四肢神经卡压征的微创手术治疗

目的 介绍应用微创手术对四肢神经卡压征作神经松解术的特点及疗效。方法 对84例患者，4种神经卡压征(臂丛神经血管受压征、腕管综合征、肘管综合征和腓总神经卡压)在神经卡压部位作长3～5cm的小切口，用小直角拉钩的牵拉，潜行切断腕掌侧支持带、肘管及腓管，并扩大受压神经的显露部分。在放大6倍头戴式放大镜下对受压神经作神经外膜松解术。结果 术后随访3至24个月。21例臂丛神经血管受压征，17例有明显改善，2例轻度改善，2例无改善。25例肘管综合征中5例完全恢复，18例明显改善，2例未恢复。27例腕管综合征中11例症状完全消失，16例症状明显改善。11例腓总神经卡压征，6例明显改善，3例部分改善；2例未恢复。结论 小切口及利用显微外科技术作神经外膜松解术是治疗四肢神经卡压征的一种好方法。     

三种方法治疗肩胛上神经卡压综合征

目的:探讨不同方法治疗肩胛上神经卡压综合征的疗效。方法:肩胛上神经卡压综合征患者41例,男32例,女9例;年龄32～74岁,平均48岁;右侧29例,左侧12例;病程2个月～2.5年,平均9个月。30例采用局部封闭治疗,13例采用小针刀松解(其中包括局部封闭无效者7例),8例采用手术松解(其中包括小针刀松解无效3例)。局部封闭应用1%利多卡因5ml加曲安奈德40mg,每周1次,连续2～4次;小针刀采用切断肩胛上或下横韧带,肩胛岗上孔、岗下孔松解;手术在局麻直视下行肩胛上或下横韧带切断、松解肩胛上神经。结果:41例获随访,时间3个月～1年,依据疗效标准评定治疗效果。局部封闭组30例中,治愈2例,有效16例,无效12例;小针刀组13例中,治愈5例,有效5例,无效3例;手术松解组8例中,治愈6例,有效2例。结论:病程短、症状轻的患者应首选患者易接受的局部封闭治疗;症状严重且保守治疗无效者,采取小针刀松解或手术直视下神经松解,尤其是伴有肌萎缩者手术直视下松解更有必要。     

神经松解术治疗腕部尺神经卡压综合征

报道28例尺神经腕部卡压综合征,经显微外科手术治疗,取得了满意的疗效。25例为腕部尺神经管卡压,3例为单一的豆钩裂隙处尺神经深支卡压。讨论了卡压的病因病理变化特点,局部解剖特点、诊断及治疗等。     

肩胛背神经合并胸长神经卡压的解剖学和临床研究

目的：研究肩胛背神经合并胸长神经卡压的机理及其诊断和治疗。方法：解剖20侧陈旧性成人尸体的C5神经，观察肩胛背神经和胸长神经的起点及其走行过程中与周围结构的关系。分析16例肩胛背神经合并胸长神经卡压征的诊断，治疗及效果。结果：肩胛背神经与胸长神经起始段合干者70％，两神经合干后穿入中斜角肌在C5起点处的腱性组织，6例患者痛点局封后2例效果不佳改手术治疗，12例手术治疗后随访4个月－8年，8例症状全部消失，3例疗效不佳，1例较术前加重，结论：两神经合干穿入中斜角肌在C5起点的腱性组织，是两神经同时受卡压的解剖学基础，手术治疗的疗效明显优于保守治疗。     

桡神经感觉支卡压综合征治疗体会

桡神经感觉支卡压综合征在临床上较为少见。致病因素以反复慢性劳损所致卡压最为常见．由于对该神经卡压征缺乏足够的认识，常将其误诊为桡骨茎突狭窄性腱鞘炎或腕关节背侧韧带损伤。自１９９２年５月以来，我院共收治５例桡神经感觉支卡压征病人，其中２例通过保守治疗症状消失，另外３例实行显微外科手术治疗，疗效满意，现总结如下：临床资料　一般资料　本组５例，其中男３例，女２例；右侧４例，左侧１例；年龄３２～５５岁，平均４４岁；职业：木工２例，炊事员１例，家庭妇女２例。全部病人均诉腕部或手背桡侧麻木、疼痛。查体：前臂…     

桡神经浅支卡压综合征的临床诊断及治疗

目的对收治的桡神经卡压综合征诊治病例进行分析,以提高临床诊断及治疗效果。方法 2013年12月-2016年6月,对收治的10例桡神经浅支卡压综合征患者,4例行保守治疗,6例行手术治疗。结果 10例桡神经浅支卡压综合征患者疼痛及麻木症状均明显缓解。结论桡神经浅支卡压综合征为慢性、反复性疾病,常见于体力劳动者,症状表现为手背疼痛、麻木,握拳或前臂旋前时可伴疼痛,前臂桡侧Tinel征(+),有上述症状的患者应考虑桡神经浅支卡压综合征的可能。     

显微外科手术治疗腓总神经卡压综合征26例

目的 评价应用显微外科手术治疗腓总神经卡压综合征的临床疗效. 方法 从2005年11月至201 1年12月,对腓总神经卡压综合征26例应用显微外科手术治疗,除全部行常规手术及神经外膜松解外,其中18例又进一步行神经束膜松解,术后辅以神经营养药物等治疗. 结果 术后随访时间为10个月～6年,平均3.5年.术前20例肌力下降的患者术后肌力恢复优良率为75.0％;术前感觉减退及消失者10例,术后感觉恢复率为80.0％;术前疼痛16例,术后缓解有效率为87.5％. 结论 应用显微外科手术行腓总神经松解治疗腓总神经卡压综合征较简便易行,其临床疗效可靠且副损伤小.     

腕部腱鞘囊肿术后骨间后神经卡压的治疗

目的提出腕部腱鞘囊肿摘除后引起骨间后神经终末支卡压的症状和治疗方法。方法对７例腕背腱鞘囊肿术后腕背痛者进行手术探查。术中证实骨间后神经终末支被周围瘢痕卡压，遂在其近端切除１ｃｍ。结果术后随访６～１８个月，症状消失，未见复发。结论腱鞘囊肿的治疗方法较多，当保守治疗无效时可选择手术治疗。术中应保护好骨间后神经终末支并避免粗糙的操作，以免术后产生腕背痛。     

同期手术治疗胸廓出口综合征合并远端神经卡压的疗效

目的探讨远近端同期手术治疗胸廓出口综合征合并远端神经卡压的疗效。方法对8例胸廓出口综合征合并远端神经卡压者,一期同时手术松解臂丛神经及远端神经卡压,并消除了全部卡压因素。结果按成效敏等的评定标准评价优3例,良4例,差1例。结论对晚期已出现肌萎缩的胸廓出口综合征合并远端神经卡压患者,应选择一期远近端神经同时松解术,以改善疗效、提高治愈率。     

桡神经浅支卡压的解剖与临床

目的:了解桡神经浅支卡压的依据并讨论了该征的诊断及治疗原则。方法:解剖观测了20具40侧成人上肢标本桡神经浅支穿出处的局部解剖特点及其距桡骨茎突的距离,随访了12例患者,9例采用局部封闭治疗,3例采用手术神经松解治疗。结果:桡神经浅支穿出部位为腱性组织所包绕。该处筋膜将肱桡肌腱挤在一起,从而易于受压。临床随访6个月至2年,保守及手术治疗患者症状均完全消失无复发。结论:解剖:桡神经浅支在前臂中下段易发生卡压有其解剖学基础。临床上病程短症状轻患者保守治疗往往能有较好疗效,病程长症状重或存在其它病理性压迫患者往往需要手术治疗。     

胸廓出口综合征的新认识——解剖学与临床观察

目的探讨胸廓出口综合征的病因。方法对３０具６０侧经福尔马林固定的成人尸体小斜角肌及前中斜角肌的起始部进行解剖研究;对５３例胸廓出口综合征手术患者（１９６６～１９９４年４５例,１９９６～１９９７年８例）随访情况进行总结分析。结果解剖研究发现小斜角肌的出现率为８８３％,Ｔ１神经根或其下干在小斜角肌近段起源的腱性组织上跨过;前中斜角肌在颈椎横突的前后结节均有起点,Ｃ５、Ｃ６神经根从前中斜角肌的交叉腱性起点中穿过。４５例１９６６～１９９６年手术者中,有颈肩痛症状者３４例,术后１７例颈肩痛症状仍存在,其中７例加重;８例１９９６～１９９７年手术者中,７例有颈肩痛,术中切断前中斜角肌在Ｃ５～６神经根旁的腱性纤维组织,术后仅有１例仍有颈肩部不适。结论小斜角肌的腱性纤维是臂丛神经下干或Ｔ１神经根受压的原因;前中斜角肌在Ｃ４～５横突前后结节的交叉腱性起点是压迫Ｃ５～６,有时包括Ｃ７神经根或臂丛神经上（中）干的原因     

Upper plexus thoracic outlet syndrome--case report

A 47-year-old right-handed female became aware of proximal ache and muscle weakness in the right shoulder and elbow in 1997. Atrophy of the right biceps muscle was recognized and the right deltoid, triceps, supraspinatus, and infraspinatus muscles were weak. The Morley test and elevated arm stress test were positive. Neurolysis of the brachial plexus and anterior scalenectomy were performed via a right supraclavicular approach. An abnormal fibromuscular band was identified passing between the upper and middle trunks and constricting the middle trunk. Another scalene muscle anomaly was found passing between the C-5 and C-6 nerve roots and connecting the anterior and middle scalene muscles. These muscles were resected, and thorough neurolysis was performed around all nerves and the trunks. Postoperatively, all symptoms completely resolved and the patient was discharged 5 days after surgery. Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) manifests as symptoms of lower cervical nerve involvements with hypesthesia and paresthesia. However, upper plexus TOS manifests as symptoms due to the involvement of the C-5 to C-7 nerve roots, and is relatively rare. Transaxillary first rib resection is performed as the primary operation for TOS, but supraclavicular scalenectomy is effective for upper plexus TOS.     

在内窥镜辅助下手术治疗胸廓出口综合征10例报告

目的 报告并探讨一个治疗胸廓出口综合征(thoracic outlet syndrome，TOS)的新方法，即在内窥镜辅助下进行手术治疗。方法 局部麻醉下在颈外侧作1．5cm长的小切口，在内窥镜的辅助观察下，切断部分前中斜角肌的腱性起始纤维。结果 2092年3月11日至2002年12月16日，共作10例。手术当天10例的症状和体征均完全消失。术后随访4个月～1年，平均6个月。5例的症状和体征完全消失。4例的肌力恢复正常，前臂和小指的刺痛觉稍减退。1例仅偶有颈部不适的症状，术侧锁骨区有麻痛，针刺有痛觉过敏。结论 在内窥镜辅助下经颈部微小切口切断部分前中斜角肌的腱性起始纤维，可解除斜角肌对臂丛神经的压迫，是一个创伤很小的治疗胸廓出口综合征的新方法。     

颈肩痛伴同侧手握力减弱的临床分析

目的：研究颈肩痛伴同侧手握力减弱的病因。方法：共17例患者,首先均经非手术治疗,包括颈部痛点封闭及颈椎牵引,其中效果不明显的5例手术治疗,术中切断中小斜角肌及C5、6神经根旁的前中斜角肌的肌起。结果：全部患者均随访2年以上,17例非手术治疗,8例症状完全消失,4例症状明显改善,5例症状改善不明显。手术5例症状均完全消失。结论：颈肩痛伴同侧手握力减弱的原因是中中小斜角肌引起的臂丛下干或C8神经根受压所致。     

Dynamic neuromusculoskeletal ultrasound documentation of brachial plexus/thoracic outlet compression during elevated arm stress testing

Background

The diagnosis and validation of thoracic outlet syndrome/brachial plexopathy (TOS) remains a difficult challenge for surgeons, neurologists, and radiologists. This is due to the fact that the responses of standard elevated arm stress tests can be considered somewhat subjective and can vary. Therefore, non-vascular TOS cases are presently diagnosed clinically, and any objective diagnosis has been controversial.

Methods

This is a technique paper describing the use of dynamic neuromusculoskeletal ultrasound to assist in the diagnosis of thoracic outlet/brachial plexus pathology. We propose a new way to observe the brachial plexus dynamically, so that physical verification of nerve compression between the anterior and middle scalene muscles can be clearly made at the onset of clinical symptoms. This gives a way to objectively identify clinically significant brachial plexus compression.

Results

Dynamic testing can add objective analysis to tests such as the elevated arm stress tests and can correlate the onset of symptoms with plexus compression between the anterior and middle scalene muscles. With this, the area of pathologic compression can be identified and viewed while performing the dynamic testing. If compression is seen and the onset of symptoms ensues, this is a positive confirmatory test for the presence of TOS and a clinically significant disease.

Conclusions

This paper offers a simple, objective, and visual diagnostic test that can validate the presence or absence of brachial plexus compression during arm elevation in patients with brachial plexus injury and thoracic outlet syndrome.     

胸廓出口综合征手术方法改良

目的 在解剖学研究和临床分析的基础上提出了胸廓出口综合征手术方法的改良。方法 ３０例尸体解剖,研究前、中、小斜角肌的起止点和臂丛神经的关系。随访了术后６个月￣２年的１９例颈肩痛和手部麻木,肌肉萎缩的胸廓出口综合征患者,均做前,中斜角肌起点和小斜角肌切断术。     

臂丛神经的交感神经支配及其临床意义

目的：了解颈交感神经在臂丛神经上的分布并探讨其对臂丛神经活动的影响及引起颈肩痛的机制。方法：对30具60例成人尸体标本，大体和显微镜解剖颈部的交感神经；并对2具4例新鲜成人尸体进行颈部局部封闭。结果：支配臂丛神经的交感社会支主要来自颈下节和颈中节。颈中节到臂丛的分支大部分紧贴或穿过前、中斜角肌，部分穿入椎孔后加入臂丛。颈下节的分支则绕过锁骨下动脉或椎动脉后到达臂丛。局部封闭后发现药物浸润范围主要在颈椎横穿尖部或前侧。结论：颈交感神经到达臂丛神经的分支与颈部软组织的解剖关系密切，软组织活动会影响交感社会对臂丛的支配，并可引起颈肩痛。     

Applying ultrasound imaging to interscalene brachial plexus block

OBJECTIVE: Previous studies have examined ultrasound-assisted brachial plexus blocks, but few have applied this imaging technology to the interscalene region. We report a case of interscalene brachial plexus block using ultrasound guidance to show the clinical usefulness of this technology. CASE REPORT: A nerve stimulator-guided interscalene block was attempted for arthroscopic shoulder surgery but failed. Subsequent nerve localization was accomplished by ultrasound imaging using a high-frequency probe (5-12 MHz) and the Philips ATL HDI 5000 unit. Ultrasound showed nerves between the scalene muscles, block needle movement at the time of advancement, and local anesthetic spread during injection. Interscalene block was successful after 1 attempt of nerve localization and needle placement. CONCLUSIONS: Advanced ultrasound technology is useful for nerve localization and can generate brachial plexus images of high resolution in the interscalene groove, guide block needle placement and advancement in real time to targeted nerves, and assess adequacy of local anesthetic spread at the time of injection. Ultrasound imaging guidance can potentially improve success during interscalene brachial plexus block.     

Scalene muscle abnormalities in traumatic thoracic outlet syndrome

Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) is not a single disorder but a collection of abnormalities in the same anatomic area that elicit similar symptoms. The many causes of TOS are best classified into one of three groups: osseous, traumatic, and nontraumatic. Although patients with traumatic TOS constituted 86% of our last 600 patients with TOS who underwent surgical treatment, the precise mechanism underlying the condition remains obscure. To determine if there was microscopic abnormalities, 45 anterior and middle scalene muscles from patients with traumatic TOS were studied by means of histochemical stains applied after freezing of the muscles. The results revealed a consistent abnormal histologic pattern in patients with traumatic TOS: type II fibers were atrophied; there was an increase in the average number of type I fibers (78% versus 53% in muscles from control patients); and there was a significant increase (mean: 36%) in connective tissue (muscles from control patients averaged less than 15%). Although type II fiber atrophy and type I fiber predominance are seen in a variety of other conditions, their association with fibrosis is rare. Following neck injuries, the changes in the anterior and middle scalene muscles are compatible with trauma, suggesting that fibrotic scalene muscles are an important cause of symptoms in traumatic TOS.     

Selective Botulinum Chemodenervation of the Scalene Muscles for Treatment of Neurogenic Thoracic Outlet Syndrome

Patients with thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) who improve temporarily after anesthetic blockade of the anterior scalene muscles have been shown to improve after ultimate surgical decompressions at the interscalene triangle. Anesthetic blockade of the scalene muscles, even with the addition of steroids, however, rarely produces any prolonged relief as patients are awaiting definitive surgery. The present study was undertaken to determine if more effective and prolonged relief might be obtained with electrophysiologically and fluoroscopically guided selective injection of the scalene muscles with botulinum toxin, which has been used in the past for treating conditions associated with spasm of cervical muscles. In 14 of 22 patients (64%) with a clinical diagnosis of TOS, there was more than a 50% reduction of symptoms measured by a 101-point scale for at least 1 month after botulinum chemodenervation of the scalene muscles. Only 4 of the 22 patients (18%) had a 50% reduction of symptoms for at least 1 month after injection with lidocaine and steroids. In no patient were the results of lidocaine and steroid injection superior to botulinum chemodenervation. Chemodenervation had a mean duration of effect of 88 days. No significant side effects were encountered with botulinum chemodenervation except for mild transient dysphagia in two cases. These results appear to demonstrate that botulinum chemodenervation of the scalene muscles may be helpful in alleviating symptoms in patients with TOS awaiting definitive surgical decompression.