实变型细支气管肺泡癌的CT表现及病理基础

目的:探讨实变型细支气管肺泡癌(BAC)的CT表现特点。方法:对13例经病理证实的实变型BAC的CT征像及其病理特征进行回顾性分析。结果:13例中,单发肺叶实变8例,多发肺叶或肺段实变3例,单发肺段实变2例;实变肺密度低于心肌8例,伴见血管造影征或血管高密度征7例、支气管气像征9例伴枯树枝征6例;实变肺周见蜂窝肺征9例,磨玻璃征7例,多发小结节2例;少量胸水1例,肺门淋巴结肿大及肺气囊腔各1例。13例中9例CT首诊误诊为肺炎,4例正确诊断。结论:实变肺密度低、蜂窝肺征、血管造影征尤其是血管高密度征、枯树枝征及多发腺泡结节是实变型BAC的主要CT表现特点;磨玻璃影是早期表现,但特异性不大;CT引导肺穿刺活检是较理想的确诊手段。     

细支气管肺泡癌的CT分型及其临床意义

目的 评价细支气管肺泡癌（BAC）的CT分型及其临床意义。资料与方法 搜集经病理证实的BAC43例。按CT和HRCT的表现形式将其分为局限型和弥漫型,并分析局限型和弥漫型BAC的临床表现、CT特征、治疗方案和预后等特点。结果 （1）局限型26例。呈胸膜下区分布,含磨玻璃密度结节和实性密度结节,有分叶、毛刺、胸膜凹陷征、空泡征和细支气管充气征等。临床无症状者17例,咳嗽、痰中带血和胸痛9例。26例进行根治性肺叶切除,术后随访18例,其中死亡7例,生存期16～38个月,平均27．7个月。（2）弥漫型17例。肺实变16例,2个孤立病灶位于2个肺叶1例。实变内见“枯树枝征”11例,“峰窝征”4例,叶间裂膨隆7例;磨玻璃密度影12例,腺泡结节14例,分布于实变影的边缘和／或非实变的肺叶。4例X线胸片仅显示实变病灶而没有显示远离实变区的结节。咳嗽11例,咯大量泡沫痰8例,伴痰中带血3例;憋气7例。肺叶根治性切除3例。随访17例,死亡12例,生存期2～13个月,平均6．1个月。结论 根据CT和HRCT表现,BAC可分为局限型和弥漫型。两型BAC的临床表现、治疗方案和预后皆不同。     

支气管侵袭性肺曲菌病HRCT诊断

目的 回顾性分析支气管侵袭性肺曲菌病的高分辨率CT(HRCT)表现,探讨HRCT在该病诊断中的价值.方法 收集30例经纤维支气管镜活检、CT导引下穿刺活检或痰培养证实的支气管侵袭性肺曲菌病的临床资料及影像学资料,所有HRCT图像均经2位经验丰富的胸部影像学主任医师阅片并分析总结其征象.结果 30例患者,19例具有多种CT征象,其中树芽征8例,支气管狭窄6例,支气管扩张8例,磨玻璃样密度灶(GGO)8例,腺泡结节10例,结节灶12例,腺泡结节灶伴有晕征4例,结节灶伴有晕征9例,空洞10例.11例具有单一CT征象,树芽征2例,支气管扩张2例,GGO 1例,腺泡结节2例,结节灶伴有晕征2例,空洞2例.30例病例中各征象出现率为:树芽征33.3%,支气管狭窄20%,支气管扩张33.3%,磨玻璃影30%,腺泡结节40%,结节灶46.6%,晕征53.3%,空洞40%.结论 支气管侵袭性肺曲菌病HRCT的主要征象是树芽征、支气管管腔狭窄或扩张,肺内见磨玻璃影、腺泡结节、结节灶,空洞,结节及空洞周围有晕征.支气管扩张合并树芽征、腺泡结节及晕征对诊断本病具有较高的特异性.     

弥漫型肺泡癌的高分辨CT特征分析

目的 :回顾性分析弥漫型肺泡癌的高分辨CT(HRCT)表现特征。方法 :总结 12例经临床和病理证实的弥漫型肺泡癌HRCT表现。结果 :12例弥漫型肺泡癌可见磨玻璃影者 11例 ,实变 9例 ,多发结节 7例 ,“碎石路样”表现者 2例 ,其中 11例为混合表现。 6例有支气管气像 ,9例病变呈均匀或不均匀低密度 ,2例出现“血管造影征” ,2例伴少量胸腔积液 ,1例纵隔淋巴结肿大。结论 :弥漫型肺泡癌的HRCT表现多种多样 ,最常见的表现是多发结节、实变和磨玻璃影的混合影。HRCT片上出现实变和结节共存、伴磨玻璃影的小叶中心结节和远离实变的磨玻璃影时 ,则强烈提示弥漫型肺泡癌。     

肺泡蛋白沉积症的HRCT诊断

目的:探讨肺泡蛋白沉积症(PAP)的HRCT表现及诊断价值。材料和方法:回顾性分析经病理证实的18例PAP的临床和X线胸片、普通CT和HRCT表现。结果:X线表现:自肺门向外放射的“蝶翼征”8例、两肺广泛片影6例和密布的小结节影4例。普通CT表现为片影和磨玻璃影7例和粟粒小结节影3例。胸部HRCT表现为两肺弥漫性斑片影、磨玻璃影6例,“地图样”改变3例、“铺路石样”改变5例、“蜂房征”2例和实变区见“空气支气管征”4例。结论:HRCT表现的“地图样”分布,“铺路石征”及“空气支气管征”具有特征性,对PAP的诊断和预后具有重要应用价值。     

肺炎型肺癌的CT诊断与鉴别诊断

 目的 分析肺炎型肺癌的CT表现,并探讨需要与肺炎型肺癌鉴别的相关疾病。方法 回顾性分析17例经皮穿刺活检、纤维支气管镜、痰脱落细胞学检查及手术证实的肺炎型肺癌的CT表现。结果 17例肺炎型肺癌中腺癌14例,腺鳞癌2例,细支气管肺泡癌1例。CT表现包括磨玻璃密度13例,小结节影15例,实变影17例,支气管充气征16例,枯枝征14例,血管造影征12例,胸膜牵拉增厚或叶间裂膨隆16例,空泡征13例,蜂窝征5例,铺路石征9例,肺门和(或)纵隔淋巴结大13例,骨质破坏4例,胸腔积液11例。12例CT增强扫描的患者中7例呈明显强化(CT值增加大于30 Hu),5例呈轻度强化。结论 当CT表现有磨玻璃征、多发结节、枯枝征、空泡及蜂窝征、铺路石征、临近纵隔胸膜增厚,增强后实变区较明显强化和轻度强化并见血管造影征,呈外周分布,结合临床有刺激性咳嗽、咳大量白色黏液痰、痰中带血,以及肿瘤标志物升高时,高度提示肺炎型肺癌。     

肺炎型肺泡癌增强 CT 扫描及CT 导引下活检的临床应用

目的：探讨肺炎型肺泡癌(BAC)的 CT 表现特点及 CT 导引穿刺活检的应用价值。方法回顾分析病理证实的14例肺炎型 BAC 的影像学特征。结果14例肺炎型 BAC 中,实变肺组织内支气管充气征10例(71.4%),实变肺组织内蜂房状气腔或空洞征5例(35.7%),实变区周围呈现磨玻璃密度影及多发结节影5例(35.7%)；增强 CT 扫描实变区可见混杂的低密度区内血管造影征11例(78.6%),平均达峰时间为90 s,时间-密度曲线呈速升缓降型9例(64.2%)。结论CT 平扫表现肺段、叶性实变区内蜂窝状气腔及空洞、血管造影征、枯树枝征及周围多发腺泡结节及磨玻璃密度区、增强扫描实变区可见血管造影征,时间-密度曲线呈速升缓降型是肺炎型 BAC 的主要特点；CT 引导肺穿刺活检是较理想的确诊手段,二者结合可以大大提高早期诊断率。     

百草枯中毒肺损害的X线与CT表现(附14例报告)

目的：提高对百草枯中毒肺损害的X线与CT表现的认识。方法：14例百草枯中毒患者摄胸片，并行CT扫描，随访9例(胸片4例，CT/HRCT 5例)。结果：中毒后第1周：两肺纹理增多、模糊10例，伴两肺散在磨玻璃影3例，两中下肺小斑片状实变2例。第2～3周：显示磨玻璃影5例，实变3例，肺不张1例，其中伴有两侧少量胸腔积液2例、牵引性细支气管扩张1例。第4～5周：肺实变中含有牵引性细支气管扩张2例，局灶性蜂窝1例。第7周：1例CT(含HRCT)显示磨玻璃影与实变影较前缩小，肺纤维化改变明显，并有心脏轻度增大、纵隔气肿等。结论：胸片、CT尤其是HRCT能很好显示百草枯中毒肺纤维化的病理演变过程，有助于判断其临床阶段，帮助决定临床治疗过程。     

肺泡蛋白沉积症的HRCT表现及诊断价值

目的:探讨肺泡蛋白沉积症(PAP)的HRCT表现及诊断价值.方法:回顾性分析经病理证实的13例PAP的临床和X线胸片、普通CT和HRCT表现.结果:X线表现:自肺门向外放射的"蝶翼征"6例、两肺广泛片影4例和密布的小结节影3例.普通CT表现为片影和磨玻璃影5例和粟粒小结节影3例.胸部HRCT表现为两肺弥漫性斑片影、磨玻璃影4例,"地图样"改变2例、"铺路石样"改变3例、"蜂房征"2例和实变区见"空气支气管征"4例.结论:HRCT表现的"地图样"分布,"铺路石征"及"空气支气管征"具有特征性,对PAP的诊断和预后具有重要应用价值.     

Goodpasture综合征的HRCT诊断

目的 探讨Goodpasture综合征的高分辨率CT(HRCT)影像学表现及随访变化特点.方法 回顾性分析本院15例经临床确诊的Goodpasture综合征患者的HRCT表现及随访复查情况.分别记录病变范围、形态及动态变化情况.结果 病变累及2叶1例,累及3叶2例,累及4叶5例,累及5个肺叶7例.右肺上叶最易受累.双侧以肺门为中心分布实变伴边缘磨玻璃密度影(GGO)7例,5例呈双肺弥漫分布GGO.病变实变区短期复查呈GGO改变,GGO能短期吸收.结论 咯血并贫血患者,双肺多叶的肺内实变混杂GGO,不累及肺尖及肺外带胸膜下是Goodpasture综合征的特征性表现.HRCT是Goodpasture综合征诊断和疗效观察的有效手段.     

The acutely limping child

Acute limping may be the result of multiple pathologies in children. The differential diagnosis varies based on the age of the child. Irrespective of age, the initial imaging work-up includes AP and frog leg radiographs of the pelvis and ultrasound; MRI may sometimes be helpful. In children less than 3 years, infections and trauma are most frequent. MRI is the imaging modality of choice when osteomyelitis is clinically suspected. Between the ages of 3 and 10 years, transient synovitis of the hip and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease are main considerations but infection, inflammation and focal bony lesions are also considered. In children over 10 years, slipped capital femoral epiphysis also is considered.     

High Intensity Interval Training:New Insights

KEY POINTS ·High-intensity interval training(HIT)is characterized by repeated sessions of relatively brief，intermittent exercise.often performed with an“a11 out”effort or at an intensity close to that which elicits peak oxygen uptake(i.e.，≥90%of VO2 peak).     

Developmental validation of the PowerPlex(®) ESI 16 and PowerPlex(®) ESI 17 Systems: STR multiplexes for the new European standard

In response to the ENFSI and EDNAP groups’ call for new STR multiplexes for Europe, Promega^® developed a suite of four new DNA profiling kits. This paper describes the developmental validation study performed on the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 (European Standard Investigator 16) and the PowerPlex^® ESI 17 Systems. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System combines the 11 loci compatible with the UK National DNA Database^®, contained within the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® PCR Amplification Kit, with five additional loci: D2S441, D10S1248, D22S1045, D1S1656 and D12S391. The multiplex was designed to reduce the amplicon size of the loci found in the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. This design facilitates increased robustness and amplification success for the loci used in the national DNA databases created in many countries, when analyzing degraded DNA samples. The PowerPlex^® ESI 17 System amplifies the same loci as the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System, but with the addition of a primer pair for the SE33 locus. Tests were designed to address the developmental validation guidelines issued by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM), and those of the DNA Advisory Board (DAB). Samples processed include DNA mixtures, PCR reactions spiked with inhibitors, a sensitivity series, and 306 United Kingdom donor samples to determine concordance with data generated with the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. Allele frequencies from 242 white Caucasian samples collected in the United Kingdom are also presented. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 and ESI 17 Systems are robust and sensitive tools, suitable for the analysis of forensic DNA samples. Full profiles were routinely observed with 62.5 pg of a fully heterozygous single source DNA template. This high level of sensitivity was found to impact on mixture analyses, where 54–86% of unique minor contributor alleles were routinely observed in a 1:19 mixture ratio. Improved sensitivity combined with the robustness afforded by smaller amplicons has substantially improved the quantity of data obtained from degraded samples, and the improved chemistry confers exceptional tolerance to high levels of laboratory prepared inhibitors.     

Bronchial stump fistula :treatment with covered retrievable hinged metallic stents-preliminary clinical experience

Objective To evaluate the preliminaily clinical efficacy and retrievability of a retrievable hinged covered metallic stent in the treatment of the bronchial stump fistula （BSF）. Methods Between April 2003 and March 2005, 8 patients with bronchial stump fistula after pneumonectomy or lobectomy were treated with two types （A and B） of retrievable hinged covered metallic stents. Type A stent was placed in 6 patients and type B in 2 under fluoroscopic guidance. The stent was removed with a retrieval set when BSF was healed or complications occurred. Results Stent placement in the bronchial tree was technically successful in all patients, without procedure-related complications. Immediate closure of the BSF was achieved in all patients after the procedure. Stents were removed from all patients but one. Removal of the stents was difficult in two patients due to tissue hyperplasia. Patients were followed up for 6 - 21 months. Placement of the stents remained stable in all patients except one due to severe cough. Permanent closure of BSF was achieved in 7 （87.5%） of 8 patients. Conclusion Use of a retrievable hinged covered expandable metallic stent is a simple, safe, and effective procedure for closure of the BSF. Retrieval of the stent seems to be feasible. （J Intervent Radiol, 2007, 16： 253-257）     

Die rechtsmedizinische Identifizierung — Bedeutung und Beweiswert —

Zusammenfassung Bei der rechtsmedizinischen Identifizierung kann die Identität im strengen Sinn allenfalls bei lebenden Personen festgestellt werden; sonst läßt sich nur von Teilen auf das Ganze (vom Untersuchungsobjekt auf die Person) schließen, wobei die verschiedenen Merkmale des Untersuchungsobjektes entsprechend der Hdufigkeit ihres Vorkommens eine unterschiedliche Beweiskraft haben. Bei der Schädelidentifizierung mit Hilfe moderner photographischer oder elektronischer Superprojektionsverfahren ergeben sich unter Berücksichtigung der Weichteildicken so viele (fiktive) Vergleichspunkte, daß bei geeignetem Vergleichsmaterial (Photographien) Identität wegen der Vielzahl übereinstimmender Bezugspunkte in den meisten Fällen evident ist.     

Imaging of abdominal nodal spread in malignant disease

This is a review of the role of imaging procedures for the assessment of abdominal and pelvic lymph nodes. The diagnosis of malignant lymphatic spread is rarely the sole purpose of imaging, because it is usually part of a general abdominal examination, most frequently with CT or US, or increasingly with MRI. These studies are often requested in order to obtain information about the situation to be encountered during surgery, or to alert the surgeon to irresectability or to unexpected metastases outside the initially planned area of exploration. In most surgically treated tumours the role of imaging for preoperative staging is limited, due either to its insufficient sensitivity or because the initial treatment is independent of the lymph node stage. Imaging is commonly used to verify treatment response to chemo- or radiotherapy and for follow-up.Correspondence to: S. Delorme     

改进的定位技术在胸部肿瘤穿刺活检中的应用

目的：探索CT-SIM三维定位系统、体模固定技术和PET-CT融合影像导引定位技术在胸部肿瘤经皮穿刺活检中的应用价值。方法：对380例胸部肿瘤患者行改进的CT定位技术下的经皮穿刺活检术。根据肿瘤的大小、深度、毗邻关系、活动度以及患者的心肺功能状态,综合运用CT-SIM系统、体模固定技术和PET-CT融合影像导引技术,为患者进行穿刺前定位。统计穿刺定位时间长度、成功率、确诊率、并发症发生情况,并与210例采用传统铅栅定位下胸部肿瘤穿刺活检的相应资料进行比较。结果：采用改进的CT定位技术的380例患者穿刺定位精确,平均定位时间（9.5 min）较传统方法（16.8 min）缩短7.3 min,活检成功率和确诊率分别是98.7%和95.3%,高于传统定位方法的93.3%和83.3%,两者差异均具有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。穿刺并发症发生率相似,气胸发生率分别为2.8%和2.9%,咯血发生率分别为11%和12.8%。结论：根据患者状态及肿瘤特点,在CT-SIM系统快速精确定位技术的基础上,综合运用体模固定技术和PET-CT融合影像导引技术,能显著缩短经皮穿刺活检的定位时间,提高活检成功率。