EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF EFFECTS OF AIR CONTENT ON CAVITATION AND PRESSURE FLUCTUATIONS

This article studies the effects of air content on propeller cavitation and pressure fluctuations. The cavitation is observed while the pressure fluctuations on the hull are measured. When adjusting the air content, the sheet cavitation range does not change distinctly, but the pressure fluctuations see obvious differences. The amplitudes of the pressure fluctuations increase with the decrease of the air content. The results indicate that the air content has little effect on the sheet cavitation range but has an important effect on the bubble cavitation and the tip vortex cavitation. When the air content decreases, the water tensile force increases, which results in the instability of the bubble cavitation and the tip vortex cavitation and the increase of the pressure fluctuations. To minimize the scale effects, the experiments should be run at a high Reynolds number with a high nuclei content. The high Reynolds number is often realized by increasing the flow velocity and the propeller rotation speed, and the high nuclei content is often made by increasing the dissolved air content.     

交错气泡运动特性数值模拟研究

为了进一步探讨交错气泡运动形变特征及运动过程,采用Open FOAM开源计算流体力学软件,利用VOF方法,对三维两气泡在不同间距及偏移距离时的上升运动行为进行模拟,研究气泡间距及偏移距离对流场、速度场及气泡形态等的影响。结果表明:在两气泡运动至聚并为一个气泡前,两气泡两侧存在4个大小不一的旋涡,下气泡左侧旋涡影响范围较小;两气泡聚并为一个气泡后,该一个气泡两侧形成2个大旋涡并随着偏移距离增大,左侧旋涡影响的范围也越大。两气泡的间距及偏移距离影响着气泡上升及聚并过程中的气泡形态。气泡间距一定时,下方气泡偏移距离越大,两个气泡顶部速度增幅越小。     

孔口出流气泡运动特性数值模拟

为了研究连续供气条件下,气泡运动特性与孔口进气速度、孔口直径的关系,对孔口出流气泡在静水中上升运动过程进行了研究,采用OpenFoam开源程序计算得到的静水中气泡上升运动模拟结果与试验结果吻合较好。通过改变孔口进气速度、孔口直径,分析了气泡的脱离时间和脱离直径,对比了初始球型气泡与孔口出流气泡的上升运动差异,提出可将相对速度B用于描述初始气泡终速度与孔口进气速度的关系,并采用不同无量纲参数对气泡运动相对速度进行了预测。结果表明:We数及Re数对气泡运动相对速度B的预测效果较好,气泡初始状态对气泡运动轨迹影响较大。研究成果进一步丰富了气泡运动相关领域的成果,为下一步精细刻画气泡复杂运动开创了思路。     

Effects of surfactant on bubble hydrodynamic behavior under flotation-related conditions in wastewater

Bubble behavior is fundamental to the performance of froth flotation operations used in wastewater treatment processes. To fully understand and characterize bubble behavior under flotation-related conditions in wastewater, the high-speed photographic method has been employed to examine the motion of single bubbles and size distribution of bubble swarms with intermediate sizes ranging from 1 to 4 mm in the presence of surfactants in a laboratory scale flotation column. Both distilled water and synthetic municipal wastewater have been used to make solutions as well as two types of common surfactants. The instantaneous bubble motion has been recorded by a high speed camera. Subsequently, bubble trajectory, dimensions, velocity and distribution have been determined from the recorded frames using the image analysis software. The experimental results show that the addition of surfactant into wastewater has similar effects on bubble hydrodynamic behavior as in pure water (e.g., improving trajectory stabilization, dampening bubble deformation, slowing down terminal velocity, reducing bubble size and increasing the specific surface area of bubble swarm) due to the Marangoni effect. However, it is interesting to note that surfactant effects on single bubble hydrodynamics in wastewater are slightly stronger than those in pure water while surfactant effects on size parameters of bubble swarms in wastewater are significantly stronger than those in pure water. This finding suggests that besides surfactant, inorganic salts present in synthetic wastewater have an important influence on bubble dispersion.     

Numerical analysis of cavitation cloud shedding in a submerged water jet

Focused on the unsteady behavior of high-speed water jets with intensive cavitation a numerical analysis is performed by applying a practical compressible mixture flow bubble cavitation model with a simplified estimation of bubble radius. The mean flow of two-phase mixture is calculated by unsteady Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes(URANS) for compressible flow and the intensity of cavitation in a local field is evaluated by the volume fraction of gas bubbles whose radius is estimated with a simplified RayleighPlesset equation according to pressure variation of the mean flow field. High-speed submerged water jet issuing from a sheathed sharp-edge orifice nozzle is treated. The periodically shedding of cavitation clouds is captured in a certain reliability compared to experiment data of visualization observation and the capability to capture the unsteadily shedding of cavitation clouds is demonstrated. The results demonstrate that cavitation takes place near the entrance of nozzle throat and cavitation cloud expands consequentially while flowing downstream. Developed bubble clouds break up near the nozzle exit and shed downstream periodically along the shear layer. Under the effect of cavitation bubbles the decay of core velocity is delayed compared to the case of no-cavitation jet.     

EFFECT OF A PROPELLER AND GAS DIFFUSION ON BUBBLE NUCLEI DISTRIBUTION IN A LIQUID

A multi-bubble dynamics code accounting for gas diffusion in the liquid and through the bubble wall was developed and used to study the modification of a bubble nuclei population dynamics by a propeller.The propeller flow field was obtained using a Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes(RANS) solver and bubble nuclei populations were propagated in this field.The numerical pro-cedure enabled establishment of the possibility of production behind the propeller of relatively large visible bubbles starting from typical ocean nuclei size distributions.The resulting larger bubbles are seen to cluster in the blade wakes and tip vortices.Parametric investigations of the initial nuclei size distribution,the dissolved gas concentration,and the cavitation number were conducted to ide-ntify their effects on bubble entrainment and the resultant void fractions and bubble distribution modifications downstream from the propeller.Imposed synthetic turbulence-like fluctuations unto the average RANS flow field were also used to study the effect avera-ging in the RANS procedure has on the results.     

气泡浮子法测量流速的研究

文章研究了温度对不同直径的气泡在水中运动的影响,计算了不同流态、不同形状的气泡在不同温度中上升的最终速度,并进行了气泡上升速度对温度的敏感性分析。通过实验验证了气泡在静水中运动规律,给出了测量流速的气泡发生器装置图以及气泡发生器产生的适宜的气流和出气针头。测定了不同直径下气泡上升的最终速度并与理论值进行了比较,结果表明：在4mm以下和理论分析结果比较吻合,建议实际测量时气泡直径最好控制在4mm以下。     

稀疏气泡流动的粒子跟踪测速技术研究

采用动态阈值技术实现了对气泡图像的正确分割，利用灰度加权方法提高了气泡颗粒的定位精度。根据稀疏气泡流动图像的特点，提出了一种新的基于相关的粒子跟踪测速算法（2-HPTV）。通过进行两时刻中围绕待研究气泡所取的两个小的诊断窗口的相关运算，成功实现了气泡颗粒的轨迹追踪。实验表明本文算法较传统的PIV技术在测速精度上有很大程度的提高，与4帧粒子跟踪测速算法相比，降低了对摄像机帧频的要求，具有较强的实用性。     

水中气泡溃灭的理论与数值研究

从理论和数值两个方面研究了单个气泡在自由流场中的溃灭.采用Rayleigh方程推导出一个新的球形气泡演变的解析解.基于流体体积法( VOF),在考虑表面张力、粘度和可压缩性效应的情况下,对单个纯气体泡的运动进行了三维模拟.在第一次溃灭阶段,气泡体积演变的数值结果与解析解保持一致. 数值结果表明气泡体积到达最小值后开始回弹,气泡的形状、速度场和压力场在回弹点附近发生剧烈变化.     

High-speed experimental photography of collapsing cavitation bubble between a spherical particle and a rigid wall

The synergetic effects between cavitation bubbles and silt particles on the damages of materials are essential problems in fluid machineries. For studying the underlying microscopic mechanisms, in the present paper, the dynamic behaviors of a single cavitation bubble between a spherical particle and a rigid wall are experimentally investigated with a high-speed camera. The results indicate that the existence of the particle can affect the bubble shape during collapse and significantly accelerate the collapse velocity of the bubble. The influences of the particle size, the distance between the bubble and the particle and the distance between the bubble and the rigid wall on the phenomena are qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed. These parameters can prominently affect the collapse velocity of the bubble(especially its maximum value).     

MEASUREMENT OF BUBBLE-BUBBLE INTERACTION DEPENDED ON REYNOLDS NUMBER USING STEREOSCOPIC BUBBLE-TRACKING TECHNIQUE

1.　INTRODUCTIONBubble and bubblyflowsplaya significant rolein many industrial processes, such as chemicalplants, bio reactors, nuclear power plants, bubble driven circulation systems used in metal processingoperation for steel making, ladle metallurgy andthe secondary refining of aluminum and copper.Air bubbles near a free surface or cavitation bub bles can be used in naval applications. It is alsoknown that micro bubbles have a potential to re strict the frictio…     

平口管口处气泡行为特征数值模拟

为研究平口管口处单个气泡行为特征,采用流体体积模型(Volume of Fluid, VOF)方法,数值模拟研究气泡的膨胀脱离过程,对比分析了浸没方式、管径、气体速度、液体密度和表面张力对气泡膨胀脱离时间和脱离直径的影响规律。研究结果表明:在3种不同管口浸没方式下,气泡膨胀脱离时间均随管口气体速度增大而降低,但降低速率逐渐减小;在底部和顶部浸没方式下,气泡膨胀脱离时间和脱离直径随表面张力增大而增加,随液体密度增大而降低;对于侧面浸没方式,气泡膨胀脱离时间和脱离直径随表面张力增大整体呈上升趋势,而受液体密度影响不大。气泡膨胀脱离时间与气泡脱离直径呈正相关。所建立的数学模型能够真实地模拟气泡形成及运动特征,从而提供一个有效的研究方法。     

Effect of bubble flow velocity on drag-force and shear stress working on submerged hollow fibre membrane.

This study is aimed at elucidating the mechanism by which rising air bubbles induce shear stress on hollow fibre membrane surfaces. Shear stress on hollow fibre membrane surfaces (laterally-set and vertically-set) caused by aeration was measured directly using a two-direction load sensor. In the laterally-set hollow fibre module, time-averaged upward-direction shear stress on the membrane surface was compared to theoretical shear stress values considering the effect of water flow on membrane surface. Measured time-average shear stress values were almost 200 times larger than theoretical values implying strong interactions between bubbles and solid surface. In the vertically-set membrane module, velocity measurement of bubble flow using laser Doppler velocimeter revealed that drag force working on membrane surface was closely related to upward-direction water velocity. Also fluctuation of drag force and shear force on membrane surface was found to be related to velocity fluctuation (turbulence).     

Numerical investigation of the time-resolved bubble cluster dynamics by using the interface capturing method of multiphase flow approach

The present paper proposes a multiphase flow approach for capturing the time-resolved collapse course of bubble clusters in various geometrical configurations.The simulation method is first verified by computing the dynamic behavior of an isolated vapor bubble placed in a uniform ambient pressure.The comparison between the numerical result and the theoretical solution indicates that the method can accurately capture the bubble shape,the characteristic time and the extremely high pressure induced by the collapse.Then the simulation method is applied to investigate the behavior of two kinds of bubble clusters in hexagonal and cubic geometrical configurations.The predicted collapsing sequence and the shape characteristics of the bubbles are generally in agreement with the experimental results.The bubbles transform and break from the outer layer toward the inner layers.In each layer,the bubbles on the corner first change into a pea shape and cave before collapsing,then the bubbles on the sides begin to shrink.It is also found that,in comparison with the case of an isolated single bubble,the central bubble in the cluster always contracts more slowly at the early stage and collapses more violently at the final stage.     

静水中气泡上升规律的研究和实验

研究了温度对不同直径的气泡在水中运动的影响,计算了不同流态、不同形状的气泡在不同温度中上升的最终速度,并进行了气泡上升速度对温度的敏感性分析。结合实验,理论值与实验值相对比,验证了气泡在静水中运动规律。介绍了测量流速的气泡发生器装置以及气泡发生器产生的适宜的气流和合适的针头。     

环状气泡动力学数值模型

本文假设气泡运动过程中流场是无旋、不可压缩的理想流体,运用势流理论导出气泡边界面运动的控制方程,建立气泡动力学模型,用边界积分法求解得到气泡等边界的变形及位置.在环状气泡阶段,本文在前人研究成果的基础上分别建立了轴对称涡面模型、轴对称涡环模型以及三维涡环气泡模型.对比不同模型的优缺点及其适用范围,总结了环状气泡模型建立的详细步骤及其必须注意的关键技术,并开发了相应的程序.运用不同模型模拟重力场中气泡的运动,并进行讨论.最后计算了流场中滞后流的速度以及压力随时间的变化,得到一些有规律性的曲线,旨在为相关环状气泡动态特性研究提供参考.     

掺气减蚀研究的新方向

利用针式掺气流速仪测量掺气浓度场、流速场，气泡尺寸及其概率分布的研究成果表明，原型水流韦伯数高，形成微小气泡的能力比模型强，气泡上浮慢，接近底部的小尺寸气泡概率及掺气浓度比模型大，0．2mm或0．5mm以下的微小气泡可能在掺气减蚀中起着主要作用，完善掺气检测仪器，加强掺气水流中气泡尺寸及其概率分布的观测，比较不同气泡尺寸的掺气减蚀作用，建立多级气泡尺寸的掺气水流数学模型，是今后掺气减蚀研究的新方向。     

气泡在波浪中运动的实验研究

本文对气泡在波浪中的运动进行了实验研究，得到了气泡在波浪中运动的平均上升速度及上升运动轨迹，并同理论进行了比较。发现当气泡直径小于１ｍｍ时，气泡在波浪中的平均上升速度与静水中的稳定上升速度基本一致，波浪的影响很小，且是随机的。当气泡直径大于１ｍｍ时，气泡在波浪中的平均上升速度不再随直径增大而增大，而是趋向于某一定值。这与气泡在静水中稳定上升速度的变化趋势是一致的。当气泡直径小于１ｍｍ且气泡到液面的     

LES NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF CAVITATION BUBBLE SHEDDING ON ALE 25 AND ALE 15 HYDROFOILS

A cavitation calculation scheme is developed and applied to ALE 15 and ALE 25 hydrofoils, based on the Bubble Two-phase Flow (BTF) cavity model with a Large Eddy Simulation (LES) methodology. The Navier-Stokes equations including cavitation bubble clusters are solved through the finite-volume approach with a time-marching scheme. Simulations are carried out in a 3-D field with a hydrofoil ALE 15 or ALE 25 at an angle of attack of 8° and cavitation number σ = 2.3 with a 2 × 10⁶, meshing system. With the time-marching, the cavitation bubble gradually grows to a steady lump shape and then produces an irregular small bubble behind the main cavitation bubble, finally shedding from the leading edge of the cloud cavitation structure. The calculated results including velocity field and pressure field are consistent with experiment data at the same Reynolds number and cavitation number. The vortex and reverse flow are observed on the hydrofoil surface.     

A HIGH-SPEED PHOTOGRAPHIC STUDY OF ULTRASONIC CAVITATION NEAR RIGID BOUNDARY

This article investigated an existing steady pattern of collapse and rebound （disintegration and aggregation） of cavitation bubbles near rigid boundary in acoustic field. A deformation process of cavitation bubble was accomplished in two acoustic cycles, namely, a spherical bubble collapsed towards the boundary to its minimum volume and then rebounded and grew into a toroidal bubble （or two individual bubbles） in one acoustic cycle, and the toroidal bubble （or two individual bubbles） collapsed towards the center of ring to its minimum volume, and then rebounded into a spherical bubble in the next acoustic cycle. Inertia force plays a key role in the transition between these two states. The microjet produced during the collapse of spherical bubble and the shock wave produced during the collapse of toroidal bubble （or two individual bubbles） impacts the boundary alternately. A cavitation bubble operating in this pattena can thus be an effective corrosion mechanism of rigid boundary.