极化SAR图像相干斑抑制的ICA方法与分析

极化合成孔径雷达(synthetic aperture radar,SAR)图像为雷达图像中的信息处理和获取提供了更为便捷的途径。提出了基于独立分量分析(independent component analysis,ICA)的极化SAR图像相干斑抑制方法。该方法将极化SAR图像斑点噪声的乘积模型,变换为应用ICA的信号加噪模型。并且将HV/VV的比值图像,也作为ICA的输入数据。分别使用几种不同的ICA算法,得到了分别对应于HH、HV和VV极化的3幅降噪图像,并对结果进行了比较分析。实验结果表明,应用ICA算法可以有效地降低极化SAR图像的相干斑噪声,提高图像质量。     

基于独立分量分析的极化SAR图像的相干斑抑制

研究基于独立分量分析( ICA)的极化合成孔径雷达（SAR）图像相干斑抑制方法。该方法将极化SAR图像斑点噪声的乘积模型,变换为应用ICA的信号独立加噪模型。并且将HV/VV的比值图像,也作为ICA的输入数据。利用ICA 的分离性,得到了分别对应于HH、HV和VV极化的三幅降噪图像。经本文方法处理后的图像,其相干斑噪声得到了有效的抑制,具有较高的等效视数,明显地改善了图像的质量。     

Radarsat-2/SAR和MODIS数据联合反演黄土高原地区植被覆盖下土壤水分研究

以黄土高原半干旱区定西为试验区,利用Radarsat-2/SAR和MODIS数据,将由MODIS NDVI估算的植被含水量(VWC)应用到微波散射Water-Cloud模型中校正植被的影响。采用交叉极化(VV/VH)组合方案对植被覆盖下土壤水分的反演进行初步探讨,结果表明:在植被影响校正前,模型反演土壤水分值出现明显低估现象;校正植被影响后,相关系数R由0.13提高到0.44,且通过α=0.01的显著性检验,标准差SD由5.02降低到4.30,有效提高了模型反演土壤水分的准确度。卫星反演的研究区土壤含水量大部分介于10%~30%之间,与实地考察情况一致,较好地反映出区域土壤湿度分布信息。表明,光学和微波协同遥感反演对于提高农田土壤水分遥感反演精度具有较大的应用潜力。     

基于时序定量遥感的冬小麦长势监测与估产研究

遥感技术是高效、客观监测农作物生长状态的重要手段,对农业生产管理具有重要意义。以安徽龙亢农场为研究区,收集了中高分辨率多源卫星遥感数据并进行了定量化处理,构建了冬小麦叶绿素密度、叶面积指数的遥感反演模型,生产了长时序冬小麦植被参数卫星遥感产品。通过监测冬小麦叶绿素密度、叶面积指数的时序变化规律,分析了不同品种冬小麦的长势情况,发现高产量小麦在越冬期长势显著优于低产量小麦。在此基础上,构建了基于归一化植被指数(NDVI)的冬小麦估产模型,结果表明:利用小麦抽穗期和乳熟期的累计NDVI值可以实现产量的精确估算,据此绘制了龙亢农场2017年冬小麦产量遥感估算地图,产量分布与实际种植情况吻合良好。实现了基于时序卫星定量遥感数据的冬小麦长势监测和产量预测,为区域范围内农作物长势监测提供了一种有效途径。     

基于外部风向初始信息的SAR影像海面风场反演研究

首先利用SeaWinds散射计风向作为初始信息进行SAR(Synthetic Aperture Radar)影像海面风场反演,在对SAR影像进行了噪声剔除、辐射定标、极化转换等处理后获得VV极化下各分辨单元的后向散射系数,结合地球物理模式函数获取风速并显示输出海面风场的分布情况。在此基础上,尝试利用WRF(Weather Research Forecast)数值预报模式风向作为初始场从SAR影像中反演风速信息,将结果与之前以散射计风向作为初始信息得到的反演结果进行对比,验证实验方法的正确性,高分辨率数值预报模式风向结合SAR影像将是未来业务化近岸海面风场反演的发展趋势。     

基于时序定量遥感的冬小麦长势监测与估产研究

遥感技术是高效、客观监测农作物生长状态的重要手段,对农业生产管理具有重要意义。以安徽龙亢农场为研究区,收集了中高分辨率多源卫星遥感数据并进行了定量化处理,构建了冬小麦叶绿素密度、叶面积指数的遥感反演模型,生产了长时序冬小麦植被参数卫星遥感产品。通过监测冬小麦叶绿素密度、叶面积指数的时序变化规律,分析了不同品种冬小麦的长势情况,发现高产量小麦在越冬期长势显著优于低产量小麦。在此基础上,构建了基于归一化植被指数（NDVI）的冬小麦估产模型,结果表明：利用小麦抽穗期和乳熟期的累计NDVI值可以实现产量的精确估算,据此绘制了龙亢农场2017年冬小麦产量遥感估算地图,产量分布与实际种植情况吻合良好。实现了基于时序卫星定量遥感数据的冬小麦长势监测和产量预测,为区域范围内农作物长势监测提供了一种有效途径。     

合成孔径雷达反演降雨量算法的研究进展

全球降雨量作为整个大气能量传输的重要媒介之一,对气象与水文方面研究以及在人类的日常生活中发挥着不可替代的作用。合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)等星载高分辨率的微波遥感技术的发展,为提高降雨测量的精确度提供了机遇,因此研究利用SAR测量降雨的算法很有意义。首先,介绍了归一化雷达散射截面模型等基本测雨理论;然后,在此基础上重点介绍分析了基于统计的定向模型反演算法、基于沃尔塔积分方程反演算法、基于面散射衰减量分布反演算法、改进的回归经验算法以及基于统计和沃尔塔积分方程的定向模型反演算法,并对上述5种算法反演应用进行了阐述;最后,结合当前SAR测量降雨量反演算法中存在的问题进行了归纳总结,并指出后续工作应该朝着减小算法仿真误差,提高SAR测量降雨量精度方向发展。     

基于时序定量遥感的冬小麦长势监测与估产研究

遥感技术是高效、客观监测农作物生长状态的重要手段，对农业生产管理具有重要意义。以安徽龙亢农场为研究区，收集了中高分辨率多源卫星遥感数据并进行了定量化处理，构建了冬小麦叶绿素密度、叶面积指数的遥感反演模型，生产了长时序冬小麦植被参数卫星遥感产品。通过监测冬小麦叶绿素密度、叶面积指数的时序变化规律，分析了不同品种冬小麦的长势情况，发现高产量小麦在越冬期长势显著优于低产量小麦。在此基础上，构建了基于归一化植被指数（NDVI）的冬小麦估产模型，结果表明：利用小麦抽穗期和乳熟期的累计NDVI值可以实现产量的精确估算，据此绘制了龙亢农场2017年冬小麦产量遥感估算地图，产量分布与实际种植情况吻合良好。实现了基于时序卫星定量遥感数据的冬小麦长势监测和产量预测，为区域范围内农作物长势监测提供了一种有效途径。     

基于ISODATA法的冬小麦产量分级监测预报

以江苏省姜堰市为例,进行了基于TM卫星遥感技术和小麦估产模型的冬小麦产量监测研究。在利用GPS实地采样调查和建立解译标志的基础上,通过影像校正、采用优化的ISODATA分类方法,结合人机交互式判读解译等操作,将样点的作物信息数据贯穿到整个校验分类过程中,信息解译精度在90%以上。利用分类提取的冬小麦数据,反演叶面积指数、生物量信息等,结合冬小麦估产模型,计算单点产量信息,经过线性转换,对整个区域的冬小麦产量进行监测预报,并制作了冬小麦产量分级专题图。     

三颗高分辨率星载SAR的定位模型构建及其定位精度评价

随着TerraSAR-X,Cosmo-SkyMed和Radarsat-2这三颗高分辨率SAR卫星的成功发射,国内越来越多的用户开始通过商业渠道或通过参与SAR数据的应用示范项目免费获取到这三颗卫星的SAR数据。要很好地应用SAR数据必须首先解决其地理编码或几何校正问题,而该问题的核心是解决SAR定位模型的建立和解算方法,在此基础上就可以实现SAR影像的地球椭球校正地理编码(Geocoding of Ellipsoid Correction,GEC)处理,增强地球椭球地理编码(Enhanced Elliposid Correction,EEC)和地形校正地理编码(Geocoding of Terrain Correc-tion,GTC)或正射校正。本文研究并实现了这三颗高分辨率SAR数据的定位模型构建方法,并对GEC效果进行了评价。结果表明本文发展的定位模型构建方法是正确的,为实现这三颗高分辨率卫星SAR数据的EEC和GTC处理奠定了基础。     

利用航空成像光谱数据进行冬小麦产量预测

以国产成像光谱仪PHI(Pushbroom Hyperspectral Imaget)所获遥感影像数据为基础，根据田间冬小麦单产遥感研究试验数据建立了研究区不同时相冬小麦单产预测模型，实现了利用航空高光谱遥感数据对研究区小麦产量的整体预测；对试验区土壤氮素水平与不同时相冬小麦预测产量以及试验区实测产量进行了初步分析，分析结果显示：土壤氮素分布的差异性对小麦的产量有明显影响。     

基于层次分析法的加权VTCI和小麦产量分析

针对干旱对农业生产的影响,选取关中平原冬小麦时间序列的条件植被温度指数(VTCI)遥感干旱监测结果,采用层次分析法确定了冬小麦不同生育期旱情对产量影响的权重系数,计算加权VTCI,并应用一元线性回归分析了加权VTCI指数与县域尺度单产统计数据间的相关关系。通过对关中地区5市2000年~2007年主要生育期的VTCI和单产分析,表明关中大部分地区加权VTCI和单产有着较好的线性相关关系,同时验证了用VTCI监测关中的旱情是可行的。     

Use of remote sensing data for estimation of winter wheat yield in the United States

This paper shows the application of remote sensing data for estimating winter wheat yield in Kansas. An algorithm uses the Vegetation Health (VH) Indices (Vegetation Condition Index (VCI) and Temperature Condition Index (TCI)) computed for each week over a period of 23 years (1982–2004) from Advance Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) data. The weekly indices were correlated with the end of the season winter wheat (WW) yield. A strong correlation was found between winter wheat yield and VCI (characterizing moisture conditions) during the critical period of winter wheat development and productivity that occurs during April to May (weeks 16 to 23). Following the results of correlation analysis, the principal components regression (PCR) method was used to construct a model to predict yield as a function of the VCI computed for this period. The simulated results were compared with official agricultural statistics showing that the errors of the estimates of winter wheat yield are less than 8%. Remote sensing, therefore, is a valuable tool for estimating crop yields well in advance of harvest, and at a low cost.     

Remote sensing of regional yield assessment of wheat in Haryana,India

Regional estimates of crop yield are critical for a wide range of applications, including agricultural land management and carbon cycle modelling. Remotely sensed images offer great potential in estimating crop extent and yield over large areas owing to their synoptic and repetitive coverage. Over the last few decades, the most commonly used yield–vegetation index relationship has been criticized because of its strong empirical character. Therefore, the present study was mainly focused on estimating regional wheat yield by remote sensing from the parametric Monteith's model, in an intensive agricultural region (Haryana state) in India. Discrimination and area estimates of wheat crop were achieved by spectral classification of image from AWiFS (Advanced Wide Field Sensor) on‐board the IRS‐P6 satellite. Remotely sensed estimates of the fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (fAPAR) and daily temperature were used as input to a simple model based on light‐use efficiency to estimate wheat yields at the pixel level. Major winter crops (wheat, mustard and sugarcane) were discriminated from single‐date AWiFS image with an accuracy of more than 80%. The estimates of wheat acreage from AWiFS had less than 5% relative deviation from official reports, which shows the potential of single‐date AWiFS image for estimating wheat acreage in Haryana. The physical range of yield estimates from satellites using Monteith's model was within reported yields of wheat for both methods of fAPAR, in an intensive irrigated wheat‐growing region. Comparison of satellite‐based and official estimates indicates errors in regional yields within 10% for 78% and 68% of cases with fAPAR_M1 and fAPAR_M2, respectively. However, wheat yields in general are over‐ and underestimated by the fAPAR_M1 and fAPAR_M2 methods, respectively. The validation with district level wheat yields revealed a root mean square error of 0.25 and 0.35 t ha^?1 from fAPAR_M1 and fAPAR_M2, respectively, which shows the better performance of the fAPAR_M1 method for estimating regional wheat yields. Future work should address improvement in crop identification and field‐scale yield estimation by integration of high and coarse resolution satellite sensor data.     

利用光谱指数进行冬小麦变量施肥的可行性及其效益评价

变量施肥技术作为精准农业一个新的发展方向，如果能以适时获得的高光谱数据代替传统繁琐的实验室土壤养分测定数据来指导变量施肥实践，那将对我国精准农业的发展具有重要的实践意义。研究根据冬小麦起身拔节期冠层光谱数据，选用反映冬小麦长势信息的优化土壤调节植被指数（OSAVI）进行变量施肥，对光谱指数（OSAVI）指导变量施肥实践的可行性进行了探讨，结果表明起身拔节期的冠层光谱特征值与产量之间表现出很好的线性相关关系，可以根据起身期的冠层光谱特征值预测当李作物目标产量。对变量施肥效益也做了研究，结果显示通过变量施肥能够改善冬小麦的长势差异状况，显著提高了冬小麦籽粒产量，降低各处理产量之间的变异，但各处理籽粒品质之间的差异却略有增加。     

应用光谱特性建立冬小麦氮磷元素丰缺和产量预报模型的研究

在肥料试验设计的基础上,探讨应用光谱特性建立冬小麦氮、磷元素丰缺和估产的最佳模型。光谱波段的反射率和植被指数是重要的预报因子,在估产模型中把TM1-4和NIR与TM1-3全部组合形式作为初始因子建模,并增加了氮磷二因子,选择出不同时期不同模型的合适光谱波段范围和植被指数,并对最佳预报模型进行实际验证。     

Quantitative analysis and hyperspectral remote sensing of the nitrogen nutrition index in winter wheat

ABSTRACT

The nitrogen nutrition index (NNI) is a quantitative and reliable indicator of the nitrogen nutrition distribution or status of crops. The timely and accurate estimation of the NNI is crucial in agriculture management. In this study, the quantitative analysis and hyperspectral remote sensing modelling of the NNI were conducted, in which the hyperspectral remote sensing data and NNI data at different growth stages of winter wheat were measured using ground and unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) carrying high spectrometer equipment. First, the NNIs of the four growth stages of winter wheat were calculated and statistically analyzed. Then, the hyperspectral characteristics at different growth stages and various NNIs were examined. Second, the representation wavebands of the hyperspectral data, which were sensitive to the NNI of winter wheat, were acquired and evaluated. In addition, hyperspectral models were established and comparatively assessed for the NNI estimation. Finally, the hyperspectral characteristics and the remote sensing estimation of the NNIs were determined on the basis of UAV-based hyperspectral data. The results are as follows. (1) As the NNIs of winter wheat changed, the characteristic of the red shift, the variations in the red edge position, and the near-infrared waveband range of the hyperspectral data became apparent. (2) The green band, red edge, and near-infrared were sensitive to the NNIs of winter wheat, and they could be effectively used for estimating the NNI. Moreover, the multiple statistical regression models, which were based on representative wavebands, performed well in estimating the NNI results for the different growth stages of winter wheat.     

Detection of Wheat Stripe Rust Using Solar-induced Chlorophyll Fluorescence and Reflectance Spectral Indices

Detection of wheat stripe rust is important for agriculture management and decision,this paper aims to improve detection accuracy of the disease severity of wheat stripe rust by integrating the advantages of reflectance spectroscopy in the detection of crop biochemical parameters and the advantages of chlorophyll fluorescence in photosynthetic physiology diagnosis.Firstly,the solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) at O₂-A band (760 nm) was calculated using the 3FLD algorithm,and seven spectral indices sensitive to wheat stripe rust were investigated for estimating the disease severity.Then,three classic statistical modelling methods,including Support Vector Machine (SVM),Stepwise Regression (SR) and BP neural network (BP),were used to quantitatively investigated the performance of the spectral indices and SIF for detection of winter wheat stripe rust severity.The results show that:(1) there is a significantly negative correlation between SIF and the severity of wheat stripe rust.The relationship between SIF and DI can be effectively applied to detect wheat stripe rust.(2) the spectral models based on SIF combined with spectral indices are more accurate than those based on spectral indices.SIF can significantly improve the detection accuracy of the disease severity of winter wheat stripe rust.(3) compared to the SVM and SR methods,the training model constructed by the BP neural network has the highest prediction accuracy whether using the spectral indices or SIF combined spectral indices.However,the verification results show that the disease severity prediction model constructed by SVM and SR method have a better prediction.     

基于多时相TM影像的冬小麦面积变化监测

利用北京1992年、2000年、2004年、2009年的多时相Landsat TM5影像数据,结合实际调查数据,分析了近20年来北京冬小麦种植面积的变化趋势及演变特征。采用决策树、PCA、缨帽变换等手段对地物进行分类,利用多时相影像,NDVI组合阈值提取小麦种植区面积。研究结果表明:北京地区1992年、2000年、2004年、2009年冬小麦种植面积分别为:113671ha,84322ha,40410ha,61529ha。北京冬小麦种植面积呈现为明显的先减少后增加的趋势。从1992年到2009年共减少52143ha。其中,从1992年到2000年冬小麦种植面积减少了29349ha,减少的面积中城区扩张占用和转变为裸地的最多,分别为39.7%和42.8%,另外有13.3%变为设施用地,3%成为水体(鱼塘和水田);从2000年到2004年冬小麦种植面积共减少43921ha,减少的面积中转变为裸地和城区扩张占用的最多,分别为39.8%和33.1%;从2004年到2009年冬小麦种植面积共增加了21119ha,其中裸地转变为小麦种植区面积最大。