气体开关电极间距可调，无触发极，采用同轴结构，并将主电极置于金属腔体内，减少了放电对绝缘支撑的污染。主电极为铜钨合金材料，设计为平顶圆柱状，以提高烧蚀均匀度和热传导效率，减少电极材料喷溅，延长其寿命。绝缘支撑采用碗状结构，提高了机械强度，增加了沿面击穿距离。该开关工作电压达25 kV，放电电流超过100 kA（脉冲宽度600 μs），单次脉冲电荷转移量达50 C。实验结果显示该气体开关触发性能稳定，电极表面烧蚀均匀，多次大电流实验后电极表面保持完好，可应用于强激光能源系统。     

电触发真空沿面闪络开关工作特性初步研究北大核心CSCD

为研究电脉冲触发真空沿面闪络开关在中、小通流条件下的适用性,基于直接镀铜基板工艺制作了真空沿面闪络开关样件并搭建了开关工作特性测试实验平台。通过实验手段初步研究了开关耐压特性、触发工作特性(触发延时、抖动、工作范围)和寿命特性。实验结果表明:有效间隙7.2 mm的真空沿面闪络开关直流耐压约40 kV;开关在18 kV工作电压下触发导通延时89.9 ns,抖动13.1 ns,开关在1~18 kV工作电压范围内均能可靠触发导通;连续考核约2300次后开关各项特性无明显变化。     

直线变压器驱动源模块输出电流上升时间调节

针对磁驱动等熵压缩实验对加载电流波形的特殊需求,基于改造后的1MA直线变压器驱动源(LTD)原理性模块,开展了输出电流上升时间调节实验研究。48只开关分为4组,由4根高压电缆引入触发脉冲分别触发,共进行了三组不同电缆长度组合的触发放电实验。结果表明:在±32kV充电电压下,输出电流上升时间(0~100%)可由301.2ns增加至436.0ns,相应的输出电流幅度由294.0kA下降至210.2kA。实验还采用光纤探针阵列测试系统同时对其中40只多间隙气体开关的放电发光过程进行了诊断,获得了相应开关的闭合导通起始时间。基于实验参数,利用PSpice电路模型进行了校验,并对早期触发的支路组对后续触发支路组的影响进行了分析。实验初步验证了LTD模块内部子块通过分时放电实现输出波形调节的能力。     

Temporal and spatial structure of the X-ray emission in alow-energy vacuum spark

Two distinct phases of X-ray emission in a small vacuum spark with a plasma trigger have been identified. The first phase of emission is associated with the trigger plasma and originates from beam-target X-rays issued from the pointed anode. The source of electrons at this period is from the trigger plasma. The second phase of emission is associated with the breakdown of the main gap. The source of X-rays is a combination of beam-target and beam-plasma X-rays. It is observed that the angular distribution is constant. The X-ray energies vary regularly with the applied voltage, and the triggered vacuum spark as a high brightness     

强光一号激光触发开关的触发系统

介绍了基于强光一号实验平台的2 MV级激光触发开关（LTGS）实验中触发系统的设计与应用情况。系统中使用了一台266 nm 四倍频Nd:YAG激光器,单次触发输出参数为80 mJ,7 ns,0.5 mrad的激光脉冲,用于触发LTGS。激光器的触发源为两台DG535脉冲发生器,联合强光一号触发信号发生装置使用,保证了激光脉冲与开关电压峰值的同步性。触发系统在自击穿电压波峰前200 ns将激光脉冲馈入开关,在充气0.2～0.3 MPa条件下均能成功触发,得到了充气0.3 MPa时触发抖动3.86 ns的结果。     

激光触发变压器型螺旋脉冲调制器的同步控制

 建立了精确的激光触发变压器型脉冲调制器的同步触发系统。分别对脉冲调制器初级电脉冲触发控制信号与电脉冲输出时刻之间、变压器充电起始时刻与激光器Q开关触发信号之间、激光信号与脉冲调制器放电时刻之间的延时进行了测量,并分析其相互间时序关系;通过对变压器输出电压信号进行采样滤波后,利用比较器输出逻辑门电路（TTL）信号作为激光器Q开关触发信号,实现了脉冲形成线充电时间与激光触发主开关放电过程的同步控制。开展了激光触发脉冲功率调制器主开关的实验研究,在形成线充电电压-590 kV时,在假负载上得到-305 kV,20 kA的电脉冲,脉冲宽度126 ns,激光到达主开关时刻与开关导通时刻间延时35 ns。     

聚龙一号装置波形调节北大核心CSCD

在聚龙一号装置(PTS装置)上开展了系列波形调节实验,成功在负载上输出脉冲上升时间达到600ns、峰值电流大于5.0 MA的电流。聚龙一号装置在同步放电情况(短脉冲模式)下,负载电流的上升时间约90ns,峰值电流约10.0 MA。波形调节通过装置24台激光触发气体开关分时放电、脉冲输出开关短接等技术调整,实现负载上长上升时间的脉冲电流输出。波形调节根据需要实现的电流波形形状,通过全电路模拟计算,调整激光触发气体开关的触发时序和脉冲输出开关状态,在相应负载上输出接近需求的实验波形。聚龙一号装置波形调节实验研究表明,输出电流脉冲的前沿的最大值取决于24台激光触发气体开关最早触发时刻和最晚触发时刻的时间差,该时间差受制于激光触发气体开关的正常触发。激光触发气体开关能否被正常触发,除了取决于进入开关触发间隙的触发激光能量外,还取决于开关充气压力和加载于开关两端的电位差,该电位差与相关两路的渡越时间相关。通过波形调节研究,聚龙一号装置具备在不同实验负载上输出不同上升时间、不同波形形状的脉冲电流的能力。     

喷射等离子体触发气体开关导通特性

利用内嵌微孔火花放电产生喷射等离子体、作用于两电极开关,研究了间隙距离、气压、气体种类、开关工作系数和电压极性配合等因素对等离子体喷射控制开关导通特性的影响。实验结果表明,等离子体喷射触发开关可在工作系数为10%的条件下可靠快速导通,当开关采用0.5 MPa_N₂作为绝缘介质、间隙距离5 mm时,触发导通时延为11.7 μs,抖动为1.42 μs;当间隙距离增大到18 mm时,触发导通时延增大至19.7 μs,触发可靠性降低;当工作系数由10%增大到60%时,触发导通时延由11.7 μs降低至1.1 μs。在确保开关自击穿电压一致的前提下,短间隙、高气压、负触发脉冲电压、正工作电压更有利于减小开关触发导通时延。     

闪光二号加速器气体主开关同步触发系统

 设计并调试了闪光二号加速器气体主开关同步触发系统。该系统主要由同步控制部分和高压脉冲形成部分构成。整个触发过程包括同步信号的引出、整形滤波、快速比较电路传输、前级脉冲形成、高压脉冲产生。通过对同步信号的整形处理，解决了发生器电流上的高频信号干扰问题；经过快速比较电路和前级脉冲后，选取了同步信号开始工作的时间点，并形成十几V的触发信号；高压脉冲形成部分主开关采用场畸变结合预电离的方式，该结构的气体开关时间响应为50 ns，抖动小于5 ns，满足使用要求。调试结果表明:该系统输出脉冲电压幅值100 kV，前沿小于10 ns，系统的工作时延440 ns，抖动13.5 ns；可通过增加电缆长度来控制触发信号到达气体开关的时刻，实现气体主开关与Marx发生器的延时同步工作。     

Laser-triggered low timing jitter coaxial Marx generator

A coaxial Marx generator triggered with a UV laser pulse propagating coaxially through multigap switches is constructed. The Marx generator is operated at maximum voltage of 200 kV with a rise time of less than 10 ns. To trigger multigap switches in the Marx generator, the laser pulse is passed through fine metal mesh fitted in the holes formed along the central axis in electrodes of gap switches. Photoelectrons generated from the mesh part of the cathode trigger the discharge and close the switches. Timing jitter of the high voltage pulse with respect to the laser pulse is 800 ps for the case of single gap switch and 1 ns for the Marx generator with two stage gap switches. Since the spark path is always formed from the solid surface of the cathode instead of the metal mesh, the mesh part of the cathode is never damaged for a large number of shots, promising long lifetime of the electrodes     

一种紧凑型高功率脉冲调制器

 研制了一种基于水介质单同轴脉冲形成线型的高功率脉冲调制器,该调制器由初级储能电容器、脉冲变压器、水介质同轴脉冲形成线、氢气主开关和场发射真空二极管等组成。用Pspice电路软件对脉冲形成线的充电电压和二极管电压、电流进行了模拟,并用有限元软件分析了脉冲形成线的电场分布。当初级储能电容器组充电电压为35 kV, 氢气主开关导通电压高达520 kV时,在调制器场发射二极管输出电压约230 kV, 束流30 kA,脉宽约60 ns的高电压脉冲。此外,对主开关充不同类型的气体进行了实验研究,结果表明:氢气主开关的脉冲调制器能够在二极管上获得前沿更陡的高电压脉冲,并能有效地改善二极管电子束的性能。理论分析与实验结果基本一致。此种类型的调制器具有运行稳定、体积小、结构紧凑的特点。     

The influence of polarity on trigatron switching performance

This paper reports on a study into the effect of trigger voltage polarity and main gap voltage polarity on the switching performance of a pulse charged trigatron. The four polarity combinations possible, two homopolarity (trigger voltage and main gap voltage of the same polarity) and two heteropolarity (trigger voltage and main gap voltage of opposite polarity), were studied and compared in terms of their effect upon the switching range, delay time to breakdown, jitter, and voltage collapse time. It was found that the two heteropolarity configurations were superior to the homopolarity configurations in terms of the above switching characteristics, with the positive trigger/negative main gap heteropolarity configuration performing the best. The results are discussed, and an explanation of the influence of the polarity configuration on switching is suggested in terms of the discharge initiation mechanisms and subsequent development     

1.5MeV LIA脉冲功率系统

本文简要介绍了1.5MeV LIA脉冲功率系统的结构、组成和设计思想;给出了开关运行参数和确定开关时间抖动指标的方法、闭环系统的总抖动对加速电压相对变化的影响、脉冲功率系统各段输出波形和电压幅度的调制关系;测量结果表明,1.5MeV LIA的运行功率和时间同步满足总体设计要求。     

Plasma Buildup and Breakdown Delay in a Triggered Vacuum Gap

The phenomena leading to the surface flashover across solid insulators in vacuum and the subsequent spread of the trigger plasma thus formed to bridge the main gap in a triggered vacuum switch are investigated experimentally. The results show that the breakdown proceeds in two stages. In the first stage a plasma is formed by electrons releasing and ionizing absorbed gases. The electrons are field emitted at the insulator-electrode junction and the breakdown delay is primarily affected by the trigger voltage. In the second stage the trigger plasma expands into the main gap with a speed depending on the trigger current and trigger electrode geometry, in accordance with a simple model.     

自触发紫外预电离开关脉冲击穿时延抖动影响因素及改进方法

研究了一种自触发紫外预电离开关击穿时延抖动特性的影响因素,结果表明:触发间隙电容放电阶段起预电离作用时,预电离注入时刻开关电场是开关时延抖动的决定性因素,提高工作系数和采用逸出功更低的电极材料对降低开关在脉冲峰值附近击穿时的时延抖动效果有限。提出的改进方法为:减小开关均压电阻阻值,显著延长触发间隙的有效燃弧时间,消除预电离注入时间及抖动的影响。采用改进方法时可以使开关在工作电压300～800 kV、前沿100 ns、180 ns的脉冲峰值附近击穿时的时延抖动分别小于1.3 ns、2.8 ns。     

用光激开关产生高功率亚纳秒电脉冲的研究

 报道了用全固态绝缘结构研制的横向型半绝缘GaAs光电导开关产生高功率亚纳秒电脉冲的性能和测试结果。8mm电极间隙的开关暗态绝缘强度达30kV。分别用ns, ps和fs激光脉冲触发开关的测试表明,开关输出电磁脉冲无晃动。3mm电极间隙开关的最短电流脉冲上升时间小于200ps,脉宽达亚ns;在偏置电压2000伏,光脉冲宽度8ns、能量1.2mJ的触发条件下,峰值电流达560A。用重复频率为76MHz和10⁸Hz的光脉冲序列触发开关也获得清晰的电流脉冲序列。     

Long-Life High-Repetition-Rate Triggered Spark Gap

A forced-air-blown triggered spark gap (TSG) switch system capable of high-repetition rates on a continuous basis as well as a TSG comparative study is described. The system consists of two TSG's, each discharging its own 30-? pulse cable into a common load. The system was operated at 30 kV, 1 kHz, for 39 × 106 shots with erosion rates of approximately 60 mg/Ah. Each TSG discharged 0.423 J in 60 ns (full width at half maximum) (FWHM) per pulse. The switching losses were about 28 percent of the stored cable energy. Calculations indicate this can reduce to 14 percent by optimizing the TSG design and surrounding air channel insulation for a more uniform E-field. Test results indicate a multielement assembly capable of switching 50 kA or more, 40- to 100-ns pulses at 1 kHz from 50 kV for 500 × 106 shots without gap adjustnent is feasible with this concept.