氢对304L奥氏体不锈钢力学性能的影响

对304L奥氏体不锈钢试样进行了一系列的电解充氢试验,并对充氢试样进行了拉伸和冲击试验。结果表明:在20 mA.cm-2的电流密度下充氢96 h后,304L不锈钢中的氢含量为14 mg.kg-1,材料强度、塑性和韧性均有一定程度的降低;充氢后拉伸试样断口表层由充氢前的韧性断裂转变为由氢导致的脆性断裂。     

316L不锈钢抗氢脆性能研究

用光学显微镜、电子显微镜、俄歇电子谱／二次离子质谱表面分析仪等结合拉伸试验，研究了316L奥氏体不锈钢及其电子束焊缝在650℃充氘后组织、微区成分变化与性能的关系，以及拉伸应力与氘分布的关系。结果表明，高温气相充氘后，316L奥氏体不锈钢及其电子束焊缝抗氢脆性能明显下降。晶界、孪晶界析出大量碳化物，但拉伸断口形貌并未呈沿晶断裂；晶界上未发现S、P等痕量元素的偏聚，却产生了富Cr、Mo的贫Ni层，这表明晶界成分的变化减弱了晶界析出物对氢脆的影响。电子束焊缝塑性下降，拉伸时从该处断裂。拉伸静水应力梯度分布导致氘在拉伸试样断口处富集。     

氢对铸态Mg-14Li合金表面形貌和力学性能的影响

对铸态Mg-14Li合金进行阴极充氢,充氢时间在0～18 h,对比分析了充氢前后合金的表面形貌和拉伸性能.结果表明:阴极充氢后,铸态Mg-14Li合金表面发生点蚀,LiCO3腐蚀产物膜发生破坏;随着充氢时间的延长,腐蚀坑深度不断增加,腐蚀产物增多,但充氢后合金中无微裂纹,说明β-Li相的氢脆敏感性较低;随着充氢时间的延长,铸态Mg-14 Li合金的屈服强度、抗拉强度和断后伸长率下降,拉伸断口上的韧窝数量减少,解理面增多,合金断裂模式从韧性断裂转变为脆性断裂.     

塑性预变形对316L奥氏体不锈钢氢脆的影响

对316L奥氏体不锈钢板试样进行不同程度的塑性预变形,通过电化学充氢及拉伸试验,研究了塑性预变形对316L奥氏体不锈钢氢脆的影响。结果表明:随着塑性预变形量的增大,316L不锈钢的屈服强度和抗拉强度均有提高,但塑性降低;充氢后316L不锈钢的强度变化不大,但塑性进一步降低,充氢导致了316L不锈钢发生塑性损减,且随着塑性预变形程度的增大,氢致塑性损减的程度也增大,塑性预变形导致材料的氢脆敏感性增大。     

X80管线钢氢致断裂断口分析

用光学显微镜和扫描电镜观察了不同充氢电流下恒载荷拉伸试样、慢应变速率拉伸试样的显微组织和断口形貌。结果表明：随氢浓度增加、应力减小或应变速率降低，试样断口逐渐从韧性断口向脆性断口过渡；氢致开裂微裂纹通常在杂质处形成并呈不连续扩展，形成穿晶断裂。     

2.25Cr-1Mo钢和FV520B钢的氢脆敏感性对比试验研究

通过电化学充氢和慢应变拉伸试验以及SEM断口形貌观察对2.25Cr-1Mo合金结构钢和FV520B马氏体沉淀硬化不锈钢的氢脆敏感性做出了评价。结果表明,在充氢环境中两种材料表现出了相似的抗氢脆性能,两种材质试样的断面收缩率与未充氢试样相比均呈现出相同的下降趋势;氢对缺口强度的影响也比较接近,2.25Cr-1Mo钢和FV520B钢充氢后的强度衰减率分别为9.2%和8.6%;SEM断口分析结果显示：两种材料充氢后的断口形貌均表现出了相似的韧窝状断裂特征,它们的破坏形式并没有因为充氢而发生改变。由此可见,两种材料的抗氢能力处于同一等级,具有成本优势的2.25Cr-1Mo合金结构钢可以和FV520B沉淀硬化不锈钢一样用于氢介质条件下运行的透平式压缩机中。     

应变速率对HC340LA低合金高强度钢板拉伸性能的影响

研究了四种应变速率(10-3,5,50,200s-1)下HC340LA低合金高强度钢板的拉伸性能、显微组织和断口形貌。结果表明:与准静态拉伸(应变速率10-3 s-1)相比,高应变速率(应变速率5,50,200s-1)下试验钢表现出更好的塑性、更高的抗拉强度和屈强比;而在高速拉伸时随着应变速率的增加,其塑性和抗拉强度降低,主要原因是铁素体的晶粒尺寸减小且分布不均匀,晶界增多;HC340LA钢板的断裂服从韧性断裂机理,与应变速率200s-1时相比,应变速率50s-1时断口中的韧窝较为均匀,尺寸大而深。     

苯加氢高温临氢管道服役十年后的安全状况研究(三)──工艺管线材料损伤断口形貌分析

本文对某化工公司苯加氢装置中高温临氢工艺管线服役十年后材料拉伸、冲击与断裂试验后的断口进行宏观与微观形貌分析。力学性能明显下降的管线材料试验断口已表现出脆性断裂特征，且断口上可清楚地观察到裂纹和空洞等使材料性能劣化的现象。     

热机疲劳加载后316L拉伸性能与剩余疲劳寿命预测方法

研究热机疲劳载荷下不同疲劳周次和应变幅值对316L后续拉伸性能的影响，使用金相显微镜和扫描电子显微镜对断口以及断口附近表面形貌进行分析，并使用透射电镜观察不同疲劳周次下的位错结构，最后基于拉伸性能提出剩余疲劳寿命预测方法。结果表明，热机疲劳周次和应变幅值对拉伸性能的影响趋势明显不同，热机疲劳周次对拉伸性能的影响显著大于应变幅值的影响。热机疲劳周次和应变幅值的增加导致试样表面出现明显的宏观裂纹，材料韧性下降，在热机疲劳周次达到50%N_f之后，试样的断裂模式由单纯的韧性断裂转变为混合断裂，热机疲劳过程中的位错结构演化是导致材料强度增加的主要原因。基于均匀延伸率、延伸率、均匀拉伸塑性应变能以及拉伸塑性应变能对剩余疲劳寿命进行预测，其中基于均匀拉伸塑性应变能的预测结果最为准确。     

热处理工艺对22Cr双相不锈钢拉伸性能的影响

研究了热处理工艺对22Cr双相不锈钢拉伸性能的影响,并对断口形貌进行了分析.结果表明:在950～1 150 ℃固溶2 h,其强度和塑性与固溶温度呈复杂关系,在950℃和1 150℃固溶处理的强度比1 050℃的高,但塑性降低;1 050℃固溶后,在850℃时效处理材料强度有所提高,塑性明显降低;1050℃固溶后,在475℃时效处理材料强度明显提高,塑性略有降低.固溶处理后微观断口以韧窝为主要特征;850℃时效处理后断口出现解理的小平面和二次裂纹;475℃时效处理后断口以韧窝为主并伴有局部的解理断裂.     

Ductility loss of hydrogen-charged and releasing 304L steel

The mechanical properties and fracture behavior of 304L austenitic stainless steel after cathodic hydrogen charging and hydrogen spontaneously releasing are investigated by tensile tests. Flat tensile specimens were cathodic hydrogen charged at various current densities. For each density, two specimens were charged at the same condition. When the charging process completed, one specimen was tensile immediately to fracture and the other was aged to release the hydrogen out of it and then was also tensile to fracture. The resulting tensile properties and micrographs of fracture surfaces of these specimens were evaluated and compared. The results show ductility loss occurred in the hydrogen-charged specimens and the loss increased as the current density increasing. After hydrogen releasing, the specimens recovered a certain extent but not all of its original ductility. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) micrographs of fracture surfaces reveal that irreversible damage had developed in the hydrogen-releasing specimens during the releasing process rather than the charging process. This consequence can be ascribed to the high tensile stress caused by non-uniform hydrogen distribution during hydrogen releasing.     

Effect of constraint on fracture behavior of welded 17mn4 and aisi304 steels

In this study, 17Mn4 (P295GH) pressure vessels steel and AISI304 stainless steel were welded with ER309L austenitic consumable. In experimental part of the study, tensile tests were conducted on welded plates and variation of hardness values along specimen was measured. J-integral fracture toughness values were investigated for different crack locations. In order to determine the regions where plastic deformation did not take place due to constraint, uni-axial tensile test was performed on welded tensile specimen after attaching strain gauges. In numerical part of the study, finite element (FE) analyses were conducted by fixing 2-D models precracked on different locations by using ANSYS software. In these models, stress triaxiality and plastic deformation characteristics around crack tip were determined for each crack locations after stress — strain analyses. The limitation on the extension of plastic deformation at diffusion line causes extra increase in stress triaxiality at crack tip.     

Microstructure and mechanical properties of similar and dissimilar stainless steel electron beam and friction welds

Microstructure and mechanical properties of similar and dissimilar welds of austenitic stainless steel (AISI 304), ferritic stainless steel (AISI 430), and duplex stainless steel (AISI 2205) have been studied. Welding processes electron beam welding and friction welding were used. Optical, scanning electron microscopy, and electron probe microscopy were carried out to study the microstructural changes. Residual stress, hardness, tensile strength, and impact toughness testing were conducted to study mechanical behavior. Dissimilar metal electron beam welds of austenitic–ferritic, ferritic–duplex, and austenitic–duplex stainless steel welds contained coarse grains, which are predominantly equiaxed on austenitic, duplex stainless steel side, and they are columnar on the ferritic stainless steel side. Diffusion of elements was significant in electron beam welding and insignificant in friction welds. Austenitic–ferritic stainless steel exhibited tensile residual stress on the ferritic stainless steel side adjacent to the interface, compressive stresses on the austenitic stainless steel side that matches with the delta ferrite microstructure observed in this region. High compressive stresses were noted on duplex stainless steel side interface compared to austenitic stainless side interface. The highest tensile strength was observed in duplex–austenitic stainless steel joints. The impact strength and notch tensile strength of electron beam weldments are higher than the friction weldments. All electron beam and friction welds showed toughness lower than parent metals.     

Study on mechanical properties of austenitic stainless steel depending on heat input at laser welding

The austenitic stainless steels used in various industrial fields require low heat input for welding. Laser welding is an excellent welding method in this respect. This study investigates the effect of laser welding speed on the mechanical properties at welding speed of 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 m/min, using STS304L of austenitic stainless steel. The microstructures of fusion zone (FZ) show a two phase structure consisted of austenite and δ-ferrite, and δ-ferrite in the fusion zone tend to decrease with increase of welding speed. Meanwhile, the mechanical properties were excellent at the welding speed of 1.5 m/min for tensile, bending and impact tests.

     

Investigation of mechanical properties of friction-welded AISI 304 with AISI 1021 dissimilar steels

Austenitic stainless steel and low alloy steels are extensively used in various automotive, aerospace, nuclear, chemical, and other general purpose applications. Joining of dissimilar metals is one of the challenging tasks and most essential need of the present-day industry. It has been observed that a wide range of dissimilar materials can be easily integrated by friction welding. The objectives of the present investigation were obtaining weldments between austenitic stainless steel (AISI 304) with low alloy steel (AISI 1021) and optimizing the friction welding parameters in order to establish the weld quality. In the present study, an experimental setup was designed in order to achieve friction welding of plastically deformed austenitic stainless steel and low alloy steel. AISI 304 and AISI 1021 steels were welded by friction welding using five different axial pressures at 1,430 rpm. The joining performances of friction-welded dissimilar joints were studied, and influences of these process parameters on the mechanical properties of the friction-welded joints were estimated. The joint strength was determined with tensile testing, and the fracture behavior was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and was supported and backed by energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analysis. Furthermore, the proposed joints were tested for impact strength, and the microhardness across the joint was also evaluated.     

节镍型奥氏体不锈钢的高温塑性

采用Gleeble-3800型热/力模拟试验机对不同铜含量的节镍型奥氏体不锈钢进行了高温拉伸试验,分析了拉伸断口附近显微组织,并对其高温塑性进行了研究。结果表明:奥氏体不锈钢在1 150～1 250℃具有较好的高温塑性;随着铜含量的增加高温塑性下降;铁素体含量及形状对其高温塑性影响较大,铁素体含量的增多和网状分布会使其高温塑性显著下降。     

铝合金与不锈钢热补偿电阻点焊接头性能研究

采用热补偿工艺垫片电阻点焊法对铝合金A5052与不锈钢SUS304异种材料进行了焊接。探讨了焊接参数对接头的抗剪与抗拉性能的影响,并通过电子显微镜对接合界面区进行了观察,分析了界面反应物形貌及厚度分布等微观特性。研究结果显示：一锯齿状反应层在接合界面生成,其厚度随焊接电流以及界面上位置的变化而变化,界面反应层对接头抗剪强度无影响,但能减弱接头抗拉强度。     

Effect of nitrogen on the corrosion-erosion synergism in an austenitic stainless steel

High temperature gas nitrided AISI 304L austenitic stainless steel containing 0.55 wt% N in solid solution, was corrosion, erosion and corrosion-erosion tested in a jet-like device, using slurry composed of 3.5% NaCl and quartz particles. Scanning electron microscopy analysis of the damaged surfaces, mass loss measurements and electrochemical test results were used to understand the effect of nitrogen on the degradation mechanisms. Increasing the nitrogen content improved the corrosion, erosion and corrosion-erosion resistance of the AISI 304L austenitic stainless steel. Smoother wear mark contours observed on the nitrided surfaces indicate a positive effect of nitrogen on the reduction of the corrosion-erosion synergism.     

304不锈钢薄壁焊管表面残余拉应力的测定及消除

利用X射线应力测定仪采用不同的条件分别测定了304不锈钢薄壁焊管的表面轴向和切向残余应力,并研究了950℃保温30min水冷热处理前后其表面残余应力的变化。结果表明:采用铬靶Kβ辐射、2mm准直管测得的残余应力数据稳定且绝对误差小;热处理前薄壁焊管表面存在较大的残余拉应力,且焊管表面切向残余应力大于轴向残余应力;热处理后,表面拉应力变为压应力。     

氧化剂含量对304不锈钢化学机械抛光的影响

为了探究氧化剂含量对304不锈钢化学机械抛光的影响及其作用机制,采用过氧化氢作为氧化剂,研究不同氧化剂质量分数下304不锈钢材料去除率及表面粗糙度值的变化规律,并基于接触角和电化学试验分析过氧化氢在抛光过程中的作用机制。结果表明：化学机械抛光过程中过氧化氢含量的增加有利于304不锈钢表面氧化膜的生成,从而有效提高304不锈钢的材料去除率及表面质量;但是过高的过氧化氢含量会导致304不锈钢表面氧化膜致密,使得化学作用与机械作用失衡从而造成304不锈钢表面质量下降;当过氧化氢质量分数为0.04%时,抛光后304不锈钢表面粗糙度值最低,仅有2.5 nm,材料去除率达到324.21 nm/min。