丙交酯的合成工艺研究

根据低聚乳酸的合成、裂解、环化反应和重结晶过程的特点和规律,优化了L-乳酸的脱水、聚合温度、裂解温度、L-丙交酯的蒸出速度和重结晶等工艺条件,提高了丙交酯的纯度和产率。采用ZnO为催化剂,催化剂用量为1.3%,齐聚温度和裂解温度分别为160℃和230℃,所得L-丙交酯的粗品产率可达80%,纯品产率可达24%。     

固体超强酸SO4^2-／TiO2催化合成L-乳酸四氢糠酯

制备了固体超强酸SO4^2-／TiO2，并将其用于催化L-乳酸与四氢糠醇的酯化反应。通过气相色谱跟踪反应，确定最佳反应条件为：硫酸浸泡浓度为1．0mol／L，固体超强酸SO4^2-／TiO2焙烧温度为450℃，焙烧时间为4．5h，带水剂为环己烷，醇酸摩尔比为2．5：1，催化剂用量为L-乳酸质量的8％，酯化反应时间为6h。在此条件下，合成L-乳酸四氢糠酯产率可达82．68％，精酯收率76．02％，产品化学纯度97．84％，光学纯度97．62％。     

L-丙交酯的制备工艺研究

分别采用氧化锌和辛酸亚锡为催化剂,由L-乳酸合成L-丙交酯(LLA),考察了反应温度、反应时间、催化剂等对LLA产率、旋光性等的影响,同时优化了制备过程中的脱水温度、真空度、时间等工艺条件.研究表明,催化剂采用氧化锌比辛酸亚锡具有更高的性价比,以氧化锌为催化剂时本实验的优化工艺条件为:L-乳酸常压脱水温度为120～130℃,脱水时间1.5～2.5h;在140～220℃,20～30mmHg下,解聚0.5～2.0h,可得到高光学活性的L-丙交酯.     

L-丙交酯高浓度长晶体的合成

为得到L-丙交酯浓度较高的D,L-丙交酯晶体混合物,本文研究了乳酸为原料,用减压蒸馏法合成丙交酯的优化工艺条件.对催化剂的选择和用量、反应时间、反应温度等工艺进行了考察和研究,确定了丙交酯的优化反应工艺条件.采用优化反应工艺条件聚合得到晶体长度约为5~10 μm的长条状D,L-丙交酯晶体混合物,混合物中L-丙交酯的浓度较高,为76.5%.      

固体超强酸SO2-4/TiO2催化合成L-乳酸四氢糠酯

制备了固体超强酸SO2-4/TiO2,并将其用于催化L-乳酸与四氢糠醇的酯化反应.通过气相色谱跟踪反应,确定最佳反应条件为:硫酸浸泡浓度为1.0mol/L,固体超强酸SO2-4/TiO2焙烧温度为450℃,焙烧时间为4.5h,带水剂为环己烷,醇酸摩尔比为2.5:1,催化剂用量为L-乳酸质量的8%,酯化反应时间为6h.在此条件下,合成L-乳酸四氢糠酯产率可达82.68%,精酯收率76.02%,产品化学纯度97.84%,光学纯度97.62%.     

固体超强酸SO_4~(2-)/TiO_2催化合成L-乳酸四氢糠酯

制备了固体超强酸SO42-/TiO2,并将其用于催化L-乳酸与四氢糠醇的酯化反应。通过气相色谱跟踪反应,确定最佳反应条件为:硫酸浸泡浓度为1.0mol/L,固体超强酸SO42-/TiO2焙烧温度为450℃,焙烧时间为4.5h,带水剂为环己烷,醇酸摩尔比为2.51∶,催化剂用量为L-乳酸质量的8%,酯化反应时间为6h。在此条件下,合成L-乳酸四氢糠酯产率可达82.68%,精酯收率76.02%,产品化学纯度97.84%,光学纯度97.62%。     

盐稀释剂对合成D,L-丙交酯的影响

采用对比实验、正交试验以及盐稀释剂量的选择确定最优合成工艺条件,对所制备的D,L-丙交酯再进行定性和定量分析.得出盐稀释剂是影响D,L-丙交酯产率最显著的因素,当用量为4%-6%时,其收率由25.65%提高到约40.00%,磷酸盐的残留量仅为0.012%,D,L-丙交酯的纯度可达99.40%以上.磷酸盐稀释剂能够显著提高D,L丙交酯的收率,不影响结构和纯度,所制得的D,L丙交酯能够满足合成聚合物和共聚物的要求.     

手性除草剂糖草酯的合成研究

以L-乳酸为起始原料，采用目标导向合成，通过酯化、磺酰化、醚化得到手性除草剂糖草酯．总收率为67．2％，化学纯度为94．0％，光学纯度为89．4％．该合成路线成本低，易于实现工业化．     

乳酸酯直接合成丙交酯的研究

研究以中性乳酸酯为原料,以辛酸亚锡为催化剂,通过正交设计实验确定了生成丙交酯的最佳条件.在优化得出的预聚温度160 ℃,预聚时间7 h,催化剂用量为1.0%的条件下,丙交酯产率为61.6%;对该产物进行了熔点测定、红外光谱和核磁共振分析,证明与丙交酯的结构相符合.以中性乳酸酯为原料替代乳酸合成丙交酯的工艺,可简化从发酵起始原料到产物丙交酯的流程,避免以乳酸为原料合成丙交酯给设备造成的腐蚀,降低对反应设备材质的要求.     

L-丙交酯催化合成聚L-乳酸

采用自制、提纯的L-丙交酯(LLA),用辛酸亚锡作催化剂,在减压下进行聚L-乳酸(PLLA)的开环聚合研究.考察了反应温度、反应时间、催化剂用量与合成的聚L-乳酸分子量的关系.实验结果表明:反应温度为150℃,反应时间为64 h,单体与催化剂比值为16 000时,合成的聚L-乳酸分子量最高.采用差热分析和扫描电镜技术对所合成的聚L-乳酸的热性能和表面形貌进行了表征.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the     

An affordable accurate evaluation of the binding conformations predicted by molecular docking studies in bio-system

Franck-Condon factors bridge the gap between theoretical modeling and experimental observations for molecular electronic spectroscopy and electron transfer.Under the displaced harmonic oscillator approximation,multidimensional Franck-Condon factors are decomposed into a product of many one-dimensional(1D)Franck-Condon(FC)factors,and each 1D-FC factor is associated with one Huang-Rhys factor that determines the leading contribution of     

Call for Papers

<正>"The Journal of Shanghai Normal University:Mathematics"is published by Shanghai Normal University as regular issues of The Journal of Shanghai Normal University each year from 2014 in English.The editors-in-chief of the issues are professors Yuhao Cong and Maoan Han.The Journal of Shanghai Normal University was started in 1958 with     

Journal of Donghua University ( English Edition) Contents of Volume 31

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