硝酸甘油联合右美托咪定在老年患者全髋关节置换术中实施控制性降压的效果

目的探讨硝酸甘油联合右美托咪定在老年患者全髋关节置换术中实施控制性降压的安全性和有效性。方法择期全麻下行全髋关节置换术的患者40例,年龄65⁸0岁,男25例,女15例,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,将入选病例随机分为两组:硝酸甘油联合右美托咪定(ND组)和硝酸甘油组(N组)。记录麻醉诱导前(T0)、达到降压目标时(T1)、达到降压目标后5 min(T2)、停止降压后20 min时(T3)、拔出气管插管时(T4)MAP、HR。记录达到降压目标的时间、硝酸甘油用量。结果与T0比较,T1、T2时两组MAP均降低(P<0.05),T4时ND组MAP升高小于N组;T1、T2时N组HR明显快于T0,T4时ND组HR升高小于N组(P<0.05)。ND组达到降压目标时间短于N组(P<0.05),硝酸甘油用量ND组明显少于N组(P<0.05)。结论硝酸甘油联合右美托咪定在老年全髋置换术中实施控制性降压效果确切,而且能获得更平稳的血流动力学。     

右美托咪定辅助控制性降压联合高容量血液稀释在脊柱手术中的应用

目的:探讨右美托咪定辅助控制性降压联合高容量血液稀释在脊柱手术中应用的安全性、优越性和可靠性。方法:将进行全身麻醉下脊柱手术患者40例采用随机数字表法分为右美托咪定组(D组)和生理盐水组(S组),各20例。两组均给予控制性降压联合高容量血液稀释的方法进行血液保护以及术中唤醒试验。其中,D组患者在麻醉诱导开始之前10min用微量泵在10min内输入1μg/kg右美托咪定,控制性降压期间以0.4~0.8μg/(kg·h)维持输注,唤醒试验和麻醉维持期间以0.2μg/(kg·h)输注至拔出气管导管;S组患者将右美托咪定换成生理盐水,泵注方法同D组。观察并记录患者泵注药品前(T0)、气管插管后1 min(T1)、麻醉诱导后10 min(T2)、麻醉诱导后30 min(T3)、唤醒时(T4)、控制性降压停止时(T5)、术毕时(T6)、拔出气管导管时(T7)的心率(HR)、平均动脉压(MAP)、中心静脉压(CVP),同时记录两组患者的唤醒试验时间、唤醒时出血量、硝酸甘油总量、异氟醚平均吸入浓度、瑞芬太尼总量、总出血量、术毕苏醒时间。统计两组患者术后发生苏醒延迟、寒战、烦躁的例数。结果:两组患者在T1、T7时的HR均较T0时加快,MAP、CVP均较T0时升高,且S组较D组明显(P<0.05);两组患者在T3时的HR、MAP较T0时明显降低(P<0.05);S组患者在T4时的MAP、CVP较T0时以及D组T4时升高,HR加快(P<0.05)。D组患者的唤醒试验时间、术毕苏醒时间短于S组(P<0.05),唤醒时出血量、总出血量少于S组(P<0.05),硝酸甘油总量、异氟醚平均吸入浓度、瑞芬太尼总量小于S组(P<0.05);D组术后苏醒延迟、烦躁、寒战的发生率明显低于S组(P<0.05)。结论:右美托咪定辅助控制性降压联合高容量血液稀释在脊柱手术中应用,使控制性降压更有效、稳定,能明显减少硝酸甘油、瑞芬太尼、丙泊酚、异氟醚的用量,是辅助控制性降压联合高容量血液稀释在脊柱手术中应用的安全、可靠的药物。     

右美托咪定复合七氟醚控制性降压用于高血压患者鼻内镜手术的临床分析

目的分析高血压患者行鼻内镜手术时应用右美托咪定复合七氟醚控制性降压处理的临床价值。方法收集本科室接收的拟行鼻内镜手术的60例高血压患者,随机分成2组:参考组共30例,单予七氟醚麻醉控制性降压;研究组共30例,在参考组基础上加用右美托咪定联合干预。详细记录2组的手术情况,且评估术野质量。结果研究组的手术操作时间与参考组相比显著更短,手术出血量显著更少,各时间点的SSFQ评分均显著更低(P<0.05)。结论高血压患者行鼻内镜手术时应用右美托咪定复合七氟醚控制性降压有助于改善手术视野,促进手术的顺利进行,值得借鉴。     

右美托咪定在全身麻醉鼻内镜手术控制性降压中的应用

目的 探讨右美托咪定在全身麻醉鼻内镜手术控制性降压中的临床应用。方法 60例择期行鼻内镜手术患者,按数字法随机分为实验组(右美托咪定)与对照组(生理盐水),每组30例。比较两组患者术前、术中血压和心率变化。结果 通过比较分析,实验组在给予右美托咪定控制性降压后,术中收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)及心率(HR)的最大值与最小值均明显低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 右美托咪定在全身麻醉鼻内镜手术控制性降压效果小显著,维持术中血流动力学稳定,安全可靠,值得临床推广。     

右美托咪定在全身麻醉鼻内镜手术控制性降压中的应用

目的 探讨右美托咪定在全身麻醉鼻内镜手术控制性降压中的临床应用。方法 60例择期行鼻内镜手术患者,按数字法随机分为实验组(右美托咪定)与对照组(生理盐水),每组30例。比较两组患者术前、术中血压和心率变化。结果 通过比较分析,实验组在给予右美托咪定控制性降压后,术中收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)及心率(HR)的最大值与最小值均明显低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 右美托咪定在全身麻醉鼻内镜手术控制性降压效果小显著,维持术中血流动力学稳定,安全可靠,值得临床推广。     

右美托咪定对琥珀胆碱肌震颤及术后肌痛的影响

目的观察右美托咪定用于声带息肉摘除术对血流动力学的影响及预防琥珀胆碱肌震颤及术后肌痛的效果。方法选择择期行声带息肉摘除术患者60例,ASAⅠ~Ⅱ级,随机分为对照组(C组)和右美托咪定组(D组),D组麻醉诱导前10 min静脉给予右美托咪定1μg/kg,C组给予等量生理盐水。监测并记录给予右美托咪定前(基础值T0)、给予右美托咪定后5 min(T1)、麻醉诱导后30 s(T2)、给予琥珀胆碱后30 s(T3)、气管插管后1 min(T4)、支撑喉镜置入时(T5)、手术进行5 min(T6)、手术结束(T7)时的MAP、HR。琥珀胆碱注射后,观察肌震颤情况、气管插管条件,术后24 h肌痛指标。结果与T0时比较,C组T4~T7时MAP明显升高,HR明显增快;与C组相比,T4~T7时D组MAP明显降低,HR明显减慢(P<0.05)。两组插管条件比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),D组肌震颤发生率与C组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),但发生程度较C组显著降低(P<0.05),术后24 h C组和D组的VAS评分分别为6.54±0.37和3.48±0.45,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论术前预注右美托咪定可有效减轻声带息肉摘除术中循环波动及琥珀胆碱所致的肌震颤及术后肌痛。     

不同剂量右美托咪定在胸主动脉瘤患者支架介入手术中的应用效果观察

目的:观察不同剂量右美托咪定在胸主动脉瘤患者支架介入手术中的应用效果,为临床用药提供参考。方法:选择美国麻醉医师协会(ASA)分级Ⅱ~Ⅲ级择期在局麻下行胸主动脉瘤支架介入手术的患者60例,随机分为3组,每组20例。手术局麻前30 min分别静脉给予右美托咪定0.5μg/kg(D1组)、0.7μg/kg(D2组)、1μg/kg(D3组),之后各组以0.4μg/(kg·h)恒速维持直至手术结束。记录给药前(T0)、给药后10 min(T1)、给药后20 min(T2)、手术切皮时(T3)及术中释放支架前即刻(T4)的收缩压(SBP)、心率(HR)、经皮血氧饱和度(Sp O2)及脑电双频指数(BIS),并记录术中控制性降压使用硝酸甘油的剂量,有无呼吸抑制、心动过缓或心动过速等不良反应。结果:与T0比较,3组患者给药后T1~T4时SBP、HR、BIS均降低(P<0.05或P<0.01)。与D1组比较,D2、D3组BIS在给药后T1~T4时明显降低(P<0.05)。D3组HR在T2时较D1、D2组明显降低(P<0.05)。D3组较D1、D2组心动过缓发生率明显增多(P<0.05)。D2、D3组术中控制性降压使用硝酸甘油的剂量较D1组明显减少(P<0.05),而D2组与D3组组间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:在局麻下胸主动脉瘤支架介入手术前,静脉给予右美托咪定0.7μg/kg,之后以0.4μg/(kg·h)恒速维持,镇静镇痛效果满意,围术期血流动力学稳定,且可减少血管活性药用量。     

尼卡地平和盐酸乌拉地尔控制性降压在鼻内镜手术中的应用

目的比较鼻内镜手术中尼卡地平和盐酸乌拉地尔控制性降压的效果.方法120例择期鼻内镜手术患者随机分成两组,尼卡地平组(N组),乌拉地尔组(W组),每组60例.N组尼卡地平控制性降压;W组盐酸乌拉地尔控制性降压.术中平均动脉压(MAP)维持在60～65mm Hg,根据Fromme术野质量评分(scores of surgical field quality,SSFQ),在手术开始后5、15、30、60min进行评定.结果MAP术后5min时N组低于W组(P＜0.05);两组SSFQ在5、30、60min时差异有显著性(P＜0.05),5min时W组高于N组,30、60min时W组低于N组;N组心率(HR)在术中各个时间点均高于W组,差异有显著性(P＜0.05).结论鼻内镜手术中盐酸乌拉地尔比尼卡地平控制性降压术野质量更优.     

尼卡地平和艾络用于鼻内镜术中控制性降压的研究

目的 :探讨尼卡地平伍用艾络在鼻内镜术中控制性降压的应用及对血流动力学的影响。方法 :选择择期行鼻内镜手术的患者ASIⅠ级～Ⅱ级 6 0例 ,随机分为尼卡地平组 (N组 ,n =30 )和硝酸甘油组 (X组 ,n =30 )。两组患者入室后采用气管插管全身麻醉 ,待行鼻腔黏膜局部麻醉后实施控制性降压。N组采用静脉滴注尼卡地平液 10 0mL ,X组采用静脉滴注硝酸甘油液 (10 %葡萄糖 10 0mL +硝酸甘油 10mg) ,两组均按MAP维持于 (9.33± 0 .33)kPa ,调整滴数 ,当心率高于 12 0次 /分时 ,静脉滴注艾络 0 .5mg/kg控制心率 ,记录两组患者麻醉前 (T0 )、鼻腔黏膜局麻后 (T1)、实施控制性降压后 (T2 )的MAP和HR的变化。结果 :两组患者鼻腔黏膜局麻后MAP和HR均较麻醉前有明显增高 (P <0 .0 1) ,N组行控制性降压后MAP维持平稳 ,经伍用艾络HR无明显反跳。X组行控制性降压后 ,HR反跳明显 ,MAP控制不满意。结论 :尼卡地平伍用艾络能有效实施鼻内镜术中的控制性降压 ,较好地维持血流动力学稳定。     

地尔硫(艹卓)与硝酸甘油在鼻内镜手术中控制性降压的疗效观察

目的:探讨地尔硫和硝酸甘油在鼻内镜手术中控制性降压的疗效。方法:60例择期鼻内镜手术患者随机分成3组,每组各20例,均采用气管内插管全麻。A组(n=20)无特殊处理,B组(n=20)硝酸甘油降压组,C组(n=20)地尔硫降压组。观察各组麻醉前(T0)、控制性降压后10 min(T1)和30 min(T2)以及拔管即刻(T3)各时点的的心率(HR)、平均动脉压(MAP)和血乳酸含量(LA),术毕记录手术时间和出血量。结果:手术期间A组、B组HR明显高于C组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),控制性降压后30 min,B组和C组MAP均较A组低,差异有显著性(P<0.01),手术期间B组、C组的出血量无明显差异,但都少于A组(P<0.05),降压期间B组、C组的乳酸值升高无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:鼻内镜手术应用地尔硫行控制性降压,效果显著,疗效确切,同时还有减慢心率、降低氧耗作用,优于硝酸甘油,可作为首选降压药。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

2-(Acetoxyphenyl)-(Z)-styryl sulfides as cyclooxygenase inhibitors

2-(Acetoxyphenyl)-(Z)-styryl sulfides are described as selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors, useful for treating inflammation and COX-2-mediated disorders including neoplasia. 2-(Acetoxyphenyl)-(Z)-styryl sulfide is claimed to be the most potent COX inhibitor in the series with a COX-2 selectivity ratio of 33. This compound is also claimed to be superior to celecoxib (Celebrex^®, Pfizer) in inhibiting cell growth of colorectal carcinoma cells. In this evaluation, the COX inhibitory activity of this compound is compared to that previously disclosed for diarylheterocycles and 2-(acetoxyphenyl)alkyl sulfides. The validity of the DLD-1 cell line in the growth inhibition studies is questioned based on recent literature reports indicating the lack of COX-2 expression in this cell line.     

Sleep-disordered breathing with chronic opioid use

Chronic opioid use for pain relief or as substitution therapy for illicit drug abuse is prevalent in our societies. In the US, retail distribution of methadone and oxycodone has increased by 824 and 660%, respectively, between 1997 and 2003. μ-Opioids depress respiration and deaths related to illicit and non illicit chronic opioid use are not uncommon. Since 2001 there has been an emerging literature that suggests that chronic opioid use is related to central sleep apnoea of both periodic and non-periodic breathing types, and occurs in ～ 30% of these subjects. The clinical significance of these sleep-related abnormalities are unknown. This review addresses the present knowledge of control of ventilation mechanisms during wakefulness and sleep, the effects of opioids on ventilatory control mechanisms, the sleep-disordered breathing found with chronic opioid use and a discussion regarding the future research directions in this area.     

Drug targets for cognitive enhancement in neuropsychiatric disorders

The investigation of novel drug targets for treating cognitive impairments associated with neurological and psychiatric disorders remains a primary focus of study in central nervous system (CNS) research. Many promising new therapies are progressing through preclinical and clinical development, and offer the potential of improved treatment options for neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) as well as other disorders that have not been particularly well treated to date like the cognitive impairments associated with schizophrenia (CIAS). Among targets under investigation, cholinergic receptors have received much attention with several nicotinic agonists (α7 and α4β2) actively in clinical trials for the treatment of AD, CIAS and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Both glutamatergic and serotonergic (5-HT) agonists and antagonists have profound effects on neurotransmission and improve cognitive function in preclinical experiments with animals; some of these compounds are now in proof-of-concept studies in humans. Several histamine H3 receptor antagonists are in clinical development not only for cognitive enhancement, but also for the treatment of narcolepsy and cognitive deficits due to sleep deprivation because of their expression in brain sleep centers. Compounds that dampen inhibitory tone (e.g., GABA_A α5 inverse agonists) or elevate excitatory tone (e.g., glycine transporter inhibitors) offer novel approaches for treating diseases such as schizophrenia, AD and Down syndrome. In addition to cell surface receptors, intracellular drug targets such as the phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are known to impact signaling pathways that affect long-term memory formation and working memory. Overall, there is a genuine need to treat cognitive deficits associated with many neuropsychiatric conditions as well as an increasingly aging population.