日本海外经济协力基金贷款建设工程的环境评估大纲

1988年10月日本海外经济协力基金环境委员会编制了《OECF环境评估大纲》,供借款一方规划和编制工程项目的环境报告时使用.本文介绍了16项工程类别中其中几项环境评估的具体条款及其内容.     

关于陆基的蒙特利尔指导准则

联合国环境规划署（UNEP）于1985年起草了一套指导准则,以帮助各国制定有关保护海洋环境免受陆源污染的国际协定和国家立法。这些指导准则旨在作为基本条款的审核细则,而不是一份样板协定,各国可以从中选择或采纳适合本国具体需要的要素。     

中国清洁生产

本文全面回顾了中国清洁生产的主要进展,对国家层次和地方层次在法律、政策、示范、培训、网络建设等方面的工作做了详细总结.对2003年1月1日起实施的<中华人民共和国清洁生产促进法>作了重点介绍,研究和总结了法律的主要内容和重要条款,介绍和分析了其主要贡献和突破之处.以创新的思维和行动为主线提出了中国清洁生产未来十年的任务.     

内源性气态SO2对血管的舒张作用及其机制Ⅲ：信号转导途径

为了从信号转导途径的角度探讨内源性气态SO2引起血管舒张的机制,采用将气态SO2或SO2生理盐水溶液加入孵育液的方法,使SO2分子直接作用于离体大鼠胸主动脉血管环,同时使用不同信号转导途径抑制剂,研究了内源性气态SO2诱发血管舒张的信号转导机制,并采用类比法研究了SO2对Krebs液pH的影响及其与血管舒张的关系.结果显示:1)内源性气态SO2对大鼠血管的舒张作用是SO2分子直接作用引起的,与SO2引起的pH值轻度降低无关;2)气态SO2在生理浓度和低浓度(<450μmol·L-1)引起的舒血管作用主要是通过NO/cGMP途径介导;3)很低浓度的气态SO(23μmol·L-1)和NO(3或5nmol·L-1)在引起血管舒张作用时有协同作用,二者在体内联合发挥对血管张力的调节作用.结论:1)SO2是血管组织的一种内源性气体舒张因子;2)SO2与NO可以协同调节血管张力,二者可能存在某种形式的交叉对话作用.     

微波消解-原子吸收法测定固体废弃物粉煤灰中的铜、钼、镍和铍含量

正粉煤灰是燃煤电厂以及煤矸石、煤泥资源综合利用电厂锅炉烟气经除尘器收集后获得的细小飞灰和炉底渣[1].粉煤灰是悬浮颗粒物的主要来源,也是会对地表水和地下水造成污染的有害元素的来源之一.铍进入人体后,难溶的氧化铍主要储存在肺部,可引起肺炎.可溶性的铍化合物主要储存在骨骼、肝脏、肾脏和淋巴结等处,它们可与血浆蛋白作用,生成蛋白复合物,引起脏器或组织的病变而致癌.镍作为一种具有生物学作用的元素,能激活或抑制一系列的酶.镍及其化合物对人皮肤粘膜和呼吸道有刺激作用,可引起皮炎和气管炎.过多的铜进入体内可出现恶心、呕吐、上腹疼痛、急性溶血和肾小管变形等中毒现象.钼对眼睛、皮肤有刺激作用,部分接触者出现尘肺病     

产甲烷生化代谢途径研究进展

微生物产甲烷过程产生的甲烷约占全球甲烷产量的74%.产甲烷过程对生物燃气生产和全球气候变暖等都有着重要的意义.本文综述了产甲烷菌的具体生化代谢途径,其本质是产甲烷菌利用细胞内一系列特殊的酶和辅酶将CO2或甲基化合物中的甲基通过一系列的生物化学反应还原成甲烷.在这一过程中,产甲烷菌细胞能够形成钠离子或质子跨膜梯度,驱动细胞膜上的ATP合成酶将ADP转化成ATP以获得能量.根据底物类型的不同,可以将该过程分为3类:还原CO2途径、乙酸途径和甲基营养途径.还原CO2途径是以H2或甲酸作为主要的电子供体还原CO2产生甲烷,其中涉及到一个最新的发现——电子歧化途径;乙酸途径是乙酸被裂解产生甲基基团和羧基基团,随后,羧基基团被氧化产生电子供体H2用于还原甲基基团;甲基营养途径是以简单甲基化合物作为底物,以外界提供的H2或氧化甲基化合物自身产生的还原当量作为电子供体还原甲基化合物中的甲基基团.通过这3种途径产甲烷的过程中,每消耗1mol底物所产生AT P的顺序为还原CO2途径>甲基营养途径>乙酸途径.由于产甲烷菌自身难以分离培养,未来将主要通过现代的生物技术和计算机技术,包括基因工程和代谢模型构建等最新技术来研究产甲烷菌的生化代谢过程以及其与其它菌群之间的相互作用机制,以便将其应用于生产实践.     

中国降水量高度效应及全球升温对它的影响

利用中国气象中心160站点的实际观察资料,对中国半个世纪的降水变化进行了系统分析,发现中国的夏季降水量与海拔高度存在着很好的反相关关系;同时,全球升温使得降水量的高度效应增强,主要表现为高海拔降水量海拔效应明显增强,这主要是由全球升温引起环流系统增强所引起的.     

液相色谱串联质谱法直接进样测定水中的5种防腐剂

防腐剂是指天然或人工合成的化学成分,用于加入食品、药品、颜料、生物标本等,以延迟微生物生长或化学变化引起的腐败.我国到目前为止已批准了32种使用的食物防腐剂.因苯甲酸钠价格低廉,主要用于碳酸饮料和果汁饮料.尼泊金酯类(即对羟基苯甲酸酯类)产品有对羟基苯甲酸甲酯、乙酯、丙酯、丁酯等,已被广泛用于食品、饮料、化妆品、医药     

中国清洁生产

本文全面回顾了中国清洁生产的主要进展,对国家层次和地方层次在法律、政策、示范、培训、网络建设等方面的工作做了详细总结.对2003年1月1日起实施的《中华人民共和国清洁生产促进法》作了重点介绍,研究和总结了法律的主要内容和重要条款,介绍和分析了其主要贡献和突破之处.以创新的思维和行动为主线提出了中国清洁生产未来十年的任务.     

土壤性质对水稻土中外源镉与铅生物有效性的影响

为定量了解土壤理化性质对进入土壤中的外源镉和铅生物有效性的影响,采集了性质相差较大的16个水稻土,通过添加Cd(或Pb)培养和老化处理(Cd的加入量为0、0.2、0.5、1、2和5 mg·kg-1;Pb加入量为0、20、50、100、200和500 mg·kg-1,培养时间为1年),研究了不同土壤中Cd(或Pb)负荷与土壤中水溶态和交换态Cd(或Pb)的关系.结果表明,随着Cd(或Pb)污染水平的提高,土壤中水溶态和交换态Cd(或Pb)均显著增加,但不同土壤中水溶态和交换态Cd(或Pb)随土壤Cd(或Pb)积累的增加幅度有很大的差异.相关分析表明,水稻土中水溶性Cd(或Pb)主要与土壤Cd(或Pb)污染水平和pH值有关;而交换态Cd(或Pb)主要与土壤Cd(或Pb)污染水平、pH值、CEC及质地等有关.数据显示,pH值较高、质地较黏的土壤可大大减缓因污染引起的CA和Pb生物有效性的提高.     

Preferential taxation and the control of urban sprawl: An analysis of the California Land Conservation Act

The premature conversion of agricultural lands to urban use has concerned many persons, especially when urban sprawl results. In an effort to reduce such premature conversion California offers reduced property taxation to landowners who sign a contract to give up development rights to their property for a specified period. The California program is described and the potential economic benefits, measured as the present value of the tax savings, are calculated. Using these values, the conditions under which acceptance of a contract is preferred to nonacceptance are analyzed. The implications of the results for program effectiveness and land use control policy are discussed.     

Contract renegotiation and rent re-distribution: Who gets raked over the coals?

Policy shocks affect the rent distribution in long-term contracts, which can lead to such contracts being renegotiated. We seek an understanding of what aspects of contract design, in the face of a substantial policy shock, affect the propensity to renegotiate. We test our hypotheses using data on U.S. coal contracts after the policy shock of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments. Contracts are divided into two categories, those that were renegotiated following the shock and those that were not. Characteristics of the contract are used to explain whether or not the contract was ultimately renegotiated. Results provide guidance on rent re-distribution and contract renegotiation more generally and are applicable to contemporary policy issues such as climate change legislation.     

The Role of Prices in Conserving Critical Natural Capital

Abstract: Until recent decades, economic decision makers have largely ignored the nonmarket benefits provided by nature, resulting in unprecedented threats to ecological life‐support functions. The economic challenge today is to decide how much ecosystem structure can be converted to economic production and how much must be conserved to provide essential ecosystem services. Many economists and a growing number of life scientists hope to address this challenge by estimating the marginal value of environmental benefits and then using this information to make economic decisions. I assessed this approach first by examining the role and effectiveness of the price mechanism in a well‐functioning market economy, second by identifying the issues that prevent markets from pricing many ecological benefits, and third by focusing on problems inherent to valuing services generated by complex and poorly understood ecosystems subject to irreversible change. I then focus on critical natural capital (CNC), which generates benefits that are essential to human welfare and have few if any substitutes. When imminent ecological thresholds threaten CNC, conservation is essential and marginal valuation becomes inappropriate. Once conservation needs have been met, remaining ecosystem structure is potentially available for economic production. Demand for this available supply will determine prices. In other words, conservation needs should be price determining, not price determined. Conservation science must help identify CNC and the quantity and quality of ecosystem structure required to ensure its sustained provision.     

Suitability of short or long conservation contracts under ecological and socio-economic uncertainty

Acquisition of land rights has become a primary tool used to protect terrestrial biodiversity. Fixed length contracts are often used when trying to secure conservation benefits on private land in agri-environment schemes and payment for environmental services schemes, but the duration of the conservation contracts used in different programmes varies. To date, very little research has been undertaken to determine the situations in which contracts of differing lengths are optimal or when conservation agencies or groups should use a portfolio of different contract lengths rather than relying on a single type. Using stochastic dynamic programming and related heuristic methods, we investigate how the choice between short or long conservation contracts is affected by uncertainty regarding the future availability of sites and their ecological condition. We also examine the benefits offered by using a portfolio of different contract lengths. Conservation agencies must pay private landowners a premium to secure longer agreements and because of this, shorter contracts are advantageous if sites are likely to remain available for conservation in the future. Long contracts are preferred when future site availability becomes more unlikely. In contrast to uncertainty over site availability, uncertainty over future ecological conditions has little effect on contract selection and only markedly influences the choice between short and long contracts when there is heterogeneity across sites in expected conservation outcomes and future availability of sites is also uncertain. Finally, when future site availability is unlikely, the use of a portfolio of short and long contracts would offer greater conservation gains than using either type in isolation, even though this option is not yet one that is commonly found in conservation practice.     

国际能值研究热点和前沿的可视化分析

能值用以表征一种流动或储存的能量所包含另一类别能量的数量,即产品或者劳务形成过程中消耗的总能量,常以太阳能为度量标准。能值作为生态经济学中的新概念,它的提出实现了物质流、能量流、经济流、人口流和信息流等的统一量化,架设了“环境与经济间的桥梁”,能值理论和应用目前已成为生态经济学研究的热点领域,能值分析方法正日益发展成为生态经济系统评价的基本工具。文章首先以Web of Science数据库中1998─2013年间收录主题为“emergy”的文献为基础数据,对能值研究的学科、时间、区域和机构等分布情况进行了统计分析,发现能值研究文献数量呈逐年上升趋势,主要分布在生态、环境及能源相关学科,中、美、意大利3国及锡耶纳大学、北京师范大学、北京大学、中国科学院和佛罗里达大学等研究机构表现出较强的研究实力。其次,利用CiteSpace软件绘制了能值研究文献的共被引知识图谱,对其知识基础及核心作者的影响力进行了探讨。图谱研究显示,Odum H T、Brown M T、Hau J L、Ulgiati S等学者及其代表作品对能值理论知识基础的构建及相关研究的推进奠定了坚实的基础。最后,通过对能值研究领域出现关键词及膨胀词的共词分析与词频分析,绘制出能值领域的研究热点演进脉络,并探测环境可持续性、可持续发展、生态系统服务、电力生产、能值核算、生命周期研究法等前沿命题,可见系统可持续发展及能值与其它理论方法的结合应用将成为能值研究的新热点。目前能值研究文献数量持续增长,但其理论研究速度落后于应用范围及领域的延伸速度,能值转换率及评价指标体系已无法满足小区域、微观小系统的研究需求,核心作者及代表作品较少,且欠缺与动态模型及仿真技术的结合应用。因此,未来能值研究     

天津节能减排、低碳发展战略思考

目前天津在节能减排、低碳发展方面取得了一定成效,但仍面临着巨大的压力。其主要原因：经济发展对能源消耗的依赖程度较高,能源消费对高碳能源的依赖程度过高,经济发展对高碳产业的依赖程度过高。因此,天津节能减排、低碳发展的战略目标应指向＂脱钩＂,即经济发展逐渐降低对能源消耗的依赖程度;战略核心在于能源消费要从源头上逐渐摆脱对高碳能源的过度依赖,经济发展要逐步摆脱对高碳产业和产业结构的过度依赖。     

Improving the prevention of environmental risks with convertible bonds

This paper considers a limited liability firm that needs external funds in order to invest in an activity that presents an environmental risk for the Society. When the firm's risk-reducing activities cannot be observed by the lenders, we show that the issue of convertible bonds can create incentives to improve prevention. Convertible bonds allow the holder to exchange his bonds for a fixed number of the firm's shares. The use of such hybrid securities could either complement or be an alternative to the American CERCLA legislation about lender extended liability. We define an optimal convertible bond contract that induces unchanged economic profits for the bank, more prevention and higher expected net revenues for the firm and a higher expected social welfare than with standard debt. Our results hold true both with and without extended liability.     

Increasing the impact of collective incentives in payments for ecosystem services

Collective payments for ecosystem services (PES) programs make payments to groups, conditional on specified aggregate land-management outcomes. Such collective contracting may be well suited to settings with communal land tenure or decision-making. Given that collective contracting does not require costly individual-level information on outcomes, it may also facilitate conditioning on additionality (i.e., conditioning payments upon clearly improved outcomes relative to baseline). Yet collective contracting often suffers from free-riding, which undermines group outcomes and may be exacerbated or ameliorated by PES designs. We study impacts of conditioning on additionality within a number of collective PES designs. We use a framed field-laboratory experiment with participants from a new PES program in Mexico. Because social interactions are critical within collective processes, we assess the impacts from conditioning on additionality given: (1) group participation in contract design, and (2) a group coordination mechanism. Conditioning on above-baseline outcomes raised contributions, particularly among initially lower contributors. Group participation in contract design increased impact, as did the coordination mechanism.     

The principal–agent model with multilateral externalities: An application to climate agreements

We consider contracting of a principal with an agent if multilateral externalities are present. The motivating example is that of an international climate agreement given private information about the willingness-to-pay (WTP) for emissions abatement. Due to multilateral externalities the principal uses her own emissions besides subsidies to incentivize the agent and to assure his participation. Optimal contracts equalize marginal abatement costs and, thus, can be implemented by a system of competitive permit trading. Moreover, optimal contracts can include a boundary part (i.e., the endogenous, type dependent participation constraint is binding), which is not a copy of the outside option of no contract. Compared to this outside option, a contract can increase emissions of the principal for types with a low WTP, and reduce her payoff for high types. Subsidies can be constant or even decreasing in emission reductions, and turn negative so that the agent reduces emissions and pays the principal.