湿热和韧化处理对荞麦淀粉结构及消化特性的影响

为研究湿热和韧化改性荞麦淀粉的消化机制,分别在体系水分含量为15%、20%、25%、30%,温度为100℃的条件和料液比为1:5,体系温度为30℃、40℃、50℃、60℃对荞麦淀粉进行湿热和韧化处理,测定了湿热和韧化处理前后荞麦淀粉的理化性质和消化特性。结果表明：湿热和韧化处理并未改变荞麦淀粉原有的A-型结晶结构,但淀粉的糊化焓显著降低,从7.96J/g分别降低到6.68J/g和2.77J/g。微观结构表明,淀粉颗粒表面出现裂痕和凹陷。同时,经过湿热和韧化处理后的荞麦淀粉中慢消化淀粉（SDS）和抗性淀粉（RS）含量出现不同程度的改变,表现为湿热处理过程中SDS含量增加（HMT-25,HMT-30除外）,RS含量减少,而韧化处理只有（ANN-50）提高了RS的含量,SDS含量也出现了增加（ANN-40,ANN-60除外）。结论：荞麦淀粉可以通过湿热和韧化改变理化结构从而改变消化速率。     

湿热和韧化处理对莜麦淀粉结构及消化特性的影响

目的 为研究湿热和韧化改性对莜麦淀粉理化性质和消化特性的影响,扩大莜麦淀粉在慢消化主食食品中的应用,方法 分别在体系水分含量为15%、20%、25%、30%,温度为100℃的条件下和料液比为1:5,体系温度为30℃、40℃、50℃、60℃下对莜麦淀粉进行湿热和韧化处理,并采用傅里叶红外光谱（FT-IR）、X-射线衍射（XRD）、扫描电镜（SEM）、差示扫描量热仪（DSC）和酶解实验等分析湿热和韧化处理前后莜麦淀粉的理化性质和消化特性变化。结果 结果表明,湿热和韧化处理均未改变莜麦淀粉原有的A-型结晶结构,但淀粉结晶度表现为下降趋势,且淀粉的糊化焓从1.49J/g分别降低至0.92J/g和0.8J/g。此外,微观结构表明莜麦淀粉颗粒表面结构出现聚集行为。在体外酶解实验中,经过湿热、韧化处理后的莜麦淀粉中慢消化淀粉（SDS）和抗性淀粉（RS）含量均出现不同程度的增加,表现为湿热处理后RS含量增加显著,而韧化处理则显著提高了SDS的含量。结论 结果表明湿热和韧化处理可以通过改变淀粉结构降低莜麦淀粉的消化速率。     

湿热处理对油莎豆淀粉理化性质、结构及体外消化特性的影响

采用油莎豆豆粕作为原料制备油莎豆淀粉,在110℃下对不同含水量(20%、25%、30%、35%)的油莎豆淀粉样品进行2 h的湿热改性处理。分析湿热处理对油莎豆淀粉理化性质、结构及体外消化特性的影响。结果表明：经过湿热处理,油莎豆淀粉表面形貌发生明显变化,随着处理含水量的提高,油莎豆淀粉溶解度与膨润力呈现逐渐下降趋势,粒径大小和直链淀粉含量逐渐升高,体外消化率在HMT-25时最低,为78.45%。同时,湿热处理没有改变油莎豆淀粉原有的A型晶体结构,相对结晶度和糊化焓值(ΔH)的大小与处理的含水量呈负相关。湿热处理能够有效改变油莎豆淀粉结构和理化性质,提高其热稳定性,降低淀粉体外消化速率。     

湿热处理对板栗淀粉特性的影响

对板栗淀粉进行湿热处理,分析处理方法对淀粉颗粒结构、理化特性和体外消化性的影响。结果表明,湿热处理能改变板栗淀粉的理化特性和体外消化性。湿热处理使样品的直链淀粉含量降低,淀粉破损率增大,部分淀粉颗粒破碎,颗粒表面出现凹坑和孔洞。湿热处理对淀粉的晶体结构破坏较大,淀粉仍为C型晶体,结晶度降低,膨胀度降低。DSC分析表明,湿热处理后凝胶化温度(Tp和Tc)均有所升高,ΔH显著降低。湿热处理提高了板栗淀粉的SDS含量,降低了RDS和RS含量。     

超声处理对橡子淀粉理化性质的影响

该研究综合运用显微、流变、质构等手段,分析超声处理对橡子淀粉结构和理化性质的影响。结果表明,超声处理会导致橡子淀粉分解,淀粉颗粒表面亦出现凹陷,其程度与超声处理时间正相关。超声处理后淀粉颗粒的偏光十字现象虽然保留,但颗粒粒径增大,出现聚集。随着超声时间的延长,淀粉糊的透明度下降,但其冻融稳定性、沉降体积、温度大于75 ℃时的溶解度和膨胀度显著改善。淀粉糊的峰值黏度、最低黏度、终值黏度均随着超声时间的延长而下降,但糊化温度保持稳定,且适当的超声波处理可提高淀粉凝胶强度。     

韧化处理对板栗淀粉特性的影响

以燕山板栗淀粉为材料,在30、40和50℃分别进行韧化处理。采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X-射线衍射分析(XRD)、差示扫描量热分析(DSC)及体外消化法等方法,研究了韧化处理对板栗淀粉颗粒结构、理化特性和体外消化性的影响。研究表明:与原淀粉相比,韧化处理后2种板栗淀粉的直链淀粉含量降低,淀粉颗粒破损率增大,但淀粉仍为C型晶体。随着韧化温度的升高,淀粉颗粒表面出现凹坑和损伤越显著,膨胀度随着处理温度的升高而降低。DSC分析表明,韧化处理使淀粉的糊化温度升高,热焓变化不大。不同的韧化处理温度对板栗淀粉体外消化性有不同的影响,韧化处理使淀粉的快消化淀粉(RDS)含量减少,慢消化淀粉(SDS)含量增大。     

湿热处理法制备慢消化淀粉及其性质研究

以蜡质玉米淀粉为原料,采用湿热处理法制备慢消化淀粉,并研究了其性质。研究出湿热处理制备慢消化淀粉的优化工艺为:淀粉体系的水分含量35%(w/w),温度120℃,时间为10h,慢消化淀粉含量达9.25%。扫描电镜照片显示,湿热处理后淀粉颗粒表面出现了裂纹和凹坑,淀粉糊化温度升高,峰值粘度降低。     

湿热处理对不同淀粉理化特性的影响

以普通玉米淀粉、高直链玉米淀粉、马铃薯淀粉和绿豆淀粉为试验材料,研究湿热处理对不同淀粉颗粒形貌、颗粒大小、糊化特性以及抗消化特性的影响。结果表明,在淀粉乳水分含量为30%,在120℃处理湿热处理10h,不同来源的淀粉,其颗粒形貌变化不同,其中普通玉米淀粉和高直链玉米淀粉的部分颗粒间发生粘结,少许淀粉颗粒中出现了较小的颗粒,淀粉表面有较大的凹坑;马铃薯淀粉和绿豆淀粉部分颗粒形态发生变化,颗粒的脐点处出现凹坑、部分淀粉颗粒有破碎;但湿热处理前后淀粉的偏光十字没有明显变化。与原淀粉相比,不同来源淀粉经过湿热处理后淀粉糊的溶解度、膨胀度和透明度均降低,降低幅度因淀粉种类的不同而有差异。湿热处理能够提高抗性淀粉含量。湿热处理后淀粉的糊化特性发生变化,糊化温度升高,峰值黏度、低谷黏度和破损值降低。普通玉米淀粉和绿豆淀粉的最终黏度和回生值下降,马铃薯淀粉的最终黏度和回生值增大。     

萌发对燕麦理化特性及消化性质的影响

本文研究不同萌发时间对燕麦淀粉理化特性和消化性质的影响。研究结果显示,随着发芽时间的延长燕麦淀粉含量不断降低,发芽4 d时含量最低（52.68%）;淀粉颗粒形貌随之改变,由形状规整、表面光滑逐渐变得不规则、粗糙、凹陷增多;淀粉颗粒晶型未发生改变,结晶度逐渐降低;起始、峰值和终止糊化温度以及糊化焓值均逐渐升高,表观黏度和剪切应力则整体呈下降趋势。体外模拟消化结果显示,发芽能显著改变淀粉的消化特性,发芽0 d的燕麦淀粉消化率为84.95%,随着萌发时间的延长逐渐升高,在发芽4 d时达到峰值（94.98%）。研究结果为丰富淀粉改性方法、利用发芽燕麦淀粉和推进淀粉基食品领域的研发提供了一定的理论支撑。     

臭氧处理对糯米淀粉消化特性的影响研究

为探究臭氧处理对糯米中淀粉消化性能的影响,采用体外消化模拟法测定经不同时间段臭氧处理的糯米中淀粉的消化率及营养组分,同时测定其部分理化性质。结果表明:随着臭氧处理时间的延长,糯米粉中羧基含量增加,氧化程度和米粉颗粒表面破损程度增大。糯米粉糊化后测定其消化特性,臭氧处理能降低其淀粉的消化率;慢消化淀粉和抗性淀粉的含量显著增加,快消化淀粉的含量降低。糯米粉未经糊化直接测定其消化特性,未糊化糯米粉中淀粉的消化特性变化趋势与之相反,且糊化糯米粉中淀粉消化率总体高于生糯米粉。     

造纸废水深度处理工程设计

在某钞票纸厂原有废水处理设备基础上引入一体化废水处理设备,对部分废水进行深度处理后回用,以减少废水排放量。同时对一体化废水处理设备进行了深入分析。运行结果表明,此工艺能够满足实际生产的需要,具有可行性。     

印染废水处理技术及其进展

综述目前纺织印染工业废水的各种处理方法,包括物理化学、生物及其组合工艺方法,分析了各处理方法存在的优缺点及其适用场合。     

造纸废水深度处理技术简介

对当前造纸废水深度处理领域研究较多的技术进行综述,并对国内外造纸废水深度处理新技术的研究与应用现状进行重点阐述,同时指出在选择处理工艺时,应充分考虑各种技术的优缺点,通过不同工艺的联合处理,优势互补,才能在保证处理效果的同时,实现低碳、经济的目标。     

皮革厂废水处理的措施分析

环保理念的不断深化给皮革制造工艺提出了更高的要求.皮革厂废水处理是人们关注的重点话题,对皮革企业可持续发展起着重要作用.本文对皮革厂废水来源和特点进行了简单分析,然后阐述了皮革厂废水处理中存在的不足,最后提出了皮革厂废水处理措施,以供参考.     

Thermal and chemical inactivation of Lactobacillus virulent bacteriophage

The effect of thermal treatments and several biocides on the viability of Lactobacillus virulent phage P1 was evaluated. Times to achieve 99% inactivation (T₉₉) of phage at different treatment conditions were calculated. The thermal treatments applied were 63, 72, and 90°C in 3 suspension media (de Man, Rogosa, Sharpe broth, reconstituted skim milk, and Tris magnesium gelatin buffer). Phage P1 was completely inactivated in 5 and 10 min at 90 and 72°C, respectively; however, reconstituted skim milk provided better thermal protection at 63°C. When phage P1 was treated with various biocides, 800 mg/L of sodium hypochlorite was required for total inactivation (～7.3 log reduction) within 60 min, whereas treatment with 100% ethanol resulted in only a ～4.7 log reduction, and 100% isopropanol resulted in a 5.2-log reduction. Peracetic acid (peroxyacetic acid) at the highest concentration used (0.45%) resulted in only a ～4.-log reduction of phage within 60 min. The results of this study provide additional information on effective treatments for the eradication of potential phage infections in dairy plants.     

Rheological behaviour of processed avocado pulp emulsions

Shear rate vs. shear stress data were obtained on avocado pulp in water emulsions using a concentric cylinder rheometer and fitted to a power law model. Dilution, as volume fraction of water, had a pronounced effect on the apparent viscosity of the pulp emulsions and the Richardson equation, (η_R= exp.( a φ) for the emulsion viscosity fitted the data well. A mean slope coefficient, a , of 4.57 can be used as a first approximation. Enzymatic treatment (40°C, 1 h), is slightly more effective than thermal treatment (65°C, 1 h), in reducing the initial apparent viscosity of the pulp-water emulsions     

UHMWPE纤维处理条件对其性能的影响

 研究常规环境下的热处理、湿处理以及等离子体处理对UHMWPE纤维力学性能的影响,并初步探讨其影响规律和机理。研究表明：在实验测试范围内,经热处理后,随着温度的升高UHMWPE纤维的断裂强度有一定程度的下降,而断裂伸长率呈小幅上升趋势;湿处理时间对纤维的拉伸性能没有显著影响,而随着湿处理温度的升高,纤维的断裂强度有所下降;等离子体处理后,纤维表面有刻蚀,纤维的断裂强度和断裂伸长率均下降。     

Retrospective analysis of Austrian health recording data of antibiotic or nonantibiotic dry-off treatment on milk yield,somatic cell count,and frequency of mastitis in subsequent lactation

Typically, dairy cows are dried off at the end of lactation. During the dry period, intramammary infections may be cured or persist, and new infections may occur. Traditionally, antibiotics (AB) have been used at dry-off. However, blanket antibiotic dry-off treatment may no longer be justifiable and, recently, selective use of antibiotics at dry off has been proposed and different decision criteria suggested. The objective of the study was to evaluate cows receiving antibiotic treatment at dry off (AB group) compared with cows dried off without antibiotics (non-AB group) using a large data set. Primary outcome parameters were milk yield, somatic cell count (SCC), and frequency of mastitis in the subsequent lactation. Additionally, we aimed to calculate cut-off values to determine, at the cow level, whether antibiotic dry-off treatment is indicated. A data set of 88,534 lactations was used; 27,723 cows were dried off using antibiotics (AB group; 31.3%) and 60,811cows were dried off without antibiotics (non-AB group; 68.7%). Milk yield in previous and subsequent lactations was higher in the AB group. Cows in the AB group produced, on average, 91 kg more milk in the subsequent lactation. The average SCC during the final 90 d of the previous lactation and at dry-off did not differ between the 2 groups. The probability of drying off using antibiotics increased almost linearly with higher milk yield and with higher SCC. The use of antibiotics resulted in an average decrease in SCC of 1,500 cells/mL in the subsequent lactation. The frequency of clinical mastitis during the previous lactation was higher in the AB group than in the non-AB group. Independently of the dry-off treatment, this difference remained in the subsequent lactation within 90 d in milk. The use of antibiotics at dry-off had no significant effect on the frequency of mastitis within 90 d in milk of the subsequent lactation. The study indicates that Austrian farmers and veterinarians are applying selective dry-cow treatment using milk yield and, to a lesser extent, SCC and mastitis frequency, for decision-making. However, even though a large data set was used, cut-off values with sufficient diagnostic value for selective dry-cow treatment could not be identified. It is likely that cut-off values must be identified at the herd level or in combination with additional parameters (e.g., results of bacterial culture).     

针织物平幅处理: 案例研究

基于案例研究,比较了现代平幅处理与绳状处理的成本优势.采用平幅处理在成本和质量上有明显的优势.当产能大于10 t/d时,成本优势进一步增长.Benninger公司的Starter Kit是理想的设备,可将生产成本优势提高到15%.     

胎圈钢丝生产中“三废”的处理

采用废水处理系统处理胎圈钢丝生产中的废水废渣,使废水中ρ(Cu2+)由200 mg/L降为0.5 mg/L,达到GB 8978—1996《污水综合排放标准》的一级排放标准。采用酸雾净化塔处理生产中的废气,使废气中HC l的质量浓度由400 mg/m3降为18 mg/m3,净化效率达到96%,H2SO4质量浓度由200 mg/m3降到16 mg/m3,净化效率为92%,达到了GB 16297—1996《大气污染综合排放标准》的规定。