分段变步长MPPT算法在风力发电系统中的应用

针对传统定步长爬山搜索(HCS)法在风力发电系统最大功率跟踪(MPPT)控制过程中的快速性和准确性矛盾,提出了一种基于爬山搜索法和模糊控制的分段变步长MPPT算法.该算法根据发电机P-ω特性曲线对最大功率点(MPP)跟踪过程进行分段,使系统能够根据工作点所在的区域选择合适的跟踪算法和步长完成最大功率跟踪.在Matlab/Simulink中分别对提出的模糊分段变步长算法和传统爬山搜索法进行了仿真.仿真结果表明:所提算法明显地改善了系统跟踪MPP的速度和稳态精度,在MPPT方面明显优于传统的爬山搜索法.     

一种应用于光伏系统的MPPT算法设计及仿真

提出一种依据功率变化大小的变步长扰动观察法,应用于光伏系统的最大功率跟踪(MPPT),并在实现MPPT算法的过程中融入系统不同工作模式下的降额处理方法,并通过仿真验证了此算法的正确性.     

基于灰色预测扰动观察法的MPPT方法研究

为了提高光伏发电系统的输出效率,针对光伏发电现有扰动观察法的不足,提出了基于灰色预测扰动观察法的最大功率点跟踪方法。该控制方法根据负载功率的变化调节DC/DC电路的占空比来实现最大功率点跟踪,即通过建立GM(1,1)模型,对占空比步长数据序列的提取,预测系统未来发展趋势,确定相应的控制决策。在Simulink下进行了系统的建模与仿真,仿真结果表明该算法能快速准确地跟踪太阳能电池最大功率点,可以有效地提高光伏电池的输出效率。     

改进扰动观察法的光伏阵列最大功率点跟踪算法

为了更好地跟踪光伏阵列的最大功率点,分析单个光伏电池的物理特性,建立光伏阵列的Matlab仿真模型,分析光伏阵列随光照温度不同而变化的P-U、U-I特性.针对系统在工作工况发生变化时跟踪情况的不同,对传统的扰动观察法做了变步长的寻优算法,并结合调整策略搭建光伏系统最大功率点跟踪的仿真实验模型.结果表明该算法可以快速准确地跟踪最大功率点,稳态效果好,能够更好地提高光伏发电最大功率点跟踪系统的跟踪性能.     

光伏电池滞环变步长MPPT算法研究

为了提高光伏电池发电效率,在传统MPPT控制方法的基础上提出了基于恒定电压法的变步长滞环控制法,通过分析光伏电池受光照强度的影响和在最大功率点附近的功率特性,确定了电压扰动步长值,并在MATLAB/Simulink仿真平台上建立了MPPT仿真模型,对该算法进行了验证。仿真结果表明,该算法在光照突变时仍能实时地跟踪光伏电池的输出功率,并能有效地抑制在MPP点附近的振荡现象,表现出很好的动态特性,证明了该算法的有效性和正确性。     

双馈风力发电机的最大风能追踪技术研究

如何提高风能的利用率,实现最大功率点追踪(MPPT)成为世界各国研究的热点。变速恒频(VSCF)双馈风力发电机作为当前风力发电的主流机型,对其MPPT研究更具有较强的现实意义。通过对风力机运行特性的分析,结合目前的MPPT控制方式,提出将模糊控制与改进的变步长扰动法结合来实现MPPT,并通过MATLAB仿真验证该策略的有效性及稳定性。     

基于交错Buck变换器的光伏系统MPPT控制

具有最大功率点跟踪(MPPT)功能的控制器常采用单相Buck变换器,输出功率稳定性差;鉴于此,提出将交错并联技术应用于Buck变换器,并以两相交错并联Buck变换器为例进行研究,减小输出电压、电流纹波,提高了输出功率稳定性,有利于实现MPPT控制;然后针对固定步长扰动观察法跟踪速度与精度之间的矛盾,研究了一种自适应变步长的算法,MATLAB仿真结果表明,改进算法具有较好的跟踪速度和稳态性能。     

基于DSP的光伏并网系统MPPT算法研究

介绍了以DSP为主控芯片的光伏并网系统,它能跟踪光伏阵列最大输出功率点,实现光伏阵列和负载优化匹配,使负载获得最大功率。在光伏阵列输出功率最大为跟踪目标的定步长MPPT一阶差分算法的基础上,采用以使负载获得最大功率为跟踪目标的变步长寻优MPPT算法,能够更好地实现最大功率点的跟踪。实验结果表明:该系统能够快速准确地跟踪太阳能电池最大功率点,并自动同步跟踪电网频率和相位,实现并网电流的正弦波形以便与电网电压同频同相馈入电网,提高了系统逆变效率和可靠性。     

基于功率预测的变步长扰动观察法MPPT控制策略研究

针对传统扰动观察法存在步长选择困难和“误判”问题,提出了一种基于功率预测的变步长扰动观察法MPPT复合控制策略。该算法首先通过功率预测法判断扰动的方向,避免“误判”,然后再通过变步长扰动观察法对最大功率点进行精确定位;在Matlab/Simulink平台上搭建MPPT仿真模型,仿真结果表明：该算法在追踪最大功率点过程中,不但具有良好的动态性能,而且有效改善了传统扰动观察法存在的振荡和“误判”问题,对提高太阳能的利用率有一定积极意义。     

基于变步长电导增量的光伏阵列MPPT控制策略的优化

详细分析变步长电导增量MPPT（最大功率点跟踪）的求解过程,得出光伏阵列工作点位置判断的新方法。给出3种变步长策略和两种优化措施,得到一种基于全局变步长电导增量MPPT控制方法,并分析该方法的优点和缺点。仿真结果证明了该优化策略的可行性。     

Intelligent maximum power tracking control of a PMSG wind energy conversion system

A comparative control study for a maximum power tracking strategy of variable speed wind turbine is provided. The system consists of a direct drive permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) and an uncontrolled rectifier followed by a DC/DC switch‐mode step down converter connected to a DC load. The buck converter is used to catch the maximum power from the wind by generating an efficient duty cycle. Distinct Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) algorithms are analyzed and compared: a classical Proportional‐Integral controller (PI) and two based Fuzzy Logic Controllers (FLC), including a conventional Fuzzy‐PI and an Adaptive FLC‐PI. The main aim of the presented study is to develop an advanced control scheme for wind generators to ensure a high level operating of the system and a maximum power extraction from the wind. This is achieved by analyzing the behavior of the system under fluctuating wind conditions employing Matlab Simpower Systems tool. Simulation results confirm that the Adaptive FLC‐PI controller algorithm has better performances in terms of dynamic response and efficiency especially in comparison with the ones of a PI controller under variable wind speed.     

低风速风力机最大风能追踪的互补滑模控制

针对风力机系统在最大功率点跟踪(MPPT)阶段易受风速等不确定因素的影响,为了进一步提高风力机的风能捕获效率,本文在滑模控制的基础上提出了一种互补滑模控制方法.首先,建立了含有干扰项的风力机系统的线性化模型,采用广义滑模面与互补滑模面相结合的方法设计了互补滑模控制器,并在理论上证明了此控制方法能够有效保证风力机转速跟踪误差的收敛性,且能提高转速跟踪精度.其次,采用风力机专业仿真软件FAST对美国可再生能源实验室(NREL)的600 kW风力机进行了仿真实验,结果表明本文所提出的控制方法不但能提高风力机的风能捕获效率,而且能有效减小转速跟踪误差.最后,将本文所提方法与现有常见的几种控制方法相比较发现:风力机系统在互补滑模控制策略下,具有更高的风能捕获效率和更小的转速跟踪误差.     

Sensorless adaptive output feedback control of wind energy systems with PMS generators

This paper addresses the problem of controlling wind energy conversion (WEC) systems involving permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) fed by IGBT-based buck-to-buck rectifier–inverter. The prime control objective is to maximize wind energy extraction which cannot be achieved without letting the wind turbine rotor operate in variable-speed mode. Interestingly, the present study features the achievement of the above energetic goal without resorting to sensors of wind velocity, PMSG speed and load torque. To this end, an adaptive output-feedback control strategy devoid of any mechanical sensor is developed (called sensorless), based on the nonlinear model of the whole controlled system and only using electrical variables measurements. This control strategy involves: (i) a sensorless online reference-speed optimizer designed using the turbine power characteristic to meet the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) requirement; (ii) a nonlinear speed regulator designed by using the backstepping technique; (iii) a sensorless interconnected adaptive state observer providing online estimates of the rotor position as well as speed and load/turbine torque. The proposed output-feedback control strategy is backed by a formal analysis showing that all control objectives are actually achieved. Several simulations show that the control strategy enjoys additional robustness properties.     

An improved model predictive control of low voltage ride through in a permanent magnet synchronous generator in wind turbine systems

This research investigates a wind energy conversion system based on a permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG). In addition, a model predictive control (MPC) is proposed for the PMSG in normal and fault conditions. The most efficient mode of the control algorithm is found for maximum power point tracking in normal conditions and fast dynamic response in fault conditions following the selection of the optimum voltage vector. This method prevents a sudden increase in the DC‐link voltage by storing the active power in the generator rotor inertia. Moreover, during the low voltage, the grid code adoption of the reactive current is injected into the grid side. The performance of the proposed control scheme is evaluated for a wind power generator using MATLAB software. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed method can safeguard the DC‐link during the fault.     

基于极值搜索的光伏电池最大功率点跟踪仿真

针对光伏发电系统中最大功率点跟踪问题,在太阳能电池的数学模型的基础上建立了PV模块的Matlab仿真模型;考虑到了太阳能的波动性和随机性对太阳电池阵列的影响,利用一种基于极值搜索方法的实时MPPT控制原理,控制Buck DC/DC变换电路,结合S函数在Matlab/Simulink环境下建立其动态仿真模型,实现了光伏电池输出的最大功率跟踪;仿真结果表明,该算法具有较好的动态特性和稳态特性,具有一定的实用价值。     

交流励磁变速恒频风力发电系统建模与仿真

引入了交流励磁变速恒频风力发电系统中基于定子磁链和定子电压定向的矢量变换控制技术,以PSCAD/EMTDC为平台,针对整个交流励磁变速恒频风电系统从空气动力学系统到机电、控制系统建立了完整的动态模型,进行了追踪最大风能的变速恒频发电运行及网侧变换器控制的仿真研究,首次考查了以实际风电现场为模型的最大风能追踪效果,仿真结果表明了基于矢量变换控制策略所建立的风电系统可实现有功和无功功率的独立调节,满足变速恒频风力发电和最大风能捕获的需求,且实现了以实际风电现场环境为模型的最大风能追踪控制策略.     

Performance Improvement of Fuel Cells Using Perturbation‐Based Extremum Seeking and Model Reference Adaptive Control

Nowadays, fuel cells (FCs) are considered suitable alternative sources for electrical energy applications. One major challenge encountered in FCs is relevant to the performance of the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) under FC parameter changes and load variations. This challenge is due to the nonlinearity and time‐varying dynamics of FC systems. In this paper, the MPPT is studied in a system composed of a FC and a DC‐DC converter. To improve the performance of the MPPT, application of perturbation‐based extremum seeking (PES) and model reference adaptive control (MRAC) is proposed. This control scheme can efficiently handle the uncertainties in the FC as well as the load, through two control levels. The first level is PES utilized to adjust the duty cycle of the DC‐DC converter; and the second level is MRAC employed to achieve the desired dynamic response. Using the proposed control strategy, design and analysis of the control levels can be realized independently, which results in easy implementation. This is achieved due to considerable differences between the time constants of the control levels. The simulation results are utilized to confirm the effectiveness of the proposed scheme in response to the variations of FC parameters and load. Also, comparative studies with a combination of PES and PID controller are provided in the simulation.     

飞轮电池在离网型风力发电系统中的应用

针对目前风力发电系统中储能装置(蓄电池)寿命短、充放电效率低的问题,提出采用飞轮电池作为储能装置的方案,分析了飞轮电池的d-q模型及其充放电控制策略。在飞轮电池充电控制过程中,采用基于转子磁场定向的矢量控制策略;在放电控制过程中,采用以直流母线电压为控制对象的控制策略。仿真结果表明,采用飞轮电池作为离网型风力发电系统的能量缓冲装置,能够有效稳定离网型风力发电系统的直流母线电压,提高其电能质量和稳定性。     

Variable Parameter Nonlinear Control for Maximum Power Point Tracking Considering Mitigation of Drive-train Load

Since mechanical loads exert a significant influence on the life span of wind turbines, the reduction of transient load on drive-train shaft has received more attention when implementing a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) controller. Moreover, a trade-off between the efficiency of wind energy extraction and the load level of drive-train shaft becomes a key issue. However, for the existing control strategies based on nonlinear model of wind turbines, the MPPT efficiencies are improved at the cost of the intensive fluctuation of generator torque and significant increase of transient load on drive train shaft. Hence, in this paper, a nonlinear controller with variable parameter is proposed for improving MPPT efficiency and mitigating transient load on drive-train simultaneously. Then, simulations on FAST (Fatigue, Aerodynamics, Structures, and Turbulence) code and experiments on the wind turbine simulator (WTS) based test bench are presented to verify the efficiency improvement of the proposed control strategy with less cost of drive-train load.      

A second-order sliding mode and fuzzy logic control to optimal energy management in wind turbine with battery storage

The optimal control of large-scale wind turbine has become a critical issue for the development of renewable energy systems and their integration into the power grid to provide reliable, secure and efficient electricity, despite any possible constraints such as sudden changes in wind speed. This paper deals with the modeling and control of a hybrid system integrating a permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) in variable speed wind turbine (VSWT) and batteries as energy storage system (BESS). Moreover a new supervisory control system for the optimal management and robust operation of a VSWT and a BESS is described and evaluated by simulation under wind speed variation and grid demand changes. In this way, the proposed coordinated controller has three subsystems (generator side, BESS side and grid side converters). The main function of the first one is to extract the maximum wind power through controlling the rotational speed of the PMSG, for this a maximum power point tracking algorithm based on fuzzy logic control and a second-order sliding mode control (SOSMC) theory is designed. The task of the second one is to maintain the required direct current (DC) link voltage level of the PMSG through a bidirectional DC/DC converter, whereas in the last, a (SOSMC) is investigated to achieve smooth regulation of grid active and reactive powers quantities, which provides better results in terms of attenuation of the harmonics present in the grid courant compared with the conventional first-order sliding controller. Extensive simulation studies under different conditions are carried out in MATLAB/Simulink, and the results confirm the effectiveness of the new supervisory control system.