早餐频次对我国中小学生能量和营养素摄入的影响

目的 了解早餐频次对中小学生能量和营养素的摄入。方法 利用1992年全国营养调查资料，分析17719名中小学生早餐频次对能量和营养素摄入的影响。结果 每天吃早餐组平均每天能量，蛋白质，钙，铁，锌，硒，视黄醇，硫胺素和核黄素等营养素摄入量占RDA的百分比明显高于不吃早餐组，也高于每天平均不到1次的早餐组，随着吃早餐次数的增加，营养素摄入量占RDA的百分比增加，不吃早餐的中小学生，尤其是农村不吃早餐组平均每天能量，蛋白质，钙，铁，锌，硒，视黄醇当量，硫胺素和核黄素等营养素摄入量占RDA不吃早餐的中小学生，尤其是农村不吃早餐组平均每天能量，蛋白质、钙、铁、锌，硒，视黄醇当量，硫胺素和核黄素等营养素摄入量占RDA的百分比明显低于每天吃早餐组，结论 不吃早餐可以引起全天能量和营养素的摄入不足，每天吃早餐中小学生的能量和营养素摄入比较充足。     

芭蕾舞学员营养摄入与能量代谢研究

于1986年12月和1987年5月对上海市舞蹈学校芭蕾舞科毕业班17名学生(男8,女9)进行了膳食调查,尿负荷试验、头发中元素含量测定,总能量消耗、基础代谢、安静时代谢、芭蕾舞各种基本动作的能量消耗测定。全天摄取能量男为15710kJ,女为10123kJ;而总能量消耗男为15639kJ,女为12639kJ;基础代谢男女分别为每分钟2.91kJ/m~2和2.64kJ/m~2;安静时代谢男女分别为每分钟3.47kJ/m~2和3.14kJ/m~2。各种舞蹈动作能量消耗均以大跳为最大,每分钟男女各为43.39kJ/m~2和42.76kJ/m~2;控制(中间)能量消耗最小,每分钟男女分别为15.56kJ/m~2和11.92kJ/m~2。根据能量代谢结果,发现能量摄入不足,尤以女生更甚。蛋白质和碳水化物摄入量偏低,脂肪摄入量过高。钙、维生素A、B_2男女生均低,女生维生素B_1不足。三餐热量分配及膳食结构不合理。尿负荷试验发现维生素B_1营养缺乏和不足者53.3％,营养不足者维生素B_246.6％,维生素C13.3％;与膳食调查结果基本吻合。血红蛋白水平,男生仅一人≥130g/L,女生<110g/L者高达78％～88％。头发中元素水平除Cu,Ti和Pb外均高于某些学者的报导。     

人群营养素摄入目标及其科学依据

WHO／FAO在1991年及2003年分别发布了“膳食、营养与慢性病预防”专家报告及“人群营养素目标”，1991年报告中提出的“人群营养素目标”(population nutrient goals)同时针对预防营养缺乏病与慢性病，将摄人限量下限值定义为预防缺乏症的最小摄人     

缺锌儿童膳食营养素摄入水平的分析

对１４０名３～６岁缺锌儿童的营养调查表明：除维生素Ａ和铁外，其它多种营养素摄入偏低，锌与优质蛋白质摄入不足。临床体格检查与实验室检查发现，这些儿童血浆锌含量低下（６５８．２±７９．３ｍｇ／Ｌ），有食欲不振、厌食等表现。血清白蛋白水平正常，没有脱发、皮肤损害等体症，经补锌治疗后血浆锌显著升高，提示这些儿童为边缘性锌缺乏。     

经济水平对成人营养素摄入和营养状况影响的研究

目的 动态研究经济水平对成人营养素摄入和营养状况的影响。方法 对2000年湖南省城市和农村成人的经济水平、营养素摄入和体质状况调查并与1991年的调查结果比较分析。结果 蛋白质、钙、铁、视黄醇当量、核黄素等营养素均随经济水平的提高而摄入增加（P〈0.05），钙、视黄醇当量、核黄素的缺乏在中、低经济水平人群中仍相当严重；随经济水平的提高，超重和肥胖（体质指数BMI≥25）人群增多，尤见于城市，同时农村低收入人群体重不足（BMI〈18.5）增加。结论 在经济水平增长较快的同时，城乡居民膳食结构正处于转型过程中，并存在营养素摄入不平衡现象，应及时采取有效措施，改善居民营养和健康状况。     

广州市居民食物消费与营养素摄入状况

目的 描述广州市居民食物消费量及营养素摄入现状,为进行营养干预提供依据。方法 2011年6-9月,采用多阶段分层整群抽样方法,抽取广州市7个行政区中2 976名≥3岁居民进行膳食调查。采用3 d、24 h膳食回顾法调查居民摄入的所有食物,采用称重法调查家庭调味品消费量。结果 广州市居民平均每标准人日摄入谷薯类食物261.3 g、蔬菜289.2 g、水果56 g、畜禽肉193.5 g、水产品60.5 g、奶及其制品75.6 g、蛋及其制品38.5 g、豆类及坚果20.3 g、食用油25.5 g、食盐5.1 g。广州市居民平均每标准人日摄入能量7 119.5 kJ,蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物提供的能量比分别为19.9%、31.9%、48.2%。尼克酸平均每标准人日摄入量充足,维生素A、硫铵素、核黄素、维生素C和维生素E平均摄入量均相对不足;磷、铁、锌、铜、锰平均每标准人日摄入量充足,钙、钾、钠、镁、硒摄入不足。结论 广州市居民膳食结构不合理,畜禽肉摄入量过高,蔬菜水果、豆类及奶类摄入不足,导致脂肪摄入过高,大部分维生素和部分矿物质摄入不足。应继续加强平衡膳食的宣传教育,改善居民的营养与健康状况。     

老年前期人群免疫功能与膳食营养素摄入关系研究

[目的]了解老年前期健康人群营养素摄入情况及免疫功能状况,初步探讨这两者的关系。[方法]对上海徐汇区某社区卫生服务点45~60岁41位健康人,进行膳食调查及为期3个月免疫监测。膳食调查采用3天24小时膳食记录法,采用流式细胞术检测T、B淋巴细胞和T细胞亚群,用免疫比浊法检测IgA、IgG、IgM,用酶联免疫法检测IL-2、TNF-α、IFN-γ,并测定了中性粒细胞吞噬功能。[结果]调查人群血清IgA呈现增龄性增加,而外周血CD3 细胞数呈增龄性降低。膳食中脂类摄入略多,钙缺乏明显,一些微量营养素摄入不足的个体占相当比例。多元逐步回归分析结果显示,视黄醇摄入量与CD3 CD4 细胞数呈负相关,与血清TNF-α含量、中性粒细胞吞噬百分比呈正相关;维生素C摄入量与CD3 CD8 细胞数呈正相关,与CD3 CD4 /CD3 CD8 呈负相关;血清IL-2含量与维生素E摄入量呈正相关;膳食铁摄入量与中性粒细胞吞噬百分率和吞噬指数均呈正相关,铜摄入量与吞噬指数呈正相关。[结论]老年前期健康人免疫功能有所改变,多种营养素摄入量与免疫功能相关,人体良好的营养状况可延缓免疫衰老。     

61名产后1月内哺乳期妇女营养素摄入状况调查

1 调查对象与方法1·1 调查对象 1994年1月～11月本院所属地段产后1月内的哺乳期妇女,共61人,年龄在24岁～35岁。产妇于孕期及分娩前后身体均健康,无慢性病史。1·2 调查方法 采用询问法,即第1次新生儿访视时要求产妇回忆前1天(24小时内)所食食物的种类和数量。1·3 评估方法 供给量标准以我国营养学会1981年修订的《每日膳食中营养供给量标准》为依据,把获得的资料用计算机处理,作为实际供给量,实际供给量与标准量之比为评价     

中国3城市乳母营养素摄入情况调查

<正>哺乳期的妇女为婴儿的生长发育提供必需的营养成分,同时也进行自身恢复、补偿妊娠和分娩所消耗的营养储备。因此这一阶段妇女膳食的全面、均衡至关重要。过去20年的营养调查显示,我国乳母营养素摄入量不足的现象普遍存在。而从2002年的全国居民营养与健康状况调查至今,尚无大规模、跨地区的乳母营养调查。为了解目前我国城市中乳母营养摄入情况,为指导乳母合理膳食提供依据,我们于2011年10月至2012年2月期间对国内3城市的乳母进行了营养调查。     

The Influence of Dietary Composition on Energy Intake and Body Weight

We review evidence regarding the influence of dietary fat, fiber, the glycemic index and sugar on energy intake and body weight. Although data from comprehensive long-term studies are lacking, published investigations suggest that the previous focus on lowering dietary fat as a means for promoting negative energy balance has led to an underestimation of the potential role of dietary composition in promoting reductions in energy intake and weight loss. More randomized clinical trials are needed to examine the relative utility of different putative dietary factors in the treatment of obesity.     

Processed Food Contributions to Energy and Nutrient Intake Differ among US Children by Race/Ethnicity

This study determined and compared the mean daily intake of energy and nutrients from processed foods by level of processing (minimally processed; processed for preservation, nutrient enhancement, and freshness; mixtures of combined ingredients; ready-to-eat processed foods; and prepared foods/meals) among non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, and Mexican American US children. Data from participants 2–18 years old (n = 10,298) of the nationally representative cross-sectional National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003–2008 with a complete one day, 24-h dietary recall were used to determine mean intake of energy and nutrients recommended for increase and decrease, as per the 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans, among child race/ethnic groups by category of food processing. Regression analysis was used to estimate and compare covariate-adjusted (gender, age, and poverty-income-level) least square means (p < 0.05/3 race/ethnic groups). All children, regardless of race or ethnicity consumed processed foods. Approximately 66% to 84% of total daily energy, saturated fat, cholesterol, fiber, total sugar, added sugars, calcium, vitamin D, potassium, and sodium intake are contributed by one of the five categories of processed foods. Clinicians and policy should primarily advise consideration of the energy and nutrient composition of foods, rather than the processing level, when selecting a healthy diet for children.     

口服补钙对铁、锌代谢影响的临床研究

观察口服补钙对铁、锌代谢的影响.方法给以相同饮的幼儿园儿童口服补钙每日130mg,连续2个月.观察其血常规、血清铁、锌的变化.结果实验组与对照组相比,补钙儿童血清铁降低;红细胞休积分布宽度增加;血红蛋白、红细胞平均血红蛋白及血清锌无明显变化.结论口服补钙可能影响饮食铁的吸收,致循环铁减少,并影响红细胞生成缺铁;而常规剂量补钙2个月对锌代谢无明显影响.     

我国某些工种工人热量摄入和能量消耗的调查研究

本文对我国南北方17个工厂,94个工种,1000多名男女工人调查分析表明,工人的热量摄入与能量消耗基本上处于平衡状态。但有82％的厂矿工人热量摄入量达不到卫生学要求。某些工种,重作业工人蛋白质摄入量偏低。维生素A和B_2的摄入明显不足,分别只达到需要量的10％和50％。特别是矿山井下小照度弱光作业和纺织、卷烟等视力紧张性工种工人应补充维生素A和B_2,以保护工人的视力与健康,提高劳动效率。     

Relationship between Seasonal Changes in Food Intake and Energy Metabolism,Physical Activity,and Body Composition in Young Japanese Women

We investigated seasonal changes in food intake, energy metabolism, and physical activity (PA) and explored their associations with body composition. In total, 28 women aged 20–23 years in the Kansai area of Japan participated in this year-long study spanning the winter, spring, and summer seasons. A dietary investigation was performed using the weight recording method, and the amount of histidine in the diet, which may be related to the regulation of energy intake, was calculated. Resting metabolic rate (RMR), body composition, and PA were measured using indirect calorimetry, bioelectrical impedance analysis, and uniaxial accelerometry, respectively. The results showed that energy intake was highest in winter, decreased significantly with increasing temperature, and decreased by 25% in summer. As the intake of histidine in the diet did not increase in summer, it did not seem to be involved in the suppression of energy intake. RMR was highest in winter and decreased significantly in summer by 20%. The amount of PA was low in winter, increased significantly in the spring, and decreased again in summer. Body weight increased in winter, with an accumulation of fat in the trunk and arms, and decreased in summer, with a reduction in the amount of fat. Greater energy intake and less PA in winter induced an increment in body weight despite the increase in RMR. There were no significant changes in lean body mass between the seasons; however, the muscle weight of the lower limbs increased significantly in spring and in summer compared with that in winter (p < 0.001). Thus, seasonal changes in food intake, energy metabolism, and PA occur, with resultant changes in the body composition under comfortable air-conditioned environments.     

Combined Impact of a Faster Self-Reported Eating Rate and Higher Dietary Energy Intake Rate on Energy Intake and Adiposity

Eating more quickly and consuming foods with a higher energy-intake-rate (EIR: kcal/min) is associated with greater energy intake and adiposity. However, it remains unclear whether individuals who eat more quickly are more likely to consume foods with higher EIR. We investigated the overlap between self-reported eating rate (SRER) and the consumption of higher EIR foods, and their combined impact on daily energy intake and adiposity in a population-based Asian cohort (n = 7011; 21–75y). Food consumption was assessed using a validated Food Frequency Questionnaire. Moderated regression with simple slope analysis was conducted to evaluate whether SRER modified the association between dietary EIR and total dietary energy intakes. Faster eaters consumed a significantly higher proportion of energy from higher EIR foods among overweight individuals, but not among normal-weight individuals. Associations between dietary EIR and total energy intake were stronger among medium (β = 15.04, 95%CI: 13.00–17.08) and fast (β = 15.69, 95%CI: 12.61–18.78) eaters, compared with slower eaters (β = 9.89, 95%CI: 5.11–14.67; p-interaction = 0.032). Higher dietary EIR also tended to be more strongly associated with BMI in fast eaters (β = 0.025, 95%CI: 0.011–0.038) than in slow eaters (β = 0.017, 95%CI: ?0.007–0.040). These findings suggest that the combination of eating more quickly and selecting a greater proportion of energy from higher EIR foods (i.e., softly textured, energy dense), promoted higher dietary energy intakes and adiposity.     

Low Calorie Beverage Consumption Is Associated with Energy and Nutrient Intakes and Diet Quality in British Adults

It is unclear whether consumption of low-calorie beverages (LCB) leads to compensatory consumption of sweet foods, thus reducing benefits for weight control or diet quality. This analysis investigated associations between beverage consumption and energy intake and diet quality of adults in the UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS) (2008–2011; n = 1590), classified into: (a) non-consumers of soft drinks (NC); (b) LCB consumers; (c) sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumers; or (d) consumers of both beverages (BB), based on 4-day dietary records. Within-person data on beverage consumption on different days assessed the impact on energy intake. LCB consumers and NC consumed less energy and non-milk extrinsic sugars than other groups. Micronutrient intakes and food choices suggested higher dietary quality in NC/LCB consumers compared with SSB/BB consumers. Within individuals on different days, consumption of SSB, milk, juice, and alcohol were all associated with increased energy intake, while LCB and tea, coffee or water were associated with no change; or reduced energy intake when substituted for caloric beverages. Results indicate that NC and LCB consumers tend to have higher quality diets compared with SSB or BB consumers and do not compensate for sugar or energy deficits by consuming more sugary foods.     

Association of Time-of-Day Energy Intake Patterns with Nutrient Intakes,Diet Quality,and Insulin Resistance

Evidence shows time-of-day of energy intake are associated with health outcomes; however, studies of time-of-day energy patterns and their health implication are still lacking in the Asian population. This study aims to examine the time-of-day energy intake pattern of Chinese adults and to examine its associations with nutrient intakes, diet quality, and insulin resistance. Dietary data from three 24-h recalls collected during the 2015 China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) were analyzed (n = 8726, aged ≥ 18 years). Time-of-day energy intake patterns were determined by latent class analysis (LCA). General Linear Models and Multilevel Mixed-effects Logistic Regression Models were applied to investigate the associations between latent time-of-day energy intake patterns, energy-adjusted nutrient intakes, diet quality score, and insulin resistance. Three time-of-day energy intake patterns were identified. Participants in the “Evening dominant pattern” were younger, had higher proportions of alcohol drinkers and current smokers. The “Evening dominant pattern” was associated with higher daily energy intake and a higher percentage of energy from fat (%) (p < 0.001), as well as higher insulin resistance risk (OR = 1.21; 95% CI: 1.05, 1.40), after adjusting for multivariate covariates. The highest diet quality score was observed in participants with “Noon dominant pattern” (p < 0.001). A higher proportion of energy in the later of the day was associated with insulin resistance in free-living individuals.     

婴幼儿热能摄入量及其影响因素39例分析

目的：了解在家庭自然环境下婴幼儿的热能摄入量，探索影响婴幼儿热能摄入量的影响因素。方法：采和入户观察的方法，观察1天中婴幼儿食物的选择，制备和摄入行为，测量婴幼儿1天中摄入的所有食物种类，数量和时间。结果：90．0％的婴幼儿全天的热能摄量低于WHO热能标准，84．6％的婴幼儿热能摄入量低于Butte-Torun热量标准，患病组婴幼儿热能摄入量低于非患病组（P＜0．05）；婴幼儿的喂养行为评分与标化热能之间有相关关系，相关系数为0．6579（P＜0．01）。结论：当地婴幼儿热摄入量严重不足，患病，喂养次数，食物结构，喂养行为等影响婴幼儿的热能摄入量。