无铅焊料Sn-3.8Ag-0.7Cu的低周疲劳行为

测量了Sn-3.8Ag-0.7Cu无铅焊料试样的循环滞后回线、循环应力响应曲线、循环应力-应变和应变寿命关系,研究了焊料在总应变幅控制下的低周疲劳行为结果表明:该焊料合金在总应变幅较高(1%)时发生连续的循环软化,而在总应变幅较低(≤0.4%)时则表现为循环稳定.线性回归分析表明,该焊料的低周疲劳寿命满足Coffin-Manson经验关系式,由此给出了焊料在室温下的低周疲劳参数.采用扫描电镜观测和分析了焊料在疲劳前后的组织特征.     

Microstructural characterization of pulsed electrodeposited Au/Sn alloy thin films

Based on previous work that identified an electrodeposited composite, multi-layer structure as a viable method of producing eutectic Au/Sn alloys for solder applications, a study of individual phase formation was undertaken. The AuSn phase, because of its higher deposition current (>2.0 mA cm⁻²), has a much faster deposition rate than Au₅Sn, which is deposited at <1.0 mA cm⁻². AuSn formation is growth controlled, while Au₅Sn formation is nucleation controlled. The AuSn forms a continuous layer within 60 s with a grain size of 50–75 nm. Because of the high deposition current, the dominant formation mechanism is two-dimensional nucleation, resulting in a relatively rough surface finish. Au₅Sn, on the other hand, forms a continuous layer within 600 s with an average grain size of 200 nm. Because of the significantly lower deposition current, the dominant formation mechanism is lateral spreading instead of two-dimensional nucleation. The result is a very smooth finish on the deposit surface.     

Low cycle fatigue of a titanium 829 alloy

The fatigue behaviour of titanium 829 in its oil quenched (‘basketweave’) and air cooled (‘aligned’) microstructural forms has been examined at 600°C and room temperature under fully reversed, total strain controlled conditions. Identical endurances are observed for each microstructure together with a low transition life. Similarly, almost perfect cyclic stability is exhibited irrespective of microstructure, temperature, strain range and rate. This is tentatively attributed to the ability of the aligned colonies present in both microstructures to accomodate plasticity. It is argued that a reduction in strain rate shortens life due to environmental effects. Multiple crack initiation is generally associated with facet-like features, with later growth surfaces bearing striations only after fatigue at 600°C.     

Low cycle fatigue behavior of Cu-Cr-Zr alloy with different cold deformation

The present study addressed the cyclic deformation behavior and fatigue properties of Cu-0.69Cr-0.07Zr alloy with different cold deformation (ε = 64%, 75%, and 84%) using low cycle fatigue test. Low cycle fatigue tests were conducted under fully-reversed conditions at different total strain amplitudes. The microstructure changes and fatigue fracture characteristics were analyzed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The main findings suggest that the Bauschinger effect was significantly stronger with larger deformation at low total strain amplitude. And it was proved that the relationship between the total strain amplitude and the low cycle fatigue life of Cu-Cr-Zr alloy with different deformation can be expressed by the Manson–Coffin–Basquin formula. Further, the reason for the fatigue life was shorter and the cyclic softening rate decreased faster at high applied total strain amplitude was that the dislocation density decreased due to the rearrangement of the dislocations.     

Low cycle fatigue behavior of constraint connections

The general influence of constraint effects on reversed low-cycle fatigue performance was investigated. Constraint effects are being considered to have contributed to the failure of welded Steel Moment Resisting Frames (SMRFs), were cracks initiated in constraint regions during recent earthquakes. However, this study revealed that high constraint enhanced the resistance to crack initiation during cyclic loading by reducing the local strains at the notch tip. Furthermore, changes in toughness due to various constraint severities had almost no influence on the low cyclic performance of steel under constraint. This applies to low and high stress levels as well as low and high constraint, covering the whole range of possible scenarios of low-cycle and even towards high-cycle fatigue. While high toughness is still important for enhancing the fracture strength to accommodate the maximum imposed stresses/strains in earthquake loading, it most likely does not play a key role in cyclic performance.     

Low cycle fatigue properties of friction stir welded joints of a semi-solid processed AZ91D magnesium alloy

A semi-solid processed (thixomolded) Mg–9Al–1Zn magnesium alloy (AZ91D) was subjected to friction stir welding (FSW), aiming at evaluating the weldability and fatigue property of the FSW joint. Microstructure analysis showed that a recystallized fine-grained microstructure was generated in the nugget zone (NZ) after FSW. The yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, and elongation of the FSW joint were obtained to be 192 MPa, 245 MPa, and 7.6%, respectively. Low-cycle fatigue tests showed that the FSW joint had a fatigue life fairly close to that of the BM, which could be well described by the Basquin and Coffin-Manson equations. Unlike the extruded magnesium alloys, the hysteresis loops of FSW joint of the thixomolded AZ91D alloy were basically symmetrical, while the non-linear or pseudoelastic behavior was still present. The FSW joint was observed to fail in the BM section rather than in the NZ. Fatigue crack initiated basically from the pores at or near the specimen surface, and crack propagation was mainly characterized by fatigue striations along with the presence of secondary cracks.     

Research on low cycle fatigue properties of TA15 titanium alloy based on reliability theory

This paper introduces a method to determine the symmetric cycle fatigue limit of TA15 alloy at given confidence γ and survival probability P. It gives a general method to calculate the true survival probability of this material fatigue limit. The median and data of the LCF at γ = 95% and P = 99.9% are acquired after studying the LCF properties of aircraft construction material TA15 at the temperature of 25 and 250 °C. The strain–life curve, cyclic stress–strain curve and parameters of LCF are also achieved. These provide reference to analyze the reliability of aircraft construction and estimate the life.     

Low cycle fatigue behaviour of dual-phase steel with different volume fractions of martensite

Completely reversed low cycle fatigue tests were carried out at a constant strain rate of 10^?2s^?1 on 3 mm thick sheet specimens of a dual-phase steel treated to give 1.5 to 28% martensite without changing the carbon content. Hysteresis loop shape, stress/strain response and plastic strain energy as a function of applied cycles are analysed for different microstructures. Strain/life and plastic strain energy per cycle ($\text{Δ}\text{W}\text{?}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>p</mtext>}}$)/life (2N_f) plots are discussed in terms of microstructure. It is shown that during cycling the shape of the hysteresis loop continuously changes at lower volume fractions of martensite whereas it remains more or less constant for microstructures with a higher percentage of martensite. A Coffin-Manson type of plot between log ($\text{Δ}\text{W}\text{?}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>p</mtext>}}$) and log (2N_f) is found to be applicable to test results of dual-phase steel with a wide range of martensite contents and is thus more versatile than the plot between log (Δ?_p/2) and log (2N_f) for predicting the fatigue life.     

The influence of dynamic strain aging on the low cycle fatigue behavior of near alpha titanium alloy IMI 834

Total strain controlled low cycle fatigue tests on IMI 834 have been conducted in air in the temperature range between 375 and 500 °C at a temperature interval of 25 °C at the nominal strain rate of 6.67 × 10⁻⁴ s⁻¹. The observed maximum peak stress ratio, minimum half-life plastic strain range and lower fatigue life at 425 °C indicates the occurrence of dynamic strain aging (DSA). Pronounced deformation bands, increased dislocation density and non-uniform dispersion of dislocations inside primary α grains observed by the study of transmission electron microscopy supports the occurrence of dynamic strain aging. Initial cyclic softening was attributed to shearing of Ti₃Al precipitates as revealed by TEM evidences.     

Low cycle fatigue behavior of Cr–Mo–V low alloy steel used for railway brake discs

The cyclic stress–strain response and the low cycle fatigue (LCF) behavior of Cr–Mo–V low alloy steel which was used for forged railway brake discs was studied. Tensile strength and LCF properties were examined over a range from room temperature (RT) to 600 °C using specimens cut from circumferential direction of a forged disk. The fully reversed strain-controlled LCF tests were conducted at a constant total strain rate with different axial strain amplitude levels. The cyclic strain–stress relationships and the strain–life relationships were obtained through the test results, and related LCF parameters of the steel were calculated. The studied steel exhibits cyclic softening behavior and behaves Masing type, especially at higher strain amplitudes. At higher than 600 °C, carbide particles aggregated and a decarburized layer developed near the specimen surface. Micro voids distribute within the depth of 50 μm from the specimen surface could coalesce with fatigue cracks. Multiple crack initiation sites were observed on the fracture surface. The oxide film that generated at 600 °C covered the fatigue striations and accelerated the crack propagation. Final fracture area with bigger and deeper dimples showed better ductility at higher temperature. The investigated LCF behavior can provide reference for brake disc life assessment and fracture mechanisms analysis.     

Low cycle fatigue of an extruded Mg–3Nd–0.2Zn–0.5Zr magnesium alloy

The purpose of this study was to evaluate strain-controlled cyclic deformation behavior of an extruded Mg–3Nd–0.2Zn–0.5Zr (NZ30K) magnesium alloy. The microstructure of this alloy consisted of a bimodal microstructure with equiaxed recrystallized grains and unrecrystallized coarse grains along with a large number of smaller second-phase particles present inside the grains and larger particles along the grain boundaries alongside a characteristic precipitate free zone (PFZ). The average grain size was about approximately 5–7 μm. It was observed that unlike the higher RE-containing Mg–10Gd–3Y–0.5Zr (GW103K) magnesium alloy, the NZ30K alloy exhibited asymmetrical hysteresis loops in tension and compression in the fully reversed strain-control tests at a strain ratio of R_ε = −1. This was mainly due to the presence of relatively stronger crystallographic texture, PFZ, and the resultant twinning–detwinning activities during cyclic deformation. While this alloy exhibited cyclic softening at lower strain amplitudes and cyclic hardening at higher strain amplitudes, it had an equivalent fatigue life to that of other extruded Mg alloys. Fatigue crack was observed to initiate from the specimen surface with some isolated facets of the cleavage-like planes near the initiation site. Crack propagation was basically characterized by serrated fatigue striations.     

Microstructural characterization and high cycle fatigue behavior of investment cast A357 aluminum alloy

In order to observe the influence of strontium (Sr) modification and hot isostatic pressing (HIP) on an aluminum–silicon cast alloy A357 (AlSi7Mg0.6), the microstructure and the high cycle fatigue behavior of three batches of materials produced by investment casting (IC) were studied. The parts were produced by an advanced IC proprietary process. The main process innovation is to increase the solidification and cooling rate by immersing the mold in cool liquid. Its advantage is to produce finer microstructures. Microstructural characterization showed a dendrite arm spacing (DAS) refinement of 40% when compared with the same part produced by conventional investment casting. Fatigue tests were conducted on hourglass specimens heat treated to T6, under a stress ratio of R = 0.1 and a frequency of 25 Hz. One batch of material was unmodified but two batches were modified with 0.007% and 0.013% Sr addition, from which one batch was submitted to HIP after casting. Results reported in S–N diagrams show that the addition of Sr and the HIP process improve the 10⁶ cycles fatigue strength by 9% and 34% respectively. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observation of the fracture surfaces showed a variety of crack initiation mechanisms. In the unmodified alloy, decohesion between the coarse Si particles and the aluminum matrix was mostly observed. On the other hand, in the modified but non HIP-ed alloy, cracks initiated from pores. When the same alloy was subjected to HIP, a competition between crystallographic crack initiations (at persistent slip bands) and decohesion/failure of intermetallic phases was observed. When compared to fatigue strength reported for components produced by permanent mold casting, the studied material are more resistant to fatigue even in the unmodified and non HIP-ed states.     

Low‐cycle fatigue behavior of a newly developed cast aluminum alloy for automotive applications

The drive for increasing fuel efficiency and decreasing anthropogenic greenhouse effect via lightweighting leads to the development of several new Al alloys. The effect of Mn and Fe addition on the microstructure of Al‐Mg‐Si alloy in as‐cast condition was investigated. The mechanical properties including strain‐controlled low‐cycle fatigue characteristics were evaluated. The microstructure of the as‐cast alloy consisted of globular primary α‐Al phase and characteristic Mg₂Si‐containing eutectic structure, along with Al₈(Fe,Mn)₂Si particles randomly distributed in the matrix. Relative to several commercial alloys including A319 cast alloy, the present alloy exhibited superior tensile properties without trade‐off in elongation and improved fatigue life due to the unique microstructure with fine grains and random textures. The as‐cast alloy possessed yield stress, ultimate tensile strength, and elongation of about 185 MPa, 304 MPa, and 6.3%, respectively. The stress‐strain hysteresis loops were symmetrical and approximately followed Masing behavior. The fatigue life of the as‐cast alloy was attained to be higher than that of several commercial cast and wrought Al alloys. Cyclic hardening occurred at higher strain amplitudes from 0.3% to 0.8%, while cyclic stabilization sustained at lower strain amplitudes of ≤0.2%. Examination of fractured surfaces revealed that fatigue crack initiated from the specimen surface/near‐surface, and crack propagation occurred mainly in the formation of fatigue striations.     

Effect of high-temperature hot corrosion on the low cycle fatigue behavior of a directionally solidified nickel-base superalloy

The low cycle fatigue behavior of a directionally solidified nickel-based superalloy DZ125 was examined at 850 °C in air using bare and salt-coated specimens. Experimental results show that the salt-coated specimen showed relatively low fatigue life compared with the bare specimen, and this effect accelerated with the increased applied maximum stress. Damage of hot corrosion in fatigue life was found to be associated with the reduction of the bare area and the early crack initiation from the weaken grain boundaries of recrystallized grains.     

Corrosion fatigue behavior of extruded magnesium alloy AZ80-T5 in a 5% NaCl environment

The corrosion fatigue behavior of extruded AZ80-T5 magnesium alloy has been investigated in three different environments: (1) a low humidity environment (35-40% relative humidity), (2) a high-humidity environment (80% relative humidity), and (3) a 5 wt.% NaCl environment. Fatigue tests were conducted under axial loading at a stress ratio of −1 and at a frequency of 20 Hz. It was found that in both the high-humidity environment and in the 5 wt.% NaCl environment the fatigue strength was reduced relative to the low humidity environment, especially in the NaCl environment: the reduction rates of fatigue limit under high humidity and NaCl environments were 18%, and 78%, respectively. The reduction of fatigue strength under the corrosive environments was attributed to the pit formation and growth. At low stress amplitudes, multiple pits were formed and coalesced to form a large pit under NaCl environment. A fatigue crack nucleated when the pit grew to the critical size.     

High‐cycle fatigue and fracture behaviours of Cu‐Be alloy with a wide strength range

The high‐cycle fatigue and fracture behaviours of Cu‐Be alloy with tensile strength ranging from 500 to 1300 MPa acquired by different treatments were studied. Fatigue crack initiation, fracture surface morphologies, S‐N curves and fatigue strength show obvious differences due to the change of microstructure. At relatively low‐strength level, some fatigue cracks originated from defects; while at high‐strength level, all the fatigue cracks initiated from cleavage facets. It was found that the fatigue ratio increases linearly and fatigue strength changes quadratically with increasing tensile strength, only considering one strengthening mechanism. Finally, the fatigue strengths of various Cu‐Be alloys were summarized.     

Effects of SiCp size and volume fraction on the high cycle fatigue behavior of AZ91D magnesium alloy composites

High cycle fatigue tests (i.e., stress-controlled, axial) were conducted on monolithic AZ91D and AZ91D magnesinm alloy composites processed via squeeze casting and extrusion to contain either 15 gm or 52 gm size SiC particles, at both the 20% and 25% volume fraction reinforcement level. The effects of changes in SiC particle size and volume fraction on the high cycle fatigue behavior have been determined. In addition, the number of cracked particles on the fatigue fracture surfaces, as well as the level of damage beneath the fatigue fracture surfaces were quantified in order to determine the effects of particle size on the evolution of damage during fatigue and during overload failure. Commercial purity Mg specimens containing a large grain size were also tested in fatigue for comparison with the alloy and composite data.     

TC4钛合金的超高周疲劳行为及其竞争失效模型构建

针对现有模型对TC4竞争失效预测的不准确性,建立了基于最大应力强度因子的竞争失效模型。在室温以及两种应力比下,针对TC4钛合金进行超高周疲劳试验,通过试验与最弱键竞争失效理论相结合的方法进行评估,研究其超高周疲劳性能。通过对试样断口形貌的观察,可将其失效模式分为如下两类:表面失效以及内部失效。对试样表面缺陷以及内部解理刻面尺寸进行测量,并评估其最大应力强度因子值。进一步通过正态分布得到最大应力强度因子的累计分布函数,基于两参数泊松分布建立了与最大应力强度因子有关的竞争失效模型。通过模型计算结果,可以得出在任一最大应力强度因子下试样发生各种失效模式的概率,且经分析对比,本文中TC4两种疲劳失效模式的失效概率评估结果与试验数据吻合较好,为分析TC4钛合金超高周疲劳状态下的疲劳失效模式提出了新的评估方法。     

Low‐cycle fatigue behavior of rolled WE43‐T5 magnesium alloy

This paper describes the main results from an investigation into the strength and low‐cycle fatigue (LCF) behavior of a rolled plate of WE43 Mg alloy in its T5 condition at room temperature. The alloy was found to exhibit small tension/compression yield asymmetry and small anisotropy being stronger in transverse direction (TD) than in rolling direction (RD) along with some anisotropy in strain hardening. The LCF tests were conducted under strain‐controlled conditions with the strain amplitudes ranging from 0.6% to 1.4% without the mean strain component. While the stress amplitudes during the LCF were higher for tests along TD than RD, the LCF life was similar for both directions. As revealed by electron microscopy, the fractured surfaces under tension consisted mainly of microvoid coalescence with some transgranular facets, while those fractured in LCF showed a combination of intergranular fracture and transgranular facets with minor content of microvoid coalescence.     

High‐cycle and very‐high‐cycle fatigue behaviour of a titanium alloy with equiaxed microstructure under different mean stresses

The fatigue behaviour of a titanium alloy Ti‐6Al‐4V with equiaxed microstructure (EM) under different values of tensile mean stress or stress ratio (R) was investigated from high‐cycle fatigue (HCF) to very‐high‐cycle fatigue (VHCF) regimes via ultrasonic axial cycling. The effect of mean stress or R on the fatigue strength of HCF and VHCF was addressed by Goodman, Gerber, and Authors' formula. Three types of crack initiation, namely, surface‐with‐RA (rough area), surface‐without‐RA, and interior‐with‐RA, were classified. The maximum value of stress intensity factor (SIF) at RA boundary for R < 0 keeps constant regardless of R in HCF and VHCF regimes. The SIF range at RA boundary for R > 0 also keeps constant regardless of R in VHCF regime, but this value decreases linearly with the increase of R for surface RA cases. The microstructure observation at RA regions gives a new result of nanograin formation only in the cases of negative stress ratios for the titanium alloy with EM, which is explained by the mechanism of numerous cyclic pressing.