影像尿动力学评估先天性膀胱输尿管返流患儿的膀胱功能障碍

目的 采用影像尿动力学评估小儿先天性膀胱输尿管返流(VUR)与膀胱功能障碍的关系.方法 选取2011年4月至2013年7月在郑州大学第一附属医院就诊的67例VUR患儿为研究对象.患儿经影像尿动力学、尿常规、排泄性尿路造影等检查,记录患儿尿路感染、逼尿肌过度活动、逼尿肌括约肌协同失调及VUR程度等情况,根据尿动力学表现的不同分为正常组、单纯逼尿肌过度活动组和逼尿肌括约肌协同失调组(伴或不伴逼尿肌过度活动的逼尿肌括约肌协同失调),另外按照返流级别将患儿分为低级别返流(Ⅰ～Ⅱ度)和高级别返流(Ⅲ～Ⅴ度),分析膀胱功能与VUR侧别、返流程度以及尿路感染的关系.结果 VUR患儿合并膀胱功能异常占73.1％(49/67例),其中膀胱过度活动症占49.3％(33/49例),逼尿肌括约肌协同失调占23.8％(16/49例).单纯膀胱过度活动患儿多为单侧,Ⅰ～Ⅱ度返流,且较少合并尿路感染.而逼尿肌括约肌协同失调的患儿多为双侧,Ⅲ～Ⅳ度返流,且较多见尿路感染.结论 影像尿动力学可以准确诊断VUR,同时对患儿膀胱功能的评估,及临床制定治疗方案提供重要参考.     

清洁间歇导尿在小儿神经源性膀胱治疗中的价值

目的 评价清洁间歇导尿在小儿神经源性膀胱治疗巾的临床意义.方法 脊髓栓系综合征患儿64例.男49例,女15例,年龄3～13岁.均已行脊髓栓系松解手术.临床表现为尿失禁,611例合并大便失禁.52例合并足畸形.就诊时和就诊后1年分别行尿动力学和排泄件膀胱尿道造影以及超声检查,治疗期间36例坚持间歇导尿.28例未能坚持间歇导尿.结果 导尿组开始有9例合并Ⅲ°以下输尿管反流.4例为单纯肾积水.膀胱容量、顺应性、逼尿肌压分别为(176±34.5)ml、(3.5±0.6)ml/cmH2O、(54.6±13.2)cmH2O.1年后3例输尿管反流消失,2例肾积水减轻,膀胱容量、顺应性、逼尿肌压分别为(188±30.3)ml、(3.7±0.9)ml/cmH2O、(50.6±11.8)cmH2O,4例发生尿路感染(11.1%).未导尿组开始有7例合并Ⅲ°以下输尿管反流,5例为单纯肾积水,膀胱容量、顺应性、逼尿肌压分别为(168±37.2)ml,(3.2±0.7)ml/cmH2O,(59.6±15.6)cmH2O.1年后13例合并输尿管反流.9例合并肾积水.膀胱容量、顺应性、逼尿肌压分别为(142±23.6)ml,(1.6±0.7)ml/cmH2O,(72.4±9.3)cmH2O.3例发生尿路感染(10.7%).结论清洁间歇导尿可保护膀胱功能.避免或减轻上尿路功能的损害,并不增加尿路感染的发生率.对于神经源性膀胱治疗有重要的应用价值.     

输尿管膀胱扩大成形术治疗神经源性膀胱

目的介绍我院最近开展的利用输尿管进行膀胱扩大成形术。方法2例均为男性,年龄4岁和12岁,均诊断为神经源性膀胱,其中1例为双侧5级膀胱输尿管返流,采用双侧输尿管下段进行膀胱扩大术;另1例为单侧5级膀胱输尿管返流伴同侧肾无功能,采用单侧输尿管进行膀胱扩大术。结果2例均术后3周拔除膀胱引流管,开始间歇导尿。分别随访2年和6个月,膀胱容量平均增加150%。病例1完全采用间歇性导尿排尿,导尿间隔时间3h,术后逼尿肌不稳定消失,左侧返流消失,右侧返流从5级降至3级;病例2导尿间隔时间4h,偶有经尿道排尿。结论输尿管膀胱扩大成形术是一种治疗神经源性膀胱安全有效的手术方法。     

清洁间歇导尿联合睡眠时留置导尿对神经原性膀胱患儿上尿路影响的研究

目的 探讨清洁间歇导尿(CIC)联合睡眠时留置导尿对神经原性膀胱患儿上尿路的影响.方法 选取2007年3月至2008年2月我院尿动力学中心确诊为神经原性膀胱的患儿53例,随机分为CIC组(对照组27例)和CIC联合睡眠时留置尿管组(睡眠时留置尿管组26例).比较两组随访2年后膀胱尿路X线造影或影像尿动力学参数、尿路感染、肾积水的发生情况.结果 两组治疗后膀胱安全容量(SBC)分别为(213±24) ml和(190±21)ml、膀胱顺应性(BC)分别为(8.21±0.8)ml／cm H2O和(5.13±0.9) ml/cm H2O均有增加,膀胱漏尿点压(DLPP) (36.5±10.2)cm H2O和(42.9±11.3)cm H2O有所降低;CIC联合睡眠时留置尿管组随访时在SBC、BC和DLPP的改善方面明显高于单纯CIC组,差异有统计学意义.两组菌尿及尿路感染发生率差异无明显统计学意义(P＞0.05);肾积水、膀胱输尿管反流的改善差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 CIC联合睡眠时留置尿管未见增加尿路感染机会,有助于改善神经原性膀胱患儿上尿路损害,对上尿路有保护作用.     

伴排尿障碍的隐性脊柱裂患儿的尿动力学特点

目的 研究伴有排尿功能障碍的隐性脊柱裂患儿的尿动力学特征.方法 对113例有排尿障碍的患儿进行尿动力学检查,其中48例经X线确诊为隐性脊柱裂者为观察组,无脊柱裂65例为对照组.检测项目包括:尿流率测定、充盈期膀胱压力容积测定、压力流率测定、同步括约肌肌电测定、静态尿道压力测定.比较两组间主要尿动力参数异常的发生率.观察组按主要临床症状分为尿失禁、尿频、单纯夜间遗尿和排尿困难4组,应用统计学研究临床症状与尿动力学主要参数的相关性.结果 在检测中发现观察组48例中有46例有不同程度的异常.其中逼尿肌过度活动22例,排尿期逼尿肌活动低下和无收缩21例,最大尿流率降低18例,膀胱容积缩小15例,残余尿量增多12例,低顺应性膀胱7例,逼尿肌外括约肌协同失调4例,最大尿道压降低4例.观察组中逼尿肌过度活动、逼尿肌活动低下、残余尿量增多及低顺应性膀胱发生率更高.按临床症状来看,隐性脊柱裂伴有尿失禁的患儿更多的表现为逼尿肌活动低下及最大尿流率降低,尿频的患儿在尿动力检查中多表现为逼尿肌过度活动及残余尿增多,排尿困难的患儿逼尿肌活动低下的发生率更高,而遗尿的患儿更易检出逼尿肌过度活动.结论 小儿隐性脊柱裂伴有排尿功能障碍的患儿具有多种尿动力学改变,且相同的症状可表现为不同类型的尿动力学异常,临床症状与尿动力学参数有一定的相关性,尿动力检查为其临床诊断和治疗方案制定提供重要客观依据.     

CIC联合膀胱内灌注RTX治疗儿童神经源性膀胱并逼尿肌过度活动疗效观察

目的 探讨清洁间歇导尿(clean intermittent self-catheterization,CIC)联合膀胱灌注辣椒辣素类似物(resiniferatoxin,RTX)治疗儿童神经源性膀胱(neurogenic bladder,NB)并逼尿肌过度活动(detrusoroveractivity,DO)的疗效.方法 将NB并DO患儿38例,按随机数字表法分为CIC联合RTX灌注组(实验组,20例)和CIC联合30％乙醇灌注组(对照组,18例).采用前瞻性双盲平行对照试验,所有患儿在CIC期间每4周行1次灌注治疗,每3个月行尿动力学检查随访,治疗1年后对比两组患儿尿动力学参数异同.结果 治疗后3个月及12个月实验组患儿逼尿肌过度活动的发生率(40.0％和10.0％)明显低于对照组(94.4％和88.9％),差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).治疗12个月后实验组首次过度活动膀胱容量明显增大[(107.8±46.3)ml vs (68.2±31.5)ml,膀胱安全容量明显增多[(206.8±50.6)ml vs (166.3±54.2)ml],与对照组比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).但实验组和对照组比较,膀胱顺应性[(20.8±11.5)ml/cmH2O vs (24±15.4) ml/cmH2O],最大尿流率[(9.5±5.1)ml/s vs (8.2±3.2) ml/s]差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 CIC联合RTX膀胱灌注能显著控制神经源性膀胱患儿的逼尿肌过度活动,改善神经源性逼尿肌过度活动患儿的生活质量.     

脊髓发育不良患儿尿路功能的早期评价和处理

目的探讨早期评价和干预治疗对脊髓发育不良所致的神经原性膀胱患儿上尿路和膀胱功能的影响。方法回顾性分析1997-2003年收治的脊髓发育不良，尿流动力学显示存在膀胱高压和／或逼尿肌括约肌不协调的75例年龄在1岁以内神经原性膀胱患儿，其中30例从发现高危因素后即开始应用间歇导尿和抗胆碱能药物治疗的患儿作为研究组，随访数年，记录上尿路功能、膀胱功能及手术干预情况，与其余没有进行间歇导尿和抗胆碱能药物治疗的患儿（对照组）进行比较。结果平均随访时间6．6年（3．6～9．8年），研究组共30例患儿，在随访期间2例出现上尿路持续性扩张，2例膀胱输尿管反流，3例膀胱顺应性差，最终5例行膀胱扩大术；对照组除去7例失访，38例中18例上尿路扩张，15例膀胱输尿管反流，23例膀胱顺应性下降，26例行膀胱扩大术，上尿路损害和最终需行膀胱扩大术的病例研究组明显低于对照组。结论脊髓发育不良所致的神经原性膀胱，病理损害是逐渐加重的，如早期进行尿流动力学评价，针对高危因素早期预防性治疗对保护肾脏和膀胱功能，控制尿失禁，减少膀胱扩大术，被证实是有效的。     

B超影像尿动力学检查在诊断小儿下尿路功能障碍中的应用

目的探讨B超影像尿动力学检查在下尿路功能障碍患儿诊断中的应用价值。方法69例小儿分2组，患儿组54例，为下尿路功能障碍的患儿，男30例，女24例，年龄4～18岁，平均（10．7±3．6）岁；对照组15例，为下尿路正常的患儿（因上尿路异常作下尿路检查者），男11例，女4例，年龄3～17岁，平均（9．9±3．7）岁。分别进行尿动力学检查，同步耻骨上、会阴部和直肠B超观察膀胱壁厚度、膀胱颈口形态、膀胱充盈和排尿后尿道形态等。结果患儿组尿动力学异常表现有残余尿量增多、膀胱顺应性降低、逼尿肌过度活动、逼尿肌括约肌协同失调和逼尿肌瘫痪等，B超影像检查异常表现有膀胱壁增厚、毛糙，颈口抬高，后尿道扩张，排尿期尿道开放不完全等，其中2例后尿道瓣膜患儿发现膀胱憩室。对照组B超影像检查显示充盈期膀胱壁光滑，厚度（2±1）mm，均小于3mm；膀胱颈口关闭，无抬高；排尿期膀胱颈口、后尿道充分开放，残余尿量小于10ml。结论B超影像尿动力学检查可将膀胱的功能性改变和形态学信息相结合，能更全面准确地诊断和了解下尿路功能障碍。     

神经性膀胱的评价和治疗

目的评价不同严重程度神经性膀胱患儿的治疗方法和结果。方法 2013年4月至2014年1月我们收治神经性膀胱患儿15例,男7例,女8例,年龄1~13岁,均有脊膜膨出修补术病史。全部患儿行尿动力学检查、泌尿系超声和排泄性膀胱尿道造影。尿动力学检查显示9例合并逼尿肌压升高,12例合并膀胱容量减少,7例合并逼尿肌过度活动;泌尿系超声和排泄性膀胱尿道造影显示8例合并肾积水和输尿管扩张,7例合并输尿管反流。5例行手术治疗,其中1例行小肠膀胱扩大及输尿管抗反流术,2例行逼尿肌部分切除膀胱扩大术及输尿管抗反流术,1例行小肠膀胱扩大术,1例行输尿管抗反流术,术后配合清洁间歇导尿。其余10例行清洁间歇导尿,4例同时口服索利那新。结果2例小肠膀胱扩大术后膀胱容量明显增加,逼尿肌压明显下降,输尿管反流消失;2例逼尿肌部分切除膀胱扩大术者膀胱容量略有增加,逼尿肌压略有下降,仍存在输尿管反流。1例输尿管抗反流者反流消失。保守治疗患儿中,膀胱容量在正常容量的2/3以上且逼尿肌压较低的6例患儿中,2例尿失禁消失,2例失禁较前明显减轻,2例无改善;膀胱容量不足正常1/2,逼尿肌压较高的4例患儿中,尿失禁及输尿管反流无明显减轻;4例应用索立那新后逼尿肌过度活动明显减轻。结论尿动力学检查泌尿系超声和排泄性膀胱尿道造影是评价神经性膀胱的重要手段,神经性膀胱患儿要根据其评价结果采取个性化的治疗方案。     

肛门直肠畸形术后排尿功能障碍的评价和治疗

目的 评价肛门直肠畸形术后排尿功能障碍的原因及治疗对策.方法 肛门直肠畸形术后患儿10例,男7例,女3例,年龄1～12岁.肛门闭锁直肠尿道球部瘘4例,肛门闭锁直肠尿道前列腺部瘘3例,泄殖腔畸形1例(共同管＜3 cm),肛门闭锁并球形结肠1例,肛门闭锁直肠前庭瘘1例.10例患儿均有排尿困难,其中3例伴有尿失禁.MRI显示2例合并脊髓栓系.排泄行膀胱尿道造影显示3例合并左侧输尿管Ⅳ°反流及肾积水,其中1例存在后尿道憩室,无1例发现尿道狭窄.尿动力学检查显示9例膀胱容量及残余尿增加,充盈期逼尿肌压正常,无逼尿肌过度活动,尿流率下降,其中8例逼尿肌收缩力下降,1例逼尿肌收缩力正常.另外1例直肠前庭瘘合并脊髓栓系患儿膀胱容量减少、残余尿增多、尿流率下降,充盈期逼尿肌压升高,合并逼尿肌过度活动.直肠尿道瘘合并后尿道憩室患儿行后矢状入路尿道憩室切除,泄殖腔畸形和直肠尿道前列腺部瘘术后合并输尿管反流患儿行左侧输尿管再植,8例合并神经性膀胱的患儿坚持清洁间歇导尿.结果 随访6个月～5年,泄殖腔畸形患儿1年后仍存在左侧输尿管反流及肾积水,直肠尿道球部瘘合并尿道憩室患儿输尿管反流及肾积水消失,无排尿困难及残余尿,直肠尿道前列腺部瘘合并左侧输尿管Ⅳ°反流及肾积水患儿输尿管反流消失,仍需间歇导尿,其余7例患儿无1例出现上尿路损害.结论 肛门直肠畸形合并脊髓发育不良及手术损伤可导致神经性膀胱.术中直肠尿道瘘处理不当可能导致尿道憩室或尿道狭窄.清洁间歇导尿是神经性膀胱的首要治疗方法,对于后尿道憩室可行尿道憩室切除术.     

反射亢进型神经源性尿失禁的外科治疗及康复训练

目的：探讨反射亢进型神经源性尿失禁的外科治疗及康复训练方法。方法：于1992年1月至2000年10月治疗81例反射亢进型神经源性尿失禁患儿，男54例，女27例，年龄4～14岁，术前检查均证实盆底肌松弛，膀胱容量较小。采用双侧髂腰肌加强盆底肌，回肠去粘膜带血管蒂浆肌层补片的基础上，行膀胱扩大术进行治疗，其中5例行锤状肌膀胱颈悬吊。结果：81例随访6个月～7年，尿失禁症状明显改善63例，术后经过严格的训练有改善的18例。但其中2例效果较差。结论：双侧髂腰肌加强盆底肌，回肠去粘膜带血管蒂浆肌层补片加强膀胱逼尿肌基础上行膀胱扩大术是治疗小儿反射亢进型神经源性尿失禁的较好方法，术后必须进行正规的康复功能训练。     

Dysfunction of the lower urinary and distal gastrointestinal tracts in pediatric patients with known spinal cord problems.

Destruction of the urinary tract in children with elimination, storage, and holding dysfunction of the lower urinary and the distal GI tracts is caused primarily by high intravesical pressure. UTI accelerates this process. The LPP and the status of the urethral control mechanism and its relationship to the detrusor are the primary determinants of intravesical pressure. Intravesical pressures of more than 40 cm H2O are dangerous because they cause a pressure gradient that is transmitted proximally to the renal papillae, which results in the cessation of renal blood flow and a loss of renal function over time. Hydroureteronephrosis, VUR, UTI, urinary incontinence, and calculi formation also may occur. If these dangerously high intravesical pressures remain untreated, renal failure is likely to occur over time. These children then require dialysis or renal transplantation to survive, which is tragic and represents an enormous economic cost to society. Renal failure and upper urinary tract damage is nearly 100% preventable with early and appropriate evaluation and treatment. CIC is a crucial part of the management of these children and has been shown to be safe and effective, even in newborn boys. The use of the Credé maneuver (i.e., manual compression) to empty the bladder is obsolete and should be abandoned. The distal GI tract is inseparable from the lower urinary tract and must be treated simultaneously. Failure to treat the distal GI tract yields poor clinical results and much patient dissatisfaction and makes it difficult or impossible to treat the child's urinary tract problem successfully. Bowel-management programs must include daily high water and fiber intake, together with digital perianal stimulation or fecal extraction. Neuropathic bladder and bowel problems that are intractable to conservative medical and mechanical (i.e., CIC and digital perianal stimulation or fecal extraction, respectively) management almost always can be corrected surgically with high success rates in cooperative patients. Finally, neuropathic bladder and bowel problems can be extremely isolating and debilitating problems. Psychologic counseling and emotional support must be provided as needed. The care that these patients receive must be organized, comprehensive, and correlated with these patients' lifestyles. If these children are evaluated and treated early, they have the potential to live long, healthy, and productive lives.     

Cutaneous vesicostomy revisited--the second 15 years.

The aim of this paper was to review the authors' experience with cutaneous vesicostomy (CV) over the last 15 years including indications, results, and complications of CV. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The records of 31 patients treated by CV between 1987 and 2002 were reviewed. There were 20 boys and 11 girls. The two main primary pathologies were neuropathic bladder (19 patients) and posterior urethral valve (PUV) (7 patients). All patients underwent a Blocksom-type operation at a mean age of 23 months (range 14 days-9 years). Pre- and postoperative conventional uromanometry was performed in 18 patients (58%) and bladder function was assessed. RESULTS: In 23 patients (74%) the CV provided a successful diversion with improvement of the upper urinary tract and/or stabilization of the renal function. In 5 patients (16%) with PUV, the improvement was temporary. In 3 patients (10%) the CV did not result in an improvement. Twenty-four patients underwent CV closure after a mean duration of 23 months (range, 1 month-7 years) of diversion. In 2 patients with myelomeningocele (MMC) and severe somato-mental developmental delay, CV was not closed and is being considered as a permanent treatment option. Urodynamic studies in 5 PUV patients showed impaired compliance and high intravesical pressure following a successful valve ablation and closure of CV. In the neuropathic bladder group the bladder function improved following closure of CV and commencement of anticholinergic medication and clean intermittent catheterization (CIC). Our augmentation ratio in the neuropathic bladder group was 22%. Complications of CV included: stenosis in 7 patients (22%), prolapse in 2 (6%), and cellulitis in 2 (6%). The revision rate was 16%. CONCLUSIONS: In young infants CV had a less favourable result in the PUV patients than in cases with high-pressure neuropathic bladder with upper tract dilatation and severe urinary tract infection (UTI), where CV provided decompression and prevented deterioration of the renal function. Cutaneous vesicostomy has stood the test of time in our changing paediatric urological practice and it remains a valuable weapon in the armoury of paediatric urologists in selected patients.     

Effect of intermittent catheterization on urinary tract infections and incontinence in children with spina bifida]

Although the primary objective of clean intermittent (self) catheterization (CIC) was to regain continence in (older) children with myelomeningocele (MMC), we used the method also in the very young with detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia, to prevent future damage from the combined effects of obstruction and urinary tract infection (UTI). The results, in terms of incidence of UTI and degree of incontinence before and during CIC, were assessed in 61 children with MMC who had started CIC between 1985 and 1988. Mean follow up was 45.3 +/- 27.3 months, mean age at the start of CIC was 6.9 +/- 4.6 years. The incidence of UTI during CIC proved significantly lower than before CIC (chi 2 = 20.92, p less than 0.001), and the improvement in incontinence was also statistically significant (chi 2 = 45.16, p less than 0.001). In children with MMC, CIC seems ideally suited to prevent damage to the kidneys from the life-long problem of recurrent UTI's. It will also help in preventing bladder wall fibrosis--an important cause of loss of detrusor compliance--secondary to repeated UTIs.     

Protective Temporary Vesicostomy for Upper Urinary Tract Problems in Children: A Five-Year Experience

Objective

Temporary vesicostomy is a urinary diversion procedure for patients with upper urinary tract (UUT) dilatation, secondary to bladder outlet obstruction or dysfunction. The aim of this study was to evaluate our experience in children undergoing such diversion, analyzing its efficacy to prevent urinary tract infection (UTI), improve or resolve hydronephrosis, stabilize or improve kidney function and restore the health of UUT.

Methods

In this retrospective study, patients who had vesicostomy by Blocksom technique due to bladder outlet obstruction or dysfunction were evaluated in Mofid Children’s Hospital (in Tehran) from March 2007 to March 2012. The reason for applying this procedure was failure in clinical treatment. Data regarding gender, age, diagnosis, time of any surgical intervention, associated anomalies, primary/secondary complications and mortality were collected using a questionnaire, and evaluated by giving a grade that ranged from 0 (worst) to 10 (best) based on Lickert’s scale.

Findings

From a total number of 53 patients, (88.7% male and 11.3% female) with a mean age of 225 days, 66% had posterior urethral valve and 16 (30%) neurogenic bladder. UTI was present in all cases, hydronephrosis in 52 (98.1%), and vesico-ureteral reflux only in 45 (84.9%) patients. Valve ablation was performed in 17 cases, and clean intermittent catheterization in14 patients which were unsuccessful. We performed vesicostomy in all patients. Mortality rate was 7.5%. Vesicostomy was closed in 35 patients. Cure rate was 85% in UTI, 82.7% in hydronephrosis, 80% in VUR, and 86.5% in kidney function.

Conclusion

Vesicostomy is a simple procedure that protects upper urinary tract, decreases hydronephrosis, and improves kidney function. The procedure is well tolerated and reversible, with less complication and should be considered in children in whom conservative and medical treatment has failed.     

148例肾盂积水胎儿出生后的随访和治疗

目的 分析胎儿期发现肾盂积水148例患儿的出生后随访和治疗情况,初步探讨胎儿肾盂积水出生后诊断、随访方案以及手术治疗时机的选择.方法 按照美国胎儿泌尿外科协会(SFU)分级,将本院1999年1月至2006年1月收治的148例胎儿期发现肾盂积水的患儿分为4组,所有各组患儿于出生后继续B超观察随访,并辅以放射性核素扫描(ECT),磁共振水成像(MRU)等方法明确诊断,及时根据不同分级采取相应治疗方案.结果 41例1级肾盂积水的患儿持续随访1年.未出现肾盂积水加重和肾功能受损迹象,未予手术干预;49例2级患儿持续随访观察3～6个月后,其中12例因肾盂持续增大,达到3级或4级诊断标准而进行手术干预,其余37例仍持续随访观察中;31例3级和27例4级患儿均在随访观察3～6个月后出现持续肾盂增大,肾功能受损,明确诊断后进行手术干预;术后恢复良好,并分别于术后1个月、3个月、6个月、1年分别行B超随访和肾功能检查,均未再出现肾盂肾盏分离加大和肾功能继续受损趋势.结论 ①越来越多肾盂积水在胎儿期就被早期发现并被密切随访至出生后,区别于以往偶然发现,对此病诊断、治疗、随访等也应有所转变;②胎儿期肾盂积水需要区分生理性和病理性肾盂积水,进行出生后的严密随访观察和恰当治疗;③胎儿期肾盂积水出生后需根据积水级别、动态随访结果、肾功能受损情况等选择手术时机.     

Vesico-cutaneous fistula: A simple method for continent urinary diversion

IntroductionPatients with lower urinary tract anomalies or neurogenic disorders often suffer from voiding difficulties. Clean intermittent catheterization (CIC) is effective for bladder drainage; however, this is often painful. Transurethral catheterization is also impossible in patients with urethral stricture. A Mitrofanoff conduit may solve some of these problems, but a few disadvantages have been reported, including: difficult surgical techniques and frequent operative complications. A vesicostomy is easy to perform but persistent urine leak over the abdomen and diaper rash can be annoying. A better way to achieve continent urinary diversion is indicated.MethodBetween December 01 1998 and December 31 2013, six patients underwent a vesico-cutaneous fistula for CIC. The etiologies included urethral stricture (n = 2) and neurogenic bladder (n = 4). The fistula was created at the bladder dome with only the muscle layer of the bladder sutured to the skin. A Foley catheter was left in place for at least two weeks to prevent stoma stricture. After removing the Foley catheter, regular CIC from the fistula was performed every 2 h during the daytime with a Fr. 10–12 feeding tube, depending on the patient's age. Further stenting during the night in the first six months was necessary to prevent early closure of the fistula. Patients were followed with periodic renal ultrasonography, blood tests and urinalysis in the outpatient department.ResultsFollow-up ranged from 6 months to 16 years. All patients showed improvements in hydronephrosis. Decreased UTI frequency was seen in five patients. Renal function was normal in five patients, whilst the other suffered from chronic renal failure preoperatively. Only one patient had occasional mild urine leakage from the stoma at night, which was once in two weeks. No patient experienced painful or difficult catheterization and CIC becomes easy, even by young children.ConclusionsThe vesico-cutaneous fistula is a simple, effective and tolerable method for CIC. It may be a substitute for or a transition to a Mitrofanoff conduit in some patients.     

Resolution rate of isolated low-grade hydronephrosis diagnosed within the first year of life

ObjectiveDiagnosis of low-grade hydronephrosis often occurs prenatally, during evaluation after urinary tract infection (UTI), or imaging for non-urologic reasons within the first year of life. Its significance in terms of resolution, need for antibiotic prophylaxis, or progression to surgery remains uncertain. We hypothesized that isolated low-grade hydronephrosis in this population frequently resolves, UTIs are infrequent, and progression to surgical intervention is minimal.Patients and methodsChildren <12 months old diagnosed hydronephrosis (Society for Fetal Urology [SFU] grade 1 or 2) between January 2004 and December 2009 were identified by ICD9 code. Patients with other urological abnormalities were excluded. Stability of hydronephrosis, UTI (≥100,000 CFU/mL bacterial growth) or need for surgical intervention was noted.ResultsOf 1496 infants with hydronephrosis, 416 (623 renal units) met inclusion criteria. Of 398 renal units with grade 1 hydronephrosis, 385 (96.7%) resolved or remained stable. Only 13 (3.3%) worsened, of which one underwent ureteroneocystostomy. Of 225 renal units with grade 2 hydronephrosis, 222 (98.7%) resolved, improved or remained stable, three (1.3%) worsened, of which one required pyeloplasty. Only 0.7% of patients in the ambulatory setting had a febrile UTI.ConclusionsLow-grade hydronephrosis diagnosed within the first year of life remains stable or improves in 97.4% of renal units. Given the low rate of recurrent UTI in the ambulatory setting, antibiotic prophylaxis has a limited role in management.     

Urologic Outcomes of Pediatric Pelvic Neuroblastoma Presenting in Acute Urinary Retention

Purpose: To evaluate long-term urologic outcomes of patients with pelvic neuroblastoma (NB) presenting with urinary retention. Methods: Five cases of pelvic NB presenting with urinary retention were identified between 1971 and 2011. Clinical presentation, treatment, survival and long-term voiding outcomes were analyzed. Results: All five patients presented with acute urinary retention and pelvic outlet dysfunction including bladder perforation (20%), constipation (40%), or fecal incontinence (20%). The presenting age ranged from 7 days to 4 years with female to male ratio of 3:2. Two patients presented with bilateral hydronephrosis and three patients were stage 4 at presentation. All required debulking surgery, four patients required combined anterior and posterior approaches for tumor resection, with two patients requiring concurrent laminectomy. Adjuvant or neoadjuvant chemoradiation was used in four of five cases. Follow-up ranged from 2 to 41 years. Although the long-term oncological outcome is favorable, urologic outcomes of these patients ranged from normal bladder function to the need significant reconstructive procedures. Conclusion: Urologic outcomes are related to pelvic nerve and organ preservation during resection more than the severity of urinary symptoms at presentation.