Alkali-metal ion/molecule association reactions and their applications to mass spectrometry

This review will be concerned primarily with thermal alkali-metal ion association reactions of the general type: A+ + M + N reversible (A + M)+ + N. Where A denotes a positively charged alkali metal ion, M is neutral species and N works as a third body. As indicated, most association reactions are reversible, and the A-M bond derives primarily from electrostatic forces whose energy (affinity) is typically 50 kcal/mol or less, often much less. The review includes reaction mechanism, instrumentation, and application to mass spectrometry, together with reaction rates and alkali ion affinities of the classified compounds.     

基于离子/中性复合物中间体介导的气相离子反应研究

离子/中性复合物（Ion-neutral complex,INC）是单分子气相反应的重要中间体。近20年来,各国科学家已经相继报道了多类离子/中性复合物参与的质谱裂解反应,包括质子转移反应、阳离子转移反应以及多种重排反应等^[1-4]。 在质子化芳基醚、苯磺酰胺等几类化合物的多级质谱中,观察到一系列以离子/中性复合物为中间体的气相离子裂解反应,包括一类新的电子转移反应^[5],这些裂解反应形成产物离子的途径、以及产物离子的丰度均与取代基效应有关。我们通过理论计算和氘代实验系统研究了这些反应。     

质谱中气相离子/离子反应的研究进展

质谱仪不仅是一种重要的分析仪器，也是研究化学反应的重要工具。在质谱中，气相离子大多以单分子形式存在，反应效率较高，是研究气相离子/离子反应的理想选择。气相离子/离子反应可分为质子转移反应、电子转移反应、金属离子转移反应、电荷倒置反应和共价键生成反应。线性离子阱具有良好的离子选择和富集功能，适合作为气相离子/离子反应的反应器，使气相离子/离子反应在有机化学反应机理、多肽结构分析和气相离子化学等研究领域发挥重要的作用。本工作对近年来质谱中气相离子/离子反应的研究进行了综述，并展望了该研究未来的发展前景。     

Hydrated metal ions in the gas phase

Studying metal ion solvation, especially hydration, in the gas phase has developed into a field that is dominated by a tight interaction between experiment and theory. Since the studied species carry charge, mass spectrometry is an indispensable tool in all experiments. Whereas gas-phase coordination chemistry and reactions of bare metal ions are reasonably well understood, systems containing a larger number of solvent molecules are still difficult to understand. This review focuses on the rich chemistry of hydrated metal ions in the gas phase, covering coordination chemistry, charge separation in multiply charged systems, as well as intracluster and ion-molecule reactions. Key ideas of metal ion solvation in the gas phase are illustrated with rare-gas solvated metal ions.     

Pulsed ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer for studying ion-molecule reactions

A pulsed ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer utilizes the cyclotron resonance principle for mass analysis of ions trapped at low pressures by electric and magnetic fields. Both mass analysis and ion trapping are accomplished in a one-region device called a trapped ion analyzer cell. A pulsing sequence is described which allows for generation of ions by electron impact, reaction with added gases, and mass analysis of the products of ion-molecule reactions. Methods are described for measuring rate constants and equilibrium constants for ion-molecule reactions. The high ion trapping efficiency and open geometry of the analyzer cell make it well suited for studying the interaction of laser radiation with gaseous ions and may also be useful for high-accuracy isotope ration mass spectrometry.     

High irradiance laser ionization orthogonal time-of-flight mass spectrometry: a versatile tool for solid analysis

This article reviews the development of and applications for high irradiance laser ionization orthogonal time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LI-O-TOFMS). LI-O-TOFMS has solved the bottleneck problems in traditional high irradiance laser ionization mass spectrometry, which allows the instrument to acquire explicit spectra with high resolution. A buffer-gas-assisted ion source effectively reduces the kinetic energy of the ions and suppresses the multiply charged ion interference. The pulse train data acquisition technique was applied to reduce the spectrum interference from multiply charged ions and polyatomic ions according to the temporal profiles of different ion packets in the repelling region. Relatively high laser irradiance (≥10(10) W/cm(2)) is preferable for achieving uniform relative sensitivities for different elements in the samples of different matrices. LI-O-TOFMS has been used in the standardless, semiquantitative analysis of solids, which is proved to be a fast and convenient technique for solid sample analysis. By increasing the laser irradiance and reducing the buffer gas pressure, the determination of nonmetallic elements in solids can also be achieved without losing spectral explicity. Recent applications, such as elemental analysis of a single egg cell and acquiring elemental, fragmental, and molecular information of chemicals, were given to demonstrate the potential of the new technique. All of these results reveal that LI-O-TOFMS is an advanced tool in the elemental analysis of solids in terms of modern mass spectrometry.     

Structures,energetics, and dynamics of gas phase ions studied by FTICR and HPMS

Both Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICR‐MS) and high‐pressure mass spectrometry (HPMS) are very powerful tools in the field of gas phase ion chemistry. Many experimental method developments based on FTICR‐MS and HPMS are summarized, including the coupling of a high‐pressure external ion source to a FTICR mass spectrometer, blackbody infrared radiative dissociation (BIRD), coupling laser desorption ionization with HPMS, infrared multiple photon dissociation (IRMPD), radiative association and bimolecular routes to gas phase cluster ion formation. An abundance of thermochemical data, such as proton affinities, gas phase acidities, methyl cation affinities and metal cation affinities, have been obtained. Some of these data are the basis of the standard data listed in the NIST thermochemical databases. Ion–molecule interactions, energetics, reactivities, and structures of molecules have been extensively investigated using the methods developed based on HPMS and FTICR mass spectrometric techniques. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., Mass Spec Rev 28:546–585, 2009     

An Installation for Obtaining Intense Flows of Multiply Charged Laser-Plasma Ions Using a Second Laser Beam

The installation described is capable of obtaining intense flows of multiply charged laser-plasma ions and controlling them. The conditions under which the intensity of the flows of multiply charged W ions with Z = 2 or 3 is maximum are determined. In comparison to the intensity of singly charged ion flows, the intensity increases by a factor of two.     

电喷雾萃取电离-串联质谱中N,N-二乙基苯胺类化合物的特征碎裂反应

掌握串联质谱中的裂解反应是深刻理解质谱裂解规律,从而对复杂基体中相关化合物进行快速、精准结构解析的关键。本文以电喷雾萃取电离-串联质谱（EESI-MS/MS）为手段,研究N,N-二乙基苯胺类化合物的串联质谱行为,考察不同的取代基模式对裂解反应的影响,揭示裂解反应机理,总结该类化合物发生裂解反应的特征和基本规律。研究结果不仅丰富了气相离子化学的研究内容,还从根本上降低了检测的假阳性率,为实际样品中相关化合物的结构分析鉴定提供了科学依据。     

在线检测挥发性有机物的质子转移反应飞行时间质谱仪的研制

基于质子转移离子源和飞行时间质谱分析器技术,自主设计和开发了质子转移反应飞行时间质谱仪(PTR-TOF MS)。该仪器主要由空心阴极放电区、质子转移反应管、离子传输区及飞行时间质量分析检测器4部分组成。为了增加离子的传输效率,提高仪器的性能,整个仪器的真空系统采用三级真空设计,分别对应于质子转移反应管、离子传输区和飞行时间质量分析器。离子在离子传输区的运动轨迹通过Simion程序进行了模拟和优化。采用不同浓度的甲苯标准气体对仪器的整体性能进行测试,该仪器的线性动态范围可达3个数量级,检测限可达5×10^-10(甲苯)(S/N=6),分辨率优于4 500。     

A Laser Mass Spectrometer with the Secondary CuBe Emitter for Amplification of Pulses from Multiply Charged Ions of Laser Plasma

A laser mass spectrometer with the secondary CuBe emitter was used to amply weak pulses of multiply charged ions of laser plasma. The use of the secondary emitter helped increase the spectrometer sensitivity by one to two orders of magnitude and detect the pulses of multiply charged ions (Al⁴⁺, Al⁵⁺, and Al⁶⁺) of laser plasma. The pump power density was 50 GW/cm².     

Liquid metal alloy ion source based metal ion injection into a room-temperature electron beam ion source

We have carried out a series of measurements demonstrating the feasibility of using the Dresden electron beam ion source (EBIS)-A, a table-top sized, permanent magnet technology based electron beam ion source, as a charge breeder. Low charged gold ions from an AuGe liquid metal alloy ion source were injected into the EBIS and re-extracted as highly charged ions, thereby producing charge states as high as Au(60 +). The setup, the charge breeding technique, breeding efficiencies as well as acceptance and emittance studies are presented.     

电荷交换反应在双电荷离子质谱研究中的应用

本文综述电荷交换反应的类型、电荷交换反应质谱技术的基本原理及其在双电荷离子质谱研究中的具体应用。     

Generation of an ion beam in a glow-discharge source

A mechanism of ion extraction from a glow-discharge ion source based on a hollow cathode and used for elemental analysis of solids, is considered Experiments have shown that two oppositely directed ion flows are formed from ions produced in the region of negative glow-discharge fluorescence. One flow has an ion energy ≥ 100 eV, is directed to the cathode, and bombards and sputters the analyzed sample. The sputtered atoms diffuse into the negative-glow region and are ionized. The second flow (low-energy ions) is extracted from the same negative-glow region and transported from the cathode to the surface of the anode chamber owing to an ambipolar diffusion. These ions are extracted from a hole in the anode chamber of a standard ion source by an electric field and are used for mass-spectrum analysis. The energy-distribution width for these ions is ∼5 eV. The intensity of the ion beam extracted from the anode hole is an order of magnitude higher than the intensity of the ion beam extracted from the cathode region. Original Russian Text ? G.G. Sikharulidze, 2009, published in Pribory i Tekhnika Eksperimenta, 2009, No. 2, pp. 105–109.     

离子—分子反应及其在质谱分析中的应用

利用离子—分子反应 ,不仅可以提供分子离子峰 ,而且可以提高检测的灵敏度 ,了解分子的结构特征。本文根据离子—分子反应的机理 ,介绍了金属离子的亲和力的测定方法和金属离子在化合物上的加合位点 ,并阐述了离子—分子反应在化学电离质谱 ( CI-MS)、碱金属离子化学电离质谱 ( ACI-MS)、电喷雾电离质谱 ( ESI-MS)、快原子轰击质谱 ( FAB-MS)、以及基质辅助激光解吸电离质谱 ( MALDI-MS)中的应用     

Atmospheric pressure ion sources

This review of atmospheric pressure ion sources discusses major developments that have occurred since 1991. Advances in the instrumentation and understanding of the key physical principles are the primary focus. Developments with electrospray and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization and variations encompassing adaptations for surface analysis, ambient air analysis, high throughput, and modification of the ionization mechanism are covered. An important and limiting consequence of atmospheric pressure chemical ionization, chemical noise, is discussed as is techniques being employed to ameliorate the problem. Ion transfer and transport from atmospheric pressure into deep vacuum is an area undergoing constant improvement and refinement so is given considerable consideration in this review. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., Mass Spec Rev 28:870–897, 2009     

MALDI-MS法中多电荷单体和单电荷多聚体分子离子形成机理的研究之二──负离子质谱的研究

本文通过观察不同样品浓度、不同基体、不同基底所形成MALDI—MS负离子谱图中多电荷单体及单电荷多聚体的情况,了解其形成的规律。实验结果发现随着样品浓度增加,谱图中单电荷多聚体增加;不导电的硝化纤维膜基底比导电良好的银片基底谱图中多电荷离子增加。以上两种现象与正离子谱基本相似。对比α—氰基—4—羟基肉桂酸和阿魏酸两种基体的负离子谱图,发现与正离子谱图相同,在α—氰基—4—羟基肉桂酸谱图中多电荷离子明显多于阿魏酸。对上述实验结果分别就其形成机理作了讨论。     

Cryogenic linear Paul trap for cold highly charged ion experiments

Storage and cooling of highly charged ions require ultra-high vacuum levels obtainable by means of cryogenic methods. We have developed a linear Paul trap operating at 4 K capable of very long ion storage times of about 30 h. A conservative upper bound of the H(2) partial pressure of about 10(-15) mbar (at 4 K) is obtained from this. External ion injection is possible and optimized optical access for lasers is provided, while exposure to black body radiation is minimized. First results of its operation with atomic and molecular ions are presented. An all-solid state laser system at 313 nm has been set up to provide cold Be(+) ions for sympathetic cooling of highly charged ions.