一种主动均衡节点能耗的无线传感器网络拓扑控制算法

无线传感器网络中网络拓扑的动态调整对于提高路由协议和MAC协议的效率,延长网络的生存期,提高网络通信效率等方面具有重要的作用.本文在分析了一些拓扑控制算法的基础上,提出了一种新的层次型拓扑生成算法,该算法引入了时间门限值和节点剩余能量两个参数,在解决能耗不均衡问题上采取相对主动的方法.能够有效地均衡网络节点的能耗并延长网络的生存周期.     

一种负载均衡且能量高效的水下传感网络分簇协议

针对水下无线传感网络能量效率低、生命周期短的问题,提出了一种负载均衡且能量高效的水下分簇（load balanced and energy efficient underwater clustering,LBEEUC）协议。该算法在分簇过程中首先根据节点的经验负载来确定节点所在区域簇头的比例,使经验负载大的区域分布较多的簇头,分担数据转发的任务,均衡网络的能耗;其次在节点入簇时,在簇内设置中继节点,用于均衡远离簇头节点的传输能耗,并提前进行数据融合,减少数据冗余;最后在建立簇间路由时,利用Q 学习算法根据路径消耗的总能量最小的原则选择最优传输路径。仿真结果表明,本算法有效地均衡了网络的能耗,提高了能量利用效率,进而提高了网络的生存时间。     

AODV能量优化策略

针对传统的AODV路由协议采用扩展环路由搜索算法导致的路由开销较大,没有考虑节点能量的问题,提出一种新的算法。此算法在路由请求过程中能够根据以前搜索中得到的信息,让多余的节点处于静默状态,不参与下一次的路由发现。并且综合考虑节点能量,尽可能地让低能量节点处于静默状态,从而达到均衡节点能量使用的目的。仿真结果表明改进算法有效延长了网络生存时间,提高了包投递率。     

基于能效优化的WSNs多径流量分配路由算法

该文针对传感器节点能量受限的特点建立能效优化模型,该模型兼顾网络传输能耗和能耗均衡特性,以最大化网络节点总剩余能量和最小化剩余能量的方差为目标,通过合理分配多条路径的流量来优化网络能效。利用权衡评价函数实现了模型的求解,进而提出一种多径流量分配路由(MFAR)算法。仿真实验表明,该算法能够合理配置各路径流量,显著提高网络能量效率,达到在降低网络能耗的同时保证能耗分布均衡的目标。     

无线自组织网络中一种拥塞意识的多径路由算法

提出了无线自组织网络中一种拥塞意识的多径路由算法。该算法在路由发现过程中,综合节点的队列长度和路径跳数来动态确定路由请求消息的转发概率,可以在保证路由请求消息有一定送达率的条件下,降低路由开销;在路径选择和流量分配过程中,综合考虑节点的队列长度和路径质量作为路由度量,发现流量高吞吐量低拥塞路径,并基于该度量值进行流量分配。仿真结果显示,所提出的多径路由算法能有效提高网络性能。     

基于节点位置的无线传感器网络分簇路由协议

针对LEACH协议生成非均匀簇造成能量损耗的问题,以网络簇头分布最优和降低能量损耗为目的,从选择簇头节点、形成簇、簇间路由等方面做了改进。经过理论分析和仿真实验与LEACH和LEACH-C算法比较,结果表明,该路由协议的设计使各节点较均衡地消耗能量,节点生存时间更长,延长了整个无线传感器网络的生命周期。     

无线传感器网络能量均衡路由算法

设计了一种能量均衡的路由算法.路由的建立分两个阶段,在簇头建立阶段,让候选节点在覆盖范围内以剩余能量的多少和所处位置为标准来竞选簇头,以使簇头分布均匀,平衡网络覆盖;在通信阶段,根据簇头节点的剩余能量大小和其距离基站的远近,采用多跳的簇间通信方式建立路由,以此来降低簇头节点的通信负载.仿真结果表明该算法能够有效降低网络能耗和延长网络生存时间.     

光网络中实现流量工程的负载均衡动态路由算法

提出了一种在光网络中实现流量工程的负载均衡动态路由算法(LBDRO).该算法通过新定义的链路关键度函数和链路当前可用带宽确定链路动态成本,并依据该动态成本运用最短路径优先算法为到达的LSP请求建立动态成本优化路径.该算法的计算复杂度低,仿真实验表明,与MHA、WSP、MIRA算法相比,在光传输网络中,该算法在降低LSP建立请求服务拒绝率、均衡网络负载以及链路失效后重路由等方面有很好的性能.     

光网络中一种快速动态负荷均衡的波长路由算法

针对波长路由网络中动态光链路建立问题,提出了一种快速动态波长路由算法(RWA)。在路由子问题上,通过动态改进最短路径算法(Dijistra算法)权值的设置,使之符合光网络中动态流量分布,并适时更新路由信息表来适时调整网络的流量分布,减轻网络负荷,实现一种负荷均衡的路径查找。在波长分配子问题上,提出一种通过动态调节变异和交叉算子的遗传算法(VMCR-GA),可以实现快速波长搜索和分配。通过在几个网络上的仿真分析,比采用普通遗传和D算法的波长路由算法性能优越,网络阻塞率可以降低10%,波长分配效率提高30%~50%,算法的收敛性也大大提高。     

基于能量均衡的无线传感器网络压缩感知算法

无线传感器网络在探测目标源时会碰到处理能力不足和能量缺乏的问题。为了克服这些问题,该文提出了基于能量均衡的自适应压缩感知算法。与传统自适应压缩感知算法不同,所提出的算法在选择观测向量时不仅考虑了重构性能,还考虑了节点的能量均衡,防止某些节点过快消耗能量而导致整体网络结构的破坏。同时为了适应不同应用场景的需求,将自适应压缩感知算法和能量均衡压缩感知算法相结合,通过门限值的选择达到灵活配置的目的。仿真实验的结果表明,该文所提出的算法能够有效延长网络生存时间,同时能够实现能耗和收敛性的兼顾。     

Bit-per-joule performance of power saving ad hoc networks with a mobile backbone

Energy efficient MAC protocols have been developed for wireless sensor and mobile ad hoc networks so that inactive nodes can transition into sleep state to conserve energy. It has been recognized that maintaining a continuously awake connected dominating set (CDS) serves to reduce the route setup latency. Under the mobile backbone network (MBN) architecture introduced by Rubin et al., a mobile backbone (Bnet) is dynamically constructed to provide a topological covering of the network. The MBN employs a hybrid routing algorithm under which flows that travel a distance longer than a threshold are directed along routes across the Bnet. In turn, a limited span network-wide global route discovery process is applied for routing shorter distance flows. In this paper, we introduce and analyze an MBN based power saving protocol (MBN-PS) that employs this hybrid routing scheme. Under the MBN-PS scheme, dynamically elected backbone nodes are kept awake, while inactive non-backbone nodes can reside in sleep state. We analytically show that, when the number of network flows is above a minimal level, the throughput per watt efficiency attained in an ad hoc network under complete backbone coverage is better than that achieved by a corresponding network that does not form a backbone. We present a model for the calculation of the bit-per-joule performance of the network as a function of the distance threshold. We confirm the validity of our analytical approach through simulations. Using our method, a network designer is able to choose the optimal distance threshold to be used by this scheme, based on traffic loading conditions.     

An Energy-Efficient Routing Protocol for Event-Driven Dense Wireless Sensor Networks

The routing energy efficiency of a wireless sensor network is a crucial issue for the network lifetime. In this article, we propose MICRO (MInimum Cost Routing with Optimized data fusion), an energy-efficient routing protocol for event-driven dense wireless sensor networks. The proposed routing protocol is an improvement over the formerly proposed LEACH and PEGASIS protocol, which is designed to be implemented mainly with node computations rather than mainly with node communications. Moreover, in the routing computation the proposed scheme exploits a new cost function for energy balancing among sensor nodes, and uses an iterative scheme with optimized data fusions to compute the minimum-cost route for each event-detecting sensor node. Compared to the PEGASIS routing protocol, MICRO substantially improves the energy-efficiency of each route, by optimizing the trade-off between minimization of the total energy consumption of each route and the balancing of the energy state of each sensor node. It is demonstrated that the proposed protocol is able to outperform the LEACH and the PEGASIS protocols with respect to network lifetime by 100–300% and 10–100%, respectively.     

Effective Energy Adaptive and Consumption in Wireless Sensor Network Using Distributed Source Coding and Sampling Techniques

Multimedia is the process of handling multiple medium of messages over network with high rate data services in wireless cellular area networks. Communication is the process of exchanging information form one service to another. In wireless networks are significantly growth of affecting network performance and energy consumption. The major problem is end to end delay in each node and meets the quality of services. The followings are considered for implementing wireless sensor network such as reduces the network delay, propagation delay and energy consumption. The senor node can sense the encoding value and reduce the network traffic delay using mitigation method. This paper propose a unique approach to provide simple routing services with reduced traffic delay, end to end delay network performance and to achieve better performance using Distributed Source Coding and Effective Energy Consumption methods. In this paper we use optimal early detection algorithm for improving network performance and energy consumption problem. An iterative Shannon fano and Tuker method is used for finding optimal solution of each node values. Network Simulator-3 is used for simulating network environments and setup the experiments. Our proposed method shows high data rate, good performance and low energy consumptions. The results compare with existing methodologies and performance is good.

     

LSAPSP: Load distribution‐based slot allocation and path establishment using optimized substance particle selection in sensor networks

Sensor node energy conservation is the primary design parameters in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Energy efficiency in sensor networks directly prolongs the network lifetime. In the process of route discovery, each node cooperates to forward the data to the base station using multi‐hop routing. But, the nodes nearer to the base station are loaded more than the other nodes that lead to network portioning, packet loss and delay as a result nodes may completely loss its energy during the routing process. To rectify these issues, path establishment considers optimized substance particle selection, load distribution, and an efficient slot allocation scheme for data transmission between the sensor nodes in this paper. The selection of forwarders and conscious multi‐hop path is selected based on the route cost value that is derived directly by taking energy, node degree and distance as crucial metrics. Load distribution based slot allocation method ensures the balance of data traffic and residual energy of the node in areal‐time environment. The proposed LSAPSP simulation results show that our algorithm not only can balance the real‐time environment load and increase the network lifetime but also meet the needs of packet loss and delay.     

Energy‐aware geographic routing in wireless sensor networks with anchor nodes

Energy efficiency has become an important design consideration in geographic routing protocols for wireless sensor networks because the sensor nodes are energy constrained and battery recharging is usually not feasible. However, numerous existing energy‐aware geographic routing protocols are energy‐inefficient when the detouring mode is involved in the routing. Furthermore, most of them rarely or at most implicitly take into account the energy efficiency in the advance. In this paper, we present a novel energy‐aware geographic routing (EAGR) protocol that attempts to minimize the energy consumption for end‐to‐end data delivery. EAGR adaptively uses an existing geographic routing protocol to find an anchor list based on the projection distance of nodes for guiding packet forwarding. Each node holding the message utilizes geographic information, the characteristics of energy consumption, and the metric of advanced energy cost to make forwarding decisions, and dynamically adjusts its transmission power to just reach the selected node. Simulation results demonstrate that our scheme exhibits higher energy efficiency, smaller end‐to‐end delay, and better packet delivery ratio compared to other geographic routing protocols. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Hierarchical routing and traffic grooming in IP/MPLS-based ASON/GMPLS multi-domain networks

Routing, connection setup, and path computation are well-known problems in multi-domain networks, which have been largely analyzed in pure IP (packet) networks. In circuit-switched optical multi-domain networks, there remain, however, a number of routing and path computation challenges. Traffic grooming means combining a number of low-speed traffic streams so that the high capacity of each lightpath may be used as efficiently as possible, as path computation implements the core of the grooming function, it is obvious that solutions for the traffic grooming problem in optical multi-domain networks are still not sufficiently investigated. In this study we propose a methodology to address the problems of routing, connection setup, and traffic grooming in optical multi-domain networks, which adapts a two-level hierarchical routing scheme and full-mesh topology abstraction algorithm to improve routing scalability and lower inter-domain blocking probabilities; additionally our proposed methodology adapts a scheme for traffic grooming in DWDM multi-domain networks to improve the resources usage. To test our proposed methodology we propose a detailed IP/MPLS-based ASON/GMPLS multi-domain multilayer test framework.     

An extended least-hop distributed routing algorithm

A routing strategy called NELHNET has been developed for networks with multiprecedence traffic and operating under dynamic traffic and topological conditions. An adaptive distributed algorithm that uses least-hop and least-hop-plus-1 routes in a table of routing vectors, as opposed to the usual table of routing scalars, is described. Current delays are passed backward and forward with the packets to allow development of expected delays to each node via all acceptable routes. The route then selected is the acceptable route with the least expected delay. For speedier recovery, a node returning to service receives the current network status from an adjoining node as soon as the link connecting them is operational. The resultant algorithms show far greater than the marginal improvements originally expected over Arpanet simulations. NELHENET strategies also permit the network to function stably under more heavily loaded conditions than do the Arpanet strategies     

Delay constraint multipath routing for wireless multimedia ad hoc networks

According to the disadvantages of real time and continuity for multimedia services in ad hoc networks, a delay constraint multipath routing protocol for wireless multimedia ad hoc networks, which can satisfy quality of service (QoS) requirement (QoS multipath optimized link state routing [MOLSR]), is proposed. The protocol firstly detects and analyzes the link delay among the nodes and collects the delay information as the routing metric by HELLO message and topology control message. Then, through using the improved multipath Dijkstra algorithm for path selection, the protocol can gain the minimum delay path from the source node to the other nodes. Finally, when the route is launched, several node‐disjoint or link‐disjoint multipaths will be built through the route computation. The simulation and test results show that QoS‐MOLSR is suitable for large and dense networks with heavy traffic. It can improve the real time and reliability for multimedia transmission in wireless multimedia ad hoc networks. The average end‐to‐end delay of QoS‐MOLSR is four times less than the optimized link state routing. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

QoS-aware routing based on bandwidth estimation for mobile ad hoc networks

Routing protocols for mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) have been explored extensively in recent years. Much of this work is targeted at finding a feasible route from a source to a destination without considering current network traffic or application requirements. Therefore, the network may easily become overloaded with too much traffic and the application has no way to improve its performance under a given network traffic condition. While this may be acceptable for data transfer, many real-time applications require quality-of-service (QoS) support from the network. We believe that such QoS support can be achieved by either finding a route to satisfy the application requirements or offering network feedback to the application when the requirements cannot be met. We propose a QoS-aware routing protocol that incorporates an admission control scheme and a feedback scheme to meet the QoS requirements of real-time applications. The novel part of this QoS-aware routing protocol is the use of the approximate bandwidth estimation to react to network traffic. Our approach implements these schemes by using two bandwidth estimation methods to find the residual bandwidth available at each node to support new streams. We simulate our QoS-aware routing protocol for nodes running the IEEE 802.11 medium access control. Results of our experiments show that the packet delivery ratio increases greatly, and packet delay and energy dissipation decrease significantly, while the overall end-to-end throughput is not impacted, compared with routing protocols that do not provide QoS support.     

Load Balanced Congestion Adaptive Routing for Randomly Distributed Mobile Adhoc Networks

In mobile ad hoc networks, congestion occurs due to limited sources of the network, which leads to packet losses, bandwidth degradation and wastes time and energy on congestion recovery. Various techniques have been developed in attempt to minimize congestion in uniformly distributed networks. In this paper, a load balanced congestion adaptive routing algorithm has been proposed for randomly distributed networks. In the proposed algorithm two metrics: traffic load density and life time associated with a routing path, have been used to determine the congestion status and weakest node of the route. The route with low traffic load density and maximum life time is selected for packet transmission.