新型冠状病毒肺炎合并心血管疾病的临床问题探讨

2019年底新型冠状病毒肺炎(简称新冠肺炎)在湖北省武汉市暴发流行,波及全国。截至2月22日全国累计确诊76392例新冠肺炎,死亡2348例。新冠肺炎成为了严重威胁公众健康的传染性疾病。研究报道新型冠状病毒对心脏损伤有潜在影响,来自武汉临床资料分析发现,138例新冠肺炎患者中7.2%发生急性心脏损伤,16.7%发生心律失常;此外还发现心肌损伤标志物超敏肌钙蛋白I的水平重症监护病房(intensive care anit,ICU)患者高于非ICU患者[1]。另外,新近的两项研究也发现新冠肺炎患者均有不同比例的心脏损伤,表现为心肌损伤标志物的升高或心电图和超声心动图出现新的异常。而对于已有心血管疾病的患者并发症和死亡风险都明显增加。7万余新冠肺炎患者的流行病学研究显示[2],合并心血管疾病患者死亡率高达10.5%,糖尿病为7.3%,慢性阻塞性肺病为6.3%,癌症为5.6%。因此,新型冠状病毒导致的心脏损伤以及对合并心血管疾病患者的预后值得关注。     

新型冠状病毒肺炎患者的抗血栓治疗研究进展

严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2(SARS-CoV-2)可通过表面的刺突蛋白(S蛋白)对细胞造成损伤,随后引起一系列病理生理改变,包括内皮细胞功能障碍、大量细胞因子释放、肾素-血管紧张素系统(RAS系统)激活、血小板激活、凝血功能障碍等,最终导致血栓形成.新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)患者较易患血栓性疾病,尽管采取血...     

新型冠状病毒肺炎和心血管疾病关系的研究进展

当前,由严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2(SARS-CoV-2)引发的新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)疫情在全球蔓延。SARS-CoV-2主要通过血管紧张素转换酶2(ACE2)受体感染宿主细胞,在引起呼吸系统损伤的同时,也造成急性心肌损伤和慢性心血管疾病。COVID-19患者合并心血管疾病也十分常见,对患者的预后有显著...     

冠状病毒及新型冠状病毒肺炎防控策略

随着科学技术的发展和医学研究不断取得新进步,人们认识到病毒引发的传染性疾病仍然对人类健康构成巨大威胁,据世界卫生组织(World Health Organization,WHO)宣布,地球上对人类危害最大的有九大病毒:(1)克里米亚-刚果出血热病毒(Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus,CCHFV);(2)埃博拉病毒(Ebola virus,EBOV);(3)马尔堡病毒(Marburg virus,MBV);(4)艾滋病病毒(Human immunodeficiency virus,HIV);(5)寨卡病毒(Zika virus,ZKV);(6)狂犬病毒(rabies virus,RBV);(7)流感病毒(influenza virus,FLV);(8)尼帕病毒和裂谷热病毒(Nipah virus and riftvelley fever virus,NV-RFV);(9)冠状病毒(coronavirus,CoV),其中包括中东呼吸综合征(Middle East respiratory syndrome,MERS)和重症急性呼吸综合征(severe acute respiratory syndrome,SARS)等。特别是EBOV和CoV传播较快,病死率高,造成了严重公共健康危机[1-3]。     

新型冠状病毒肺炎合并心肌损伤的诊疗进展

新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)是由严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2引起的新发传染病,可引起急性心肌损伤.COVID-19合并心肌损伤时往往病情进展迅速,严重者可出现急性心力衰竭、心源性休克或恶性心律失常,预后极差.通过监测相关指标早期识别心肌损伤,尽早实施综合救治方法,包括抗病毒药物、营养心肌药物、血管活性药物、免疫...     

新型冠状病毒感染疫情对心内科收治患者的影响

正1临床资料选取2020年1月24日至2020年2月27日共34天我科急诊收治的66名患者。收治患者均属于心血管危急重症:心力衰竭(心衰)患者为顽固性难治性心衰;急性冠脉综合征(ACS)的患者为ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)、非ST段抬高型心肌梗死(NSTEMI)和不稳定型心绞痛中的静息性心绞痛及轻微体力活动诱发心绞痛;心律     

新型冠状病毒肺炎诊断研究进展

新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)疫情以来,疾病的高传染性使确诊人数剧增,同时死亡人数也在日益增加。现全球已有200余个国家或地区出现感染病例。疾病的早诊可以有效控制疾病传播,同时使感染者得到有效的隔离和救治,提高生存率。目前,中国COVID-19的控制取得了阶段性胜利。本文对COVID-19的临床表现、实验室检查、...     

新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情对急性心肌梗死诊治的影响

新型冠状病毒肺炎成为世界卫生体系的严峻挑战,国内外均采取了前所未有的严格防控措施,肺炎疫情对急性心肌梗死的急诊救治流程产生了深刻的影响,国内外制定了一系列的相关文件以指导疫情期间急性心肌梗死的救治工作,本文对此进行综述。     

2012年急性冠状动脉综合征抗栓治疗热点聚焦

<正>近年来急性冠状动脉综合征(ACS)抗栓治疗领域取得了较大进展,包括新型抗血小板药物普拉格雷和替卡格雷挑战了氯吡格雷一枝独秀的局面,经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)术前氯吡格雷的负荷剂量不再是300 mg,而是增加至600 mg;Ⅱb/Ⅲa受体拮抗剂静脉给药仍为标准途径。抗栓     

PICO Questions and DELPHI Methodology for the Management of Venous Thromboembolism Associated with COVID-19

Patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have a higher risk of venous thromboembolic disease (VTE) than patients with other infectious or inflammatory diseases, both as macrothrombosis (pulmonar embolism and deep vein thrombosis) or microthrombosis. However, the use of anticoagulation in this scenario remains controversial. This is a project that used DELPHI methodology to answer PICO questions related to anticoagulation in patients with COVID-19. The objective was to reach a consensus among multidisciplinary VTE experts providing answers to those PICO questions. Seven PICO questions regarding patients with COVID-19 responded with a broad consensus: 1. It is recommended to avoid pharmacological thromboprophylaxis in most COVID-19 patients not requiring hospital admission; 2. In most hospitalized patients for COVID-19 who are receiving oral anticoagulants before admission, it is recommended to replace them by low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) at therapeutic doses; 3. Thromboprophylaxis with LMWH at standard doses is suggested for COVID-19 patients admitted to a conventional hospital ward; 4. Standard-doses thromboprophylaxis with LMWH is recommended for COVID-19 patients requiring admission to Intensive Care Unit; 5. It is recommended not to determine D-Dimer levels routinely in COVID-19 hospitalized patients to select those in whom VTE should be suspected, or as a part of the diagnostic algorithm to rule out or confirm a VTE event; 6. It is recommended to discontinue pharmacological thromboprophylaxis at discharge in most patients hospitalized for COVID-19; 7. It is recommended to withdraw anticoagulant treatment after 3 months in most patients with a VTE event associated with COVID-19. The combination of PICO questions and DELPHI methodology provides a consensus on different recommendations for anticoagulation management in patients with COVID-19.     

心房颤动的药物抗栓治疗进展

心房颤动是临床常见的心律失常,血栓形成是其主要并发症。目前临床上常用的抗凝药物主要有非甾体抗炎药类、香豆素类、吡啶类和其他新型抗凝药物。现将介绍目前临床常用的几类抗凝药的药理作用及在临床上的应用。     

Anticoagulation treatment for patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and its clinical effectiveness in 2020: A meta-analysis study

Background:To better inform efforts to treat and control the current outbreak with effective anticoagulant treatment strategies for coronavirus disease 2019 patients.Methods:We searched Cochrane Library, Pubmed, EMBASE, MEDLINE, SCIEXPANDED, Web of Science, Google Scholar, CNKI (Chinese Database), WanFang (Chinese Database), CBM (Chinese Database), VIP (Chinese Database) for studies published from November 1, 2019 to October 1, 2020, and we searched references of identified articles. Studies were reviewed for methodological quality. A random-effects model was used to pool results. Heterogeneity was assessed using I². Publication bias was assessed using funnel plot.Results:Fourteen studies involving 7681 patients were included. We meta-analyzed the bleeding, deep vein thrombosis, and pulmonary embolism risk between no anticoagulation and prophylactic anticoagulation, and found no significant difference. The same trend occurred in the comparison between with and without anticoagulation. However, when compared with no anticoagulation, both prophylactic anticoagulation (odd ratio [OR] = 0.80, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.69–0.93) and therapeutic anticoagulation (OR = 0.91, 95% CI: 0.80–1.05) had lower risk of mortality. Furthermore, the risk of overall bleeding among patients with therapeutic anticoagulation was 3.11 times (95% CI: 2.29–4.24) than that of patients with prophylactic anticoagulation. On the contrary, therapeutic anticoagulation had lower risk of deep vein thrombosis than prophylactic anticoagulation (OR = 0.34, 95% CI: 0.19–0.63).Conclusions:Among coronavirus disease 2019 patients, preventive and therapeutic anticoagulation were more beneficial than no anticoagulation for reducing mortality rate. The result will inform healthcare providers and public health policy makers in efforts to treat and control the current outbreak.     

房颤并发冠心病的抗栓策略

栓塞和血栓形成是房颤(AF)和冠心病的常见并发症,所以对于AF并发冠心病患者进行抗栓治疗就至关重要。治疗AF需要口服抗凝剂以减少缺血性卒中,而对冠心病患者则需要长期抗血小板治疗以减少冠状动脉事件。对于AF并发冠心病的患者,如何平衡抗凝或（联合）抗血小板的获益与出血风险？已成为临床讨论的焦点。本文结合2010年《ESC心房颤动治疗指南》及当前的询证学依据,详细综述了AF并发冠心病这一类栓塞高危人群的抗栓治疗策略。     

Arrhythmias in COVID-19

The coronavirus pandemic remains a major public health burden with multisystem disease manifestations. There has been an ongoing global effort to better understand the unique cardiovascular manifestations of this disease and its associated arrhythmias. In this review, we summarize the current data on incidence and outcomes of arrhythmias in the acute and convalescent period, possible pathophysiologic mechanisms, and medical management. Sinus bradycardia—reported in multiple observational studies in the acute infectious period—stands out as an unexpected inflammatory response. Atrial fibrillation has been noted as the most common pathologic arrhythmia and has been shown to be a poor prognostic marker in multiple cohorts. In the convalescent period, long-term complications such as postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome and inappropriate sinus tachycardia have been described.     

Acute myocardial infarction and large coronary thrombosis in a patient with COVID-19

This is a case report of a 60-year-old male, without any cardiovascular risk factor and no cardiac history admitted to hospital with a diagnosis of interstitial pneumonia caused by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). After 7 days, the blood tests showed a significant rise of inflammatory and procoagulant markers, along with a relevant elevation of high-sensitivity Troponin I. Electrocardiogram and transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) were consistent with a diagnosis of infero-posterolateral acute myocardial infarction and the patient was transferred to the isolated Cath Lab for primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). The angiography showed an acute massive thrombosis of a dominant right coronary artery without clear evidence of atherosclerosis. Despite the optimal pharmacological therapies and different PCI techniques, the final TIMI flow was 0/1 and after 3 hr the clinical condition evolved in cardiac arrest for pulseless electric activity. Acute coronary syndrome–ST-elevation myocardial infarction is a relevant complication of COVID-19. Due to high levels of proinflammatory mediators, diffuse coronary thrombosis could occur even in patients without cardiac history or comorbidities. This clinical case suggests that coronary thrombosis in COVID-19 patients may be unresponsive to optimal pharmacological (GP IIb–IIIa infusion) and mechanical treatment (PCI).     

Decline of Admission for Acute Coronary Syndromes and Acute Cardiovascular Conditions during COVID-19 Pandemic in Veneto Region

Background: The present study aimed to examine longitudinal trends in hospitalizations for acute coronary syndrome (ACS) before and during the COVID-19 pandemic, by reviewing the data from 13 hospitals of the Veneto Region, in the north-east of Italy. Methods: We performed a multicenter, retrospective analysis including all the consecutive patients presenting with ACS and other acute cardiovascular (CV) conditions (defined as heart failure, arrhythmias, cardiac arrest and venous thromboembolism) hospitalized in 13 different hospitals of the Veneto Region covering a population of 2,554,818 inhabitants, during the first (between 15 March 2020 and 30 April 2020) and second (between 15 November 2020 and 30 December 2020) COVID-19 pandemic waves (the 2020 cohort). Data were compared with those obtained at the same time-windows of years 2018 and 2019 (the historical cohorts). Results: Compared to the historical cohorts, a significant decrease in the number of ACS cases was observed in 2020 (−27.3%, p = 0.01 and −32%, p < 0.001, comparing 2018 versus 2020 and 2019 and 2020, respectively). The proportion of patients hospitalized for acute CV conditions decreased during the first and second wave COVID-19 pandemic when compared to the historical cohorts (−36.5%, p < 0.001 and −40.6%, p < 0.001, comparing 2018 versus 2020 and 2019 and 2020, respectively). Pearson’s correlation evidenced a significant inverse relationship between the number of COVID-19 cases and both ACS hospital admissions (r = −0.881, p = 0.005) and hospitalizations for acute CV conditions (r = −0.738, p = 0.01), respectively. Conclusions: The decrease in hospitalizations for ACS and other acute CV conditions will strongly affect future patients’ management since undiagnosed nonfatal CV events represent a source of increased (and unknown) CV morbidity and mortality.     

Acute upper limb ischemia in a patient with COVID-19

Patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection mainly present with upper and lower respiratory tract symptoms, with complications related to cytokine storm syndrome and acute respiratory distress syndrome. It has also been described to predispose to venous and arterial thromboembolism; however, limited published data is available regarding thrombosis in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Here we are presenting a case of arterial thrombosis in a patient with COVID-19 and a systematic review on coagulopathy associated with COVID-19.     

A review of venous thromboembolism in COVID-19: A clinical perspective

Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) started in Wuhan, China in December 2019 and spread to all around the world in a short period of time. Hospitalized patients with COVID-19 mostly could suffer from an abnormal coagulation activation risk with increased venous thrombosis events and a poor clinical course. The reported incidence rates of thrombotic complications in hospitalized COVID-19 patients vary between 2.6 and 85% (both in non-critically ill and critically ill patients). The risk of venous thromboembolism is not known in non-hospitalized patients with COVID-19. There are numerous studies and guidelines for administration of thromboprophylaxis for COVID-19 cases. All hospitalized COVID-19 patients should take pharmacological thromboprophylaxis if there is no contraindication. However, there is no consensus on this issue. In this review, we discussed all these approaches in a critical perspective.     

Atrial Fibrillation and Antithrombotic Treatment in Italian Hospitalized Patients: A Prospective,Observational Study

Background: We studied the prevalence of atrial fibrillation within a large Italian inpatient population, and evaluated the use of antithrombotic therapy among these individuals. Methods: A prospective cross sectional study (Phase 1) with a 1-year follow-up period (Phase 2) was conducted at a single Italian centre. During Phase 1, we conducted a chart review of all inpatients on 5 separate days, each 1 month apart, between January and May 1999. During Phase 2, at 1-year of follow-up, patients or their families were contacted to document the occurrence of new clinical events, as well as current antithrombotic therapy use. Results: A total of 3121 patient charts were reviewed. The prevalence of atrial fibrillation was 7.2%. Of these 224 patients, 21.3% were on oral anticoagulants, 29.7% on antiplatelets, while 49% received neither. Patients on oral anticoagulants were significantly younger (mean age 72.3 years) than those on antiplatelets (mean age 80.6 years; p<0.001) or neither therapy (mean age 80.7 years; p<0.001). At 1 year follow up, an acute ischaemic stroke occurred among 7.4% of the 121 contacted patients. Among patients with chronic atrial fibrillation [98], 25.5% were receiving an oral anticoagulant. Conclusions: Despite clear evidence from clinical trials, oral anticoagulants are significantly underused among patients with chronic atrial fibrillation. Methods should be developed to improve both physician and patient knowledge about the overall benefits of anti-thrombotic therapy among these individuals.