超声换能器的宽带阻抗匹配器研究

在功率超声领域，换能器的阻抗匹配占有相当重要的地位，但有关在较宽频带内都能适用的匹配方案尚少有报道。为满足实验室研究工作需要，我们研制了两套简易匹配装置，可分别对２０～５０ｋＨｚ和０．２～２．０ＭＨｚ频率范围内的超声换能器实现阻抗匹配。     

超声换能器的“电感-变压器”阻抗匹配模型研究

在分析超声换能器阻抗特性和电路匹配的基础上,对传统纯电感电容匹配电路模型进行电路仿真和阻抗分析,证明该模型在谐振频率附近有大范围的电抗变化,存在电路不稳定和电阻调节精度低的问题;提出"电感-变压器"阻抗匹配模型,通过电感和变压器分别调节换能器电阻和电抗,实现电路的精确匹配,以提高超声换能器阻抗匹配的精度和稳定性,并给出了理想的匹配条件和匹配参数。利用匝数可调的变压器和电感制作了超声换能器的匹配电路,对20.8 k Hz的变幅杆换能器进行了阻抗匹配的实验测量,结果证明这种"电感-变压器"阻抗匹配模型在谐振频率附近具有较小的电抗变化范围、较低的电阻变化率和较高的电抗调节精度,在超声换能器的自动阻抗匹配中具有良好的应用前景。     

压电薄球壳换能器瞬态响应的模型理论研究与实验验证

基于傅里叶变换和线性叠加原理,建立了一种压电薄球壳换能器瞬态响应分析模型。当换能器被多频电驱动信号或声波信号激励时,其瞬态响应可用一系列并联的等效电路构成的传输网络来描述。对应于电/声信号中不同频率分量的每个等效电路都有各自不同的辐射力阻和辐射质量,每个频率分量都独立地作用于对应等效电路的电端/机械端上,所有等效电路中机械端/电端的累积输出信号就是辐射/测量的声/电信号。论文在理论上给出了换能器的电-声转换/声-电转换可以存在的三种状态(过阻尼、临界阻尼和振荡模式)的解析表达式,为压电换能器的优化设计提供了一种理论依据。在实际中,只有振荡模式才具有应用价值。基于这种理论模型,对换能器的瞬态响应进行了理论计算和实验测量,计算结果与实验测量结果基本一致。与以往发表的文献中所采用的假设声源模型相比,本文提出的换能器瞬态响应模型更为符合实际情况。     

表面波电磁声换能器及电声学特性的研究

电磁超声换能器的非接触、信号重复性好等特点使得其在高温自动检测、材料特性测量等领域有着广泛的应用前景。利用电磁超声技术激发表面波更是行之有效的方法,论文着重于理论分析,对表面波电磁声换能器的物理结构、电声学特性作了较为全面和深入的研究,并用等效电路模型探讨了阻抗匹配的方法。结果表明,电磁声换能器为感性负载,不同于压电器件的容性负载特性,因此对换能器的设计和优化也有着独自的特性;随着提离距离的增大,相应的换能效率也将急剧下降;阻抗匹配对于提高信号的输出强度,抑制谐波分量有着重要的作用,而采用电容并联匹配相比串联匹配,能够提供更高的转换效率。     

压电陶瓷复合材料振动发电研究

根据仿真设计和计算结果,制备了悬臂梁结构压电陶瓷复合材料,并考察了其振动发电性能。对复合材料的内外阻抗进行匹配,获得了最大的功率输出并在最佳阻抗匹配条件下,研究了振动发电性能与激励振幅和频率的关系。研究结果表明,压电复合材料的振动发电功率随着激励振幅的增大呈二阶增大,随着激励频率的增大呈线性增大。     

夹心式复合变幅杆换能器频率方程的推导

应用复合变幅杆及夹心式换能器结构,研制了一种新型夹心式发射换能器。根据等效电路理论推导了这种夹心式复合变幅杆换能器的等效电路模型,得出了换能器频率方程。考虑黄铜电极片对压电振子的密度及等效纵波声速的影响,应用等效参数理论修正了频率方程。通过实验验证,误差由修正前的2.09%降低到修正后的0.64%。     

一种确定换能器等效电路参数的方法

本文提出了一种确定换能器等效电路参数的方法,即根据实测的换能器导纳数据,通过计算求得其等效电路各参数例如机械阻抗、自辐射阻抗、互辐射阻抗等在不同频率下的值。     

基于机械品质因数的全波压电超声换能器设计

针对全波压电超声换能器常规设计方法存在的尺寸参数较多、计算较复杂等问题,研究了一种利用机械品质因数设计全波压电超声换能器的方法。基于压电超声理论推导了全波压电超声换能器的频率方程,利用电学理论推导了全波压电超声换能器各组成部分的等效电路,利用等效电路求取了在任意等效截面处的等效机械阻抗,进而推导出全波压电超声换能器各部分尺寸参数与其机械品质因数的关系式。利用机械品质因数及频率方程的等高线图,对全波压电超声换能器各部分尺寸进行了设计计算。利用ANSYS对该尺寸全波压电超声换能器的谐振频率进行了仿真分析,结果表明所设计的全波压电超声换能器的谐振频率具有较高的精度,满足工程应用的要求。     

夹心式压电超声换能器的等效电路设计法

通过力电类比法，给出了夹心式超声换能器的等效电路图，推导出前后盏板均为圆柱形的换能器的前后振速比的一般公式和换能器的频率方程。     

治疗超声系统换能器阻抗及驱动功率测量技术

换能器是治疗超声系统的核心部件之一,其阻抗和驱动功率关系到治疗超声的安全性和有效性。文章研制出一种基于电压-电流转换电路和数据采集卡的测量装置。使用该装置测量频率为1.36 MHz和3 MHz换能器在不同幅度信号驱动下的阻抗、相位角和功率。该装置的测量结果与采用电压、电流探头及功率组件的示波器方法和商用功率计方法的测量结果进行了对比,表明本装置测量阻抗模相对误差在±2Ω以内,阻抗角相对误差在±2°以内,测量入射功率和有功功率误差小于5%。结果证明了用该装置实时测量换能器阻抗和驱动功率的可行性。     

高频长缆水声换能器的匹配技术研究

高频换能器接长电缆后谐振频率会发生偏移,导致与工作频率相差甚远,工作点的导纳值与不接长电缆时偏差较大。这使得换能器与发射机和接收机之间的阻抗严重失配。文章对高频长缆水声换能器匹配技术进行研究,通过建立换能器等效电路模型,利用传输线理论,进行四端口匹配网络的设计和仿真,并制作一块匹配电路板。实验结果表明,系统匹配性测试与仿真计算相吻合,提高了系统机电转换效率,证明了该匹配方法的可行性和工程实用性。     

Input impedance matching of acoustic transducers operating at off-resonant frequencies

The input impedance matching technique of acoustic transducers at off-resonant frequencies is reported. It uses an inherent impedance property of transducers and thus does not need an external electric matching circuit or extra acoustic matching section. The input electrical equivalent circuit includes a radiation component and a dielectric capacitor. The radiation component consists of a radiation resistance and a radiation reactance. The total reactance is the sum of the radiation reactance and the dielectric capacitive reactance. This reactance becomes zero at two frequencies where the impedance is real. The transducer size can be properly chosen so that the impedance at one of the zero-crossing frequencies is close to 50 Ω, the output impedance of signal generators. At this off-resonant operating frequency, the reflection coefficient of the transducer is minimized without using any matching circuit. Other than the size, the impedance can also be fine tuned by adjusting the thickness of material that bonds the transducer plate to the substrates. The acoustic impedance of the substrate and that of the bonding material can also be used as design elements in the transducer structure to achieve better transducer matching. Lead titanate piezoelectric plates were bonded on Lucite, liquid crystal polymer (LCP), and bismuth (Bi) substrates to produce various transducer structures. Their input impedance was simulated using a transducer model and compared with measured values to illustrate the matching principle.     

换能器的匹配

关于换能器的匹配层阻抗值的选择，已有三种计算公式。由于三种公式所计算的阻抗值有较大差异，为了比较，以选择合理的匹配层阻抗值，本文用Ｍａｓｏｎ等效电路直接计算换能器的频带及波形，比较了用三种公式所得阻抗值匹配的换能器的状态。并计算了匹配层厚度对换能器波形的影响。计算结果与实验结果吻合很好。可为匹配层材料及厚度的选择提供理论依据。     

Piezoceramics for high-frequency (20 to 100 MHz) single-elementimaging transducers

The performance of transducers operating at high frequencies is greatly influenced by the properties of the piezoelectric materials used in their fabrication. Selection of an appropriate material for a transducer is based on many factors, including material properties, transducer area, and operating frequency. The properties of a number of piezoceramic materials have been experimentally determined by measuring the electrical impedance of air-loaded resonators whose thickness corresponds to resonance frequencies from 10 to 100 MHz. Materials measured include commercially available compositions of lead zirconate titanate (PZT) with relatively high dielectric constants and a modified lead titanate (PT) composition with a much lower dielectric constant. In addition, materials which have been designed or modified to result in improved properties at high frequencies are studied. Conclusions concerning the influence of the microstructure and composition on the frequency dependence of the material properties are made from the calculated properties and microstructural analysis of each material. Issues which affect transducer performance are discussed in relation to the properties. For transducers larger than about 1 mm in diameter, the use of a lower dielectric constant material is shown to result in a better electrical match between the transducer and a standard 50 Ω termination. For transducers whose impedance is close to that of the connecting cables and electrical termination, equivalent circuit model simulations show improved performance without the need for electrical matching networks. Measurements of fabricated transducers show close agreement with the simulations, validating the measurements and showing the performance benefits of electrically matched transducers     

宽频带换能器电匹配网络设计方法

宽带大功率换能器是现代水声发展的一个重要方向,换能器与功放间的匹配也是其关键技术之一。文中从换能器负载阻抗复角与功放管耗散功率及电源供电效率的关系入手,结合窄带阵元串联或并联调谐方法的特点,确定了适合宽带阵元电匹配网络的电路形式。并针对研制的宽带换能器进行了大功率发射试验,取得了较为满意的结果。     

Performance of TES X-ray Microcalorimeters with AC Bias Read-Out at MHz Frequencies

At SRON we are developing Frequency Domain Multiplexing for the read-out of superconducting transition edge sensor microcalorimeters for future X-ray astrophysical missions. We will report on the performance of Goddard Space Flight Center pixels under AC bias in the MHz frequency range. Superconducting flux transformers are used to improve the impedance matching between the low ohmic TESs and the SQUID. We connected 5 pixels to the LC filters with resonant frequencies ranging between 1 and 5 MHz. For X-ray photons of 6 keV we measured a best X-ray energy resolution of 3.6 eV at 1.4 MHz, consistent with the integrated Noise Equivalent Power. In addition, we improved the electrical circuit by optimizing the coupling ratio of the impedance matching transformer. In addition, we improved electrical circuit for impedance matching; modified transformer coupling ratio. As a result, we got the integrated noise equivalent power resolution of 2.7 eV at 2.5 MHz. A characterization of the detector response as a function of the AC bias voltage, bias frequency and the applied magnetic field is presented.     

高频宽带换能器研究

主要研究高频换能器的匹配层技术,通过匹配层技术拓宽换能器的频带,首先利用等效电路法分析高频匹配层换能器,其次通过Matlab仿真分析匹配层材料的密度、声速、厚度变化对换能器电声参数性能的影响,进而对其电声性能进行优化设计,最终制作出一高频宽带换能器。通过实验测得结果与仿真结果基本一致,实验测得换能器的最大发送电压响应为178dB,工作频带为260～370kHz,带内发送电压响应起伏为-3dB,300kHz时换能器指向性-3dB开角为6．5°。     

高频宽带换能器多匹配层研究

在水声应用中,高频换能器往往需要较宽的工作带宽,以获得更多的目标信息。文章首先建立了等效电路模型,利用粒子群算法对匹配层材料和厚度进行初步选定,使得换能器具有最宽的工作频带;其次,通过有限元方法对匹配层换能器的导纳和发射电压响应进行分析计算;最后,在理论分析的基础上成功制得三匹配层高频宽带换能器,其工作频段约为150～430 kHz,相对带宽为93%,带内发送电压响应起伏为-6 dB。实验结果表明,三匹配层设计方案可以有效拓宽高频换能器的工作频段。