Obesity and mortality in advanced chronic renal failure patients

A protective effect of obesity on the mortality of end-stage renal failure patients has been observed in several studies. Most of these studies have been based on prevalent dialysis population. The aim of the present study was to evaluate if obesity has beneficial effects on the survival of advanced chronic renal failure patients. The study group consisted of 376 patients (mean age 63 +/- 15 years) with advanced chronic renal failure not yet on dialysis. Obesity was defined as a body mass index (BMI) > or = 30 kg/m2. Grade of comorbidity was quantified by the method devised by Davies. Survival was analyzed as time from the referral to the predialysis outpatient clinic to patient death, censoring from contributing additional survival data to the analysis following transplantation. Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to test survival differences according to quartiles of BMI, and between obese and nonobese patients. Further analysis were performed, stratifying survival curves by comorbid scores, lean body mass, age, and sex. Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to investigate the best determinants of mortality, and the role of obesity adjusted for other covariates. Median survival time was 1,453 days. During the follow-up time, 158 patients (42%) died. Survival differences among quartiles of BMI were statistically significant (Breslow = 10.7, p = 0.017). Patients within the lowest and the highest quartiles of BMI had higher mortality than the rest of patients. Survival curves between obese and non-obese patients did not differ significantly. However, when patients without comorbidity were studied apart, those with obesity showed worse survival than the rest of patients (log-rank = 7.42, p = 0.0064). Since the effect of obesity on mortality did not follow a proportional hazard pattern throughout the study period, multivariable analysis for mortality was stratified by 18 months intervals. The variables which fitted the best model were: age (Hazard Ratio: 1.04), comorbid score (HR: 2.17), serum albumin (HR: 0.62), GFR at the study entry (HR: 0.91), male gender (HR: 1.48), and obesity (HR: 1.51). In conclusion, obesity had no survival benefit in patients with advanced chronic renal failure. Obesity had a noteworthy impact on early mortality of advanced chronic kidney disease patients without comorbidities.     

Levosimendan improves renal function in patients with advanced chronic heart failure awaiting cardiac transplantation

BackgroundLong-term impact of levosimendan on renal function remains undefined. Prospectively, we evaluated effects of levosimendan on renal function in patients with advanced chronic heart failure awaiting cardiac transplantation.Methods and ResultsOf 40 patients, 20 were randomized to receive levosimendan (10-minute bolus 12 μg/kg, followed by 0.1 μg/kg/min for 24 hours; LS Group), and 20 received no levosimendan (Controls). The groups did not differ in age, heart failure etiology, left ventricular ejection fraction, and plasma brain natriuretic peptide. Patients were followed for 3 months. At baseline, the groups did not differ in serum creatinine (1.92 ± 0.13 mg/dL in LS Group versus 1.91 ± 0.12 mg/dL in Controls, P = .81) and creatinine clearance (43.7 ± 2.9 mL/min versus 43.9 ± 2.8 mL/min, P = .84). At 3 months, we found a decrease in serum creatinine and an increase in creatinine clearance in LS Group, but not in Controls, leading to a significant intergroup difference in serum creatinine (1.60 ± 0.26 mg/dL in LS Group versus 1.90 ± 0.14 mg/dL in Controls, P = .005) and creatinine clearance (53.6 ± 8.6 mL/min versus 44.0 ± 3.3 mL/min, P = .005). An improvement in creatinine ≥0.5 mg/dL occurred in 50% patients from LS Group compared with 10% of Controls (P = .005).ConclusionsLevosimendan improves long-term renal function in advanced chronic heart failure patients awaiting cardiac transplantation.     

慢性肾衰竭患者高级蛋白氧化产物水平的变化

目的探讨慢性肾衰竭（CRF）患者高级蛋白氧化产物（AOPP）的变化及其与单核细胞激活标志物TNF-α的关系。方法选择CRF患者93例,其中一期21例、二期22例、三期25例、四期25例,健康体检者30例,分别测定血浆AOPP及TNF-α水平。结果 CRF二期、三期、四期患者AOPP高于对照组（P〈0.01）。AOPP与TNF-α呈显著正相关（r=0.420,P〈0.01）。结论 CRF患者血浆AOPP随着疾病的进展进行性升高,可用于监测氧化应激状况,可尽早干预治疗,避免心血管事件发生。     

Octreotide in the treatment of angiodysplasia in patients with advanced chronic renal failure

Angiodysplasia is an important cause of gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with chronic renal failure. Octreotide, a long-acting synthetic somatostatin analogue that reduces splachnic blood flow have been used to treat esophageal varicose hemorrhage, but its efficacy for bleeding vascular ecstasies is awaiting support. We present three patients with chronic renal failure (two with diabetic nephropaty and the third with mesangiocapilar glomerulonephritis and hepatic cirrosis), seric creatinine 3-4,5 mg/dl, and recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding due to diffuse angiodysplasia and vascular ecstasies, diagnosed by oral endoscopy, colonoscopy and video capsule. They all were treated with octreotide, administered subcutanesly 0.1 mg twice a day for six months, with significantly decreased blood requirements in all of them, as well as the occurrence of bleeding episodes. It was well tolerated and none side-effects occurred in any subject. In our experience, octreotide is an effective and safe drug in bleeding angiodysplasia and ecstasies vascular of the gastrointestinal tract in patients with chronic renal failure, and it may be a good option especially in patients who are not candidates for surgery or endoscopic treatment due to inaccessible sites, spread of the lesion, old age and/or concomitant disorders.     

血液透析对慢性肾衰竭患者心脏功能的影响

目的了解血液透析对慢性肾衰竭患者心脏结构、功能变化的影响,分析其相关危险因素.方法回顾本院2004年1～12月透析治疗的慢性肾衰竭患者76例,分开始进入血液透析组(40例)和维持性血液透析组(36例),应用彩色超声测定左室形态及功能各项参数,测定透析前血压及各项实验室指标.结果开始进入血液透析组患者,超声心动图显示75%出现左室肥厚(LVH),30%左心室收缩功能障碍;维持性血液透析组55.6%出现LVH,左心室收缩功能正常,两组差异有统计学意义.维持性血液透析组血红蛋白、血钙、血磷、钙磷聚集和血浆白蛋白升高,C反应蛋白降低.结论维持性血液透析后,患者左心室功能改善,可能与贫血、营养不良及炎症反应的纠正有关.     

Gastric secretory function in patients with chronic renal failure undergoing maintenance hemodialysis

Gastric secretion was evaluated in 9 male patients with chronic renal failure on maintenance hemodialysis. Five secreted low or normal quantities of acid and 4 exhibited hypersecretion, 2 of whom had associated peptic ulcer disease. Serum gastrin responses to a protein meal were comparable to control subjects. Calcium infusion in two basal hypersecretors depressed acid secretion. The only statistically significant correlation observed was between basal acid output and serum levels of parathormone. These studies suggest that while acid secretory abnormalities vary in patients with chronic renal failure on hemodialysis, there is no apparent sensitivity of the gastrin-secreting cells to protein or calcium ion which might account for acid hypersecretion. Secondary hyperparathyroidism may influence the occurrence of acid secretory abnormalities.     

Influence of acute respiratory failure on renal function in advanced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and chronic cor pulmonale

Renal function was assessed in 89 patients with advanced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and chronic cor pulmonale, 62 of them had respiratory failure, 18 health aged served as control. The results showed that the creatinine clearance and the free water clearance were decreased in 82.3% and 69.5% of patients with respiratory failure respectively. The renal function was impaired in case of hypoxia, PaO2 less than or equal to 6.0 kPa (45 mmHg), mean 5.33 kPa (40 mmHg). Hypercapnia was one of the most important factors that effected the renal function. There was a clinical threshold which effected the renal function, i.e. PaCO2 equals more than 8.67 kPa (65 mmHg). Renal function was greatly impaired if hypercapnia and hypoxia exist at the same time. The impairment of renal function was further marked when right heart failure and acidosis developed. The causes and effects of the abnormality of renal function were preliminarily discussed.     

Left ventricular function in chronic renal failure.

Left ventricular function was studied in 14 patients with end-stage chronic renal failure using non-invasive methods (echocardiography and systolic time intervals). Patients were divided into 3 groups. Group 1 consisted of 5 patients who were normotensive at the time of study and group 2 of 7 patients who were hypertensive when studied. Group 3 consisted of 2 patients: one was receiving propranolol and the other, studied 302 days after renal transplantation, was receiving digitalis for recurrent episodes of cardiac failure. All except the patient receiving propranolol had normal left ventricular function in systole with normal measurements of fractional fibre shortening (% delta S, EF) and normal measurements relating to the velocity of ventricular contraction (mean Vcf, mean velocity of posterior wall motion). Stroke volume and cardiac output were normal in some patients but were increased in patients with fluid overload. Early diastolic compliance of the left ventricle seemed to be normal except in the patient with recurrent cardiac failure. The study provided no evidence for the existence of a specific uraemic cardiomyopathy.     

Effects of acetylsalicylic acid on renal function in patients with chronic heart failure

PURPOSE: We conducted a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to determine whether the administration of acetylsalicylic acid has adverse effects on renal function in patients with moderate chronic congestive heart failure with and without stimulation of the renin system. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Forty patients were randomly assigned to one of the following four groups: Group 1, low sodium diet and placebo; Group 2, low sodium diet and acetylsalicylic acid; Group 3, normal sodium diet and placebo; or Group 4, normal sodium diet and acetylsalicylic acid. Patients were studied over 8 days. After Day 5, patients in Groups 2 and 4 received acetylsalicylic acid (500 mg three times a day). The low sodium diet consisted of 13.6 mmol of sodium per day and the normal sodium diet consisted of 136 mmol of sodium per day. RESULTS: The low sodium diet resulted in a highly significant increase in the plasma renin (2p = 0.0001), aldosterone (2p = 0.0006), and urinary prostaglandin E2 (2p = 0.01) concentrations and the renal potassium excretion (2p = 0.0009), whereas renal sodium excretion was significantly reduced (2p = 0.0001). Severe sodium depletion led to a reduction of the glomerular filtration rate (2p = 0.007), which was independent from cyclooxygenase inhibition. In patients on the low sodium diet, acetylsalicylic acid reduced the elevated urinary prostaglandin E2 levels to normal values without changing the renal sodium excretion rate. In patients with a normal sodium intake, acetylsalicylic acid significantly reduced the renal sodium excretion rate by 29% (2p = 0.04). CONCLUSION: We conclude that severe sodium depletion has adverse effects on kidney function in patients with heart failure due to a reduction in the glomerular filtration rate. Administration of acetylsalicylic acid in doses that reduce the synthesis of renal prostaglandin E2 significantly reduces renal sodium excretion.     

慢性心力衰竭患者肾功能恶化的危险因素分析

目的 研究慢性心力衰竭(心衰)患者肾功能恶化的危险因素及其对预后的影响.方法 采用病例对照研究方法,分析与肾功能恶化发生有统计学关联的独立危险因素,同时观察肾功能恶化对预后的影响.结果 住院心衰患者肾功能恶化发生率31%,入院肌酐水平及心功能分级与肾功能恶化的发生独立相关,OR值分别为2.248(95%CI1.088～4.647,P=0.029)和2.485(95%CI1.385～4.459.P＝0.002).发生肾功能恶化的患者住院期间病死率明显高于对照组(16.7%比2.1%,P=0.000),调整混杂因素后,肾功能恶化是死亡的独立危险因素,OR值3.824(95%CI2.452～5.137.P＜0.015).结论 肾功能恶化在住院心衰患者中发生率较高,与住院期间病死率明显相关.入院肌酐水平偏高及心功能差为发生肾功能恶化的独立危险因素.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the risk factors of worsening renal function (WRF) in patients with chronic heart failure ( CHF) and WRF influence on prognosis. Methods A case-control study were undertaken to analyze independent risk factor statistically related to incidence of WRF, and to assess the influence of WRF on prognosis. Results The independent predictors of WRF were creatinine level at admission (OR 2.248,95% CI 1.088-4.647, P = 0.029) and NYHA class on admission ( OR 2.485, 95% CI 1.3854. 459, P = 0.002). The mortality of patient with WRF was obviously higher than that of control group during hospitalization( OR 3. 824,95% CI 2. 452-5. 637 ,P ＜0.015). Conclusions WRF is a common complication among patients hospitalized for CHF, and is obviously associated with mortality during hospitalization. Higher creatinine level and weak heart function are independent risk factors for incidence of WRF of patients with CHF.     

不同心功能和肾功能慢性心力衰竭患者血红蛋白浓度的变化

目的探讨不同心功能和肾功能慢性心力衰竭患者血红蛋白浓度的变化。方法选择2009年10月至2010年12月在中国医科大学顺义医院心内科住院治疗的慢性心力衰竭患者490例为研究对象。检测入选对象的血常规、血生化等指标。心功能分级参照纽约心脏协会(NYHA)分级。结果心功能Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ级患者的血红蛋白减低发生率分别为:10%(1/10)、34.4%(86/250)、49.3%(69/140)、55.6%(50/90),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。心功能Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ级患者血红蛋白浓度中位数分别为132.5 g/L、128.0 g/L、119.0 g/L、112.0 g/L,不同心功能分级患者间血红蛋白浓度比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。肾功能正常的慢性心力衰竭患者的血红蛋白减低发生率低于肾功能异常的慢性心力衰竭患者,差异有统计学意义[26.6%(50/188)vs.46.4%(140/302),P<0.05]。Logistic回归分析结果显示肾功能异常(OR=1.544,95%CI:0.971～2.554)、重度心功能不全(OR=8.976,95%CI:1.059～4.075)是慢性心力衰竭患者发生血红蛋白浓度减低的危险因素。结论心功能分级增加及肾功能异常可导致慢性心力衰竭患者发生血红蛋白浓度减低。     

149例慢性肾衰患者血脂水平及其与肾功能的相关性

目的探讨血脂水平对慢性肾衰患者肾功能的影响。方法检测149例慢性肾衰患者（观察组）和30例健康献血者（对照组）血脂[TG、TC、HDL—C、LDL—C、血肌酐（SCr）]水平,并分析上述指标与肾小球滤过率（GFR）的相关性。结果观察组TG、TC轻度升高,HDL—C明显下降,LDL—C明显升高。GFR与TG、TC无明显相关性,而与HDL-C水平呈明显正相关（r=0．21,P〈0．05）,与LDL—C水平呈显著负相关（r=-0．29,P〈0．01）。结论慢性肾衰患者存在明显的血脂代谢异常;其可能是加快肾脏功能损伤的重要危险因素。     

Impact of residual renal function on volume status in chronic renal failure

During the past few years, it has become increasingly evident that residual renal function (RRF) is an important and independent predictor of poor outcome in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Although the causes of this observation are not fully understood, it appears that the loss of RRF impairs both fluid removal and clearance of solutes, which in turn leads to uremic toxicity and increased morbidity and mortality. There is increasing evidence that patients with CKD develop signs of fluid overload already in the early phases of the disease, and this may be a stimulus for inflammatory activation. Recently, an inflammatory component was identified in uremic atherosclerotic and non-atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD), which have been consistently associated with poor clinical outcome in patients with CKD. Signs of systemic inflammation occur in parallel to the impairment in renal function, and the pathophysiology is most likely multifactorial, including a decrease in cytokine clearance, advanced glycation end-product accumulation, oxidative stress, and principal fluid overload. Additionally, inflammation seems to be a predictor of accelerated loss of renal function. In this article, we discuss the evidence showing that patients with CKD generally have fluid overload, the mechanisms by which impaired renal function may lead to a chronic inflammatory state, and the available information linking fluid overload to accelerated loss of renal function and CVD through inflammation. Inflammation may lead to the development of complications of CKD, in particular CVD, but on the other hand may also lead to a faster progression of renal disease. Strategies aiming to reduce fluid overload may be useful to reduce cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, but also preserve RRF.     

氯沙坦对慢性心力衰竭病人心肾功能的影响

目的 探讨氯沙坦对慢性心力衰竭病人心肾功能的影响。方法 慢性心力衰竭病人65例,常规治疗组35例,氯沙坦组30例,连续治疗8周。治疗前、后,抽静脉血、留尿,采用免疫比浊法测定血清胱抑素C和尿微量白蛋白水平,酶联免疫分析法测定尿水通道蛋白-2浓度,超声心动图检测病人心脏收缩功能。结果 与常规治疗组比较,氯沙坦组病人左心室舒张末期内径显著下降,而左心室射血分数、左心室短轴缩短率显著升高;血清胱抑素C、尿微量白蛋白、水通道蛋白-2较常规治疗组显著下降。结论 氯沙坦可改善慢性心力衰竭病人的心功能和肾功能。     

慢性心力衰竭患者血红蛋白水平与心肾功能的相关性

目的:探讨慢性心力衰竭(CHF)患者血红蛋白(Hb)水平与其心功能、肾功能的关系。方法:150例CHF男性患者按照心功能分为三组:NYHA II级组44例、III级组49例,IV级组57例,并随机抽选30例健康体检患者为健康对照组,分析各组心功能指标[左室舒张末期内径(LVEDd),左室射血分数(LVEF),N末端脑利钠肽前体(NT-proBNP)],肾功能指标[血清肌酐(SCr),肾小球率过滤(GFR)],血液学指标[Hb,红细胞(RBC),血红细胞比容(HCT)];根据CHF患者贫血情况分为贫血组(61例)和非贫血组(89例),并对两组上述指标进行比较。结果:CHF各组贫血发生率均明显高于健康对照组,且随着心衰等级的增加而明显升高(P<0.05);与健康对照组比较,CHF各组心功能各项指标(LVEDd,LVEF,NT-proBNP),肾功能指标(SCr,GFR),血液学指标(Hb,RBC,HCT)均有明显恶化,且随着心衰等级增加而明显加重(P均<0.05);与CHF非贫血组比较,CHF贫血组SCr[(89.78±44.79)mmol/L比(78.79±45.02)mmol/L]、GFR[(86.13±25.42)ml.min-1(1.73m)-1比(67.99±32.12)ml.min-1(1.73m)-1]、LVEF[(55.79±11.34)%比(45.65±12.03)%]水平明显降低,LVEDd[(49.89±8.93)mm比(56.45±11.23)mm]明显增大,NT-proBNP[(945.27±1249.76)pg/ml比(3884.23±2790.42)pg/ml]水平明显升高(P<0.05);线性相关分析显示Hb与LVEDd、NT-proBNP呈负相关(r=-0.346,-0.547,P均<0.05),与LVEF、GFR呈正相关(r=0.453,0.338;P均<0.05)。结论:慢性心力衰竭患者血红蛋白下降会显著降低心、肾功能。     

在常规治疗基础上应用卡维地洛治疗慢性心力衰竭并发肾功能不全患者的效果

目的观察在常规治疗基础上应用卡维地洛对慢性心力衰竭（CHF）并发肾功能不全患者的临床疗效。方法采用自身对照的方法,27例CHF并发肾功能不全的患者在接受常规治疗的基础上加用卡维地洛直到目标剂量,比较治疗前及治疗12周后患者的心功能和肾功能。结果治疗12周后患者左室舒张末期内径（LVEDD）、左室收缩末期内径（LVESD）较治疗前明显缩小（P<0.01）,左室射血分数（LVEF）较治疗前显著增高（P<0.01）。治疗12周后血尿素氮（BUN）、肌酐（Cr）、β2-微球蛋白（β2-MG）较治疗前明显降低（P<0.01）。结论在常规治疗基础上应用卡维地洛能明显改善CHF并发肾功能不全患者的心功能和肾功能。