枸橼酸莫沙必利口服液与片剂人体生物等效性评价

目的建立测定枸橼酸莫沙必利血浆浓度的高效液相色谱(HPLC)法,并对枸橼酸莫沙必利的口服液与片剂进行人体相对生物利用度和生物等效性研究.方法20名健康志愿者分别单剂量口服枸橼酸莫沙必利口服液或片剂10 mg,HPLC测定血药浓度,采用DAS 1.0程序进行药动学分析,并评价两制剂的生物等效性.结果单剂量口服10 mg枸橼酸莫沙必利口服液和片剂的药动学参数,AUC0→t分别为(170.2±40.7)μg·h·L-1和(176.6±69.4)μg·h·L-1,AUC0→∞分别为(182.2±43.7)μg·h·L-1和(193.2±73.3)μg·h·L-1;Cmax分别为(61.3±17.0)μg·L-1和(58.6±22.0)μg·L-1;tmax分别为(0.60±0.21)h和(0.8±0.4)h.分别以AUC→t与AUC0→∞计算其相对生物利用度分别为(105.8±36.0)%和(102.9±35.1)%.结论两种制剂具生物等效性.     

酒石酸唑吡坦片在汉族健康人体内的药动学研究

目的:研究酒石酸唑吡坦片在汉族健康人体内的药动学。方法:10名汉族健康受试者口服酒石酸唑吡坦片10mg后,用高效液相色谱-荧光检测法测定血浆中唑吡坦的浓度,用DAS2.0.1程序计算药动学参数。结果:汉族健康受试者口服酒石酸唑吡坦片后,药-时曲线符合一级吸收一室模型,主要药动学参数分别为tma(x0.9±0.5)h、Cma(x190.8±70.6)μg·L-1、t1/(22.2±0.6)h、Vd/F(0.938±0.256)L·kg-1、CL/F(18.09±10.22)L·h-1、AUC0～1(2624.9±190.8)μg·h·L-1、AUC0～∞(650.1±208.4)μg·h·L-1。结论:健康受试者单剂量口服酒石酸唑吡坦片的药动学参数与文献报道基本一致,可作为不同民族人群药动学研究的基础。     

离子对液相色谱法测定人血浆中替米沙坦的浓度及药动学研究

目的建立测定人血浆中替米沙坦浓度的高效液相色谱方法,并用该法研究替米沙坦片在健康人体内的药动学。方法色谱柱为Sh im-pack VP-ODS(150mm×4.6mm),流动相为乙腈-0.05%戊磺酸钠-0.05 mol.L-1磷酸二氢钾(50∶25∶25),荧光检测,激发波长为305nm,发射波长为365nm。结果血浆样品在3.05~610.0μg.L-1内线性相关(r=0.9999,n=5)。平均绝对回收率为85.1%(RSD=1.63%),相对回收率大于95.0%,日间和日内相对标准差小于10.0%。10名男性健康志愿者单次口服80mg替米沙坦片后,其药代动力学参数分别为:t1/2(19.8±5.66)h,cm ax(310.7±91.6)μg.L-1,tm ax(1.01±0.40)h。结论此方法准确,灵敏,适于体内药物分析;药动学参数为临床合理用药提供理论依据。     

盐酸氨溴索分散片人体药动学

目的:研究健康人体单剂量口服盐酸氨溴索分散片的药动学。方法:采用双周期交叉自身对照试验方法,18例健康志愿者单剂量口服盐酸氨溴索分散片和普通片各90 mg,采用反相高效液相色谱法测定血浆中盐酸氨溴索浓度,计算并比较两者的主要药动学参数。结果:盐酸氨溴索分散片和普通片在健康志愿者血浆中的Tm ax分别为(1.77±0.39)和(2.02±0.38)h;Cm ax分别为(240.04±98.88)和(247.34±90.13)μg.L-1;t1/2分别为(7.40±1.63)和(7.12±1.56)h;AUC0~36 h分别为(1 556.22±474.00)和(1 633.89±402.03)μg.h.L-1;AUC0~∞分别为(1 607.13±489.33)和(1 690.79±436.43)μg.h.L-1。除Tm ax外,盐酸氨溴索分散片和普通片各主要药动学参数间均无统计学差异(P>0.05)。结论:盐酸氨溴索分散片与普通片相比,具有起效快的特点。     

甲磺酸加替沙星片在健康志愿者体内的药动学

目的 :研究健康志愿者口服甲磺酸加替沙星片后的药动学特征 ,为临床安全、合理用药提供参考依据。方法 :18名健康男性单剂量口服甲磺酸加替沙星片 4 0 0mg ,以高效液相色谱法测定服药后 2 4h内的血药浓度 ,计算其药动学参数。结果 :甲磺酸加替沙星片在健康人体内的处置符合一级吸收的一室代谢模型 ,主要药动学参数Tmax,Cmax,T12 β,AUC( 0 2 4 ) 分别为 :(1.5±s 0 .4 )h ,(3.4± 1.0 )mg·L- 1,(6 .6± 1.0 )h ,(33± 10 )mg·h·L- 1。结论 :甲磺酸加替沙星在人体内的药动学特征与文献报道的盐酸加替沙星相似 ,口服吸收快 ,生物利用度高、体内平均滞留时间长 ,且存在个体差异。     

国产西洛他唑片的健康人体药动学

目的:研究国产西洛他唑片在人体内的药动学。方法:18名健康男性志愿者单剂量口服100mg西洛他唑片,采用高效液相色谱法测定血浆中西洛他唑浓度,并用3P97软件统计处理。结果:西洛他唑片药-时曲线符合二室模型,其Cm ax,tm ax,t1/2,AUC0-72,AUC0-∞分别为(901.9±221.2)μg.L-1,(4.1±1.2)h,(20.4±9.9)h,(12 722±3 709)μg.L-1.h,(1 3247±3 847)μg.L-1.h。结论:西洛他唑在人体内药动学过程符合二室开放模型,本实验可为临床用药提供药动学参数。     

西洛他唑片的健康人体药动学研究

目的研究国产西洛他唑片在人体内的药动学。方法12名健康男性志愿者单剂量口服100 m g西洛他唑片,采用高效液相色谱法测定血浆中西洛他唑浓度,并用3P 97软件统计处理。结果西洛他唑片药-时曲线符合二室模型,其Cm ax,Tm ax,T1/2,AUC0-72,AUC0-∞分别为(937.10±238.10)μg.L-1,(3.4±0.8)h,(20.4±10.5)h,(12194±4024)μg.h.L-1,(12689±4325)μg.h.L-1。结论西洛他唑在人体内药动学过程符合二室开放模型,本研究可为临床用药提供药动学参数。     

异甘草酸镁单剂量与多剂量静脉滴注的药动学(英文)

目的:研究10名健康志愿者按单剂量和多剂量静脉滴注异甘草酸镁100mg后的药动学特性。方法:多剂量给药方案为每日1次,连续9d。采用高效液相色谱法测定异甘草酸镁的血药浓度。色谱条件包括:HypersilODS2色谱柱(5μm,300mm×4.6mm),流动相为0.23mol·L-1磷酸盐 缓冲液(pH=7.4)∶乙腈=79∶21,柱温40°C,流速 为1.0mL·min-1,紫外检测波长为250nm。数据 用3P87软件处理,按二室模型拟合并求算药动学参 数。结果:单剂量给药后的药动学参数分别为:cmax=(29±3)mg·L-1;t12α=(1.72±0.27)h; t12β=(23±3)h;AUC0～72(以梯形法计算)=(448±75)mg·L-1·h-1。多剂量给药达稳态后的药动 参数分别为:cssmin=(13±3)mg·L-1;cssmax=(43± 6)mg·L-1;cav=(21±4)mg·L-1;t12α=(1.6± 0.4)h;t12β(24±4)h;AUCss0～τ=(513± 108)mg·L-1·h-1。结论:该药在人体内的分布和 消除速度不随连续给药而变化。     

西洛他唑片在人体的药动学研究

目的研究西洛他唑片在人体内的药动学。方法12名健康男性志愿者单剂量口服100 mg西洛他唑片,采用高效液相色谱法测定血浆中西洛他唑浓度,数据用3P97软件统计处理。结果西洛他唑片药-时曲线符合二室模型,其Cm ax为(769.5±228.2)μg.L-1,Tm ax为(3.004±1.204)h,T1/2α为(4.72±3.38)h,T1/2β为(25.95±12.22)h,AUC0-72为(12525±3077)μg.h.L-1,AUC0-为(13003±3206)μg.h.L-1。结论西洛他唑在人体内药动学过程符合二室开放模型,本研究可为临床用药提供药动学参数。     

咪达唑仑片在中国维吾尔族和汉族健康人体的药动学比较

目的研究健康维吾尔族和汉族志愿者单剂量口服咪达唑仑片的药动学。方法维吾尔族、汉族健康志愿者各10名,男、女各半,单剂量口服15 mg咪达唑仑片后,用HPLC法测定咪达唑仑的血浆浓度,运用DAS 2.0程序以非室模型拟合药动学参数,并对药动学参数进行独立样本t检验和非参数Mann-Whitney U test检验,以判断药动学是否存在显著性的民族差异。结果单剂量口服15 mg咪达唑仑片后,维吾尔族志愿者的主要药动学参数分别为:ρmax(124.8±50.0)μg.L-1,tmax(0.8±0.5)h,t1/2z(1.9±0.7)h,MRT0-12 h(2.8±0.8)h,CL/F(0.9±0.4)L.h-1.kg-1,Vz/F(2.3±0.7)L.kg-1和AUC0-12 h(343.2±150.9)μg.h.L-1。汉族健康受试者的主要药动学参数分别为:ρmax(103.1±26.4)μg.L-1,tmax(1.5±0.7)h,t1/2z(3.0±0.8)h,MRT0-12 h(3.6±0.4)h,CL/F(0.7±0.2)L.h-.1kg-1,Vz/F(2.7±0.8)L.kg-1和AUC0-12 h(368.8±103.4)μg.h.L-1。经检验,维吾尔族的tmax、t1/2z和MRT0-12 h比汉族的短,差异有显著性统计学意义,其余参数的民族差异无显著性统计学意义。两个民族的部分受试者的药-时曲线有双峰。结论单剂量口服咪达唑仑片后,汉族和维吾尔族健康志愿者的药动学存在较大的个体差异,且消除速率的民族差异有显著性统计学意义,临床应用时应注意个体化给药。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.