Performance of FGOALS-s2 in simulating intraseasonal oscillation over the south Asian monsoon region

The capability of the current version of the air-sea coupled climate model, the Flexible Global Ocean-Atmosphere-Land System model, Spectral Version 2 (FGOALS-s2), in simulating the boreal summer intraseasonal oscillation (ISO) over the south Asian monsoon (SAM) region is diagnosed, in terms of dominant period, propagation direction, and vertical structure. Results show that the coupled model can reasonably simulate the main features of observed ISO propagation compared to the chosen AGCM. These features include the eastward movement of intraseasonal 850-hPa zonal wind over the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal, the vertical structure in active phases, and the realistic phase relationship between ISO and underlying SST. However, the eastward propagation cannot be reproduced in the uncoupled model. This suggests that air-sea interaction is important in generating intraseasonal variability over the SAM region. Nevertheless, some deficiencies remain in the coupled model, which may relate to physical processes depicted by the cumulus parameterization and PBL schemes within its atmospheric component.     

中国热带大气季节内振荡研究进展

热带大气季节内振荡(包括MJO)是大气环流的重要系统,它的活动及异常既对其他系统有一定的作用,也对长期天气和短期气候有明显影响。因此,热带大气季节内振荡一直是大气科学的前沿研究课题之一。文中对近5—10年中国学者的有关研究工作及其进展做了简要回顾和综合,主要包括:(1)热带大气季节内振荡特别是MJO的动力学机制;(2)热带大气季节内振荡以及MJO的数值模拟问题,特别是大气非绝热加热廓线对模式模拟MJO的重要作用;(3)热带大气季节内振荡和MJO,特别是在赤道西太平洋地区,与ENSO的相互作用关系;(4)热带大气季节内振荡(包括MJO)及其流场形势对西太平洋台风活动的重要影响,即MJO对西北太平洋台风生成数的调制作用,以及热带大气季节内低频气旋性(LFC)和反气旋性(LFAC)流场对西太平洋台风路径的影响;(5)热带大气季节内振荡(包括MJO)的活动及异常对东亚和南亚夏季风建立、活动异常的影响,以及它们与中国降水异常的密切关系。     

Intensified Eastward and Northward Propagation of Tropical Intraseasonal Oscillation over the Equatorial Indian Ocean in a Global Warming Scenario

Northward propagation in summer and eastward propagation in winter are two distinguished features of tropical intraseasonal oscillation(TISO) over the equatorial Indian Ocean.According to numerical modeling results,under a global warming scenario,both propagations were intensified.The enhanced northward propagation in summer can be attributed to the enhanced atmosphere-ocean interaction and the strengthened mean southerly wind;and the intensified eastward propagation in winter is associated with the enhanced convection-wind coupling process and the strengthened equatorial Kevin wave.Future changes of TISO propagations need to be explored in more climate models.     

The Madden–Julian oscillation in ECHAM4 coupled and uncoupled general circulation models

The Madden-Julian oscillation (MJO) dominates tropical variability on timescales of 30–70 days. During the boreal winter/spring, it is manifested as an eastward propagating disturbance, with a strong convective signature over the eastern hemisphere. The space–time structure of the MJO is analyzed using simulations with the ECHAM4 atmospheric general circulation model run with observed monthly mean sea-surface temperatures (SSTs), and coupled to three different ocean models. The coherence of the eastward propagation of MJO convection is sensitive to the ocean model to which ECHAM4 is coupled. For ECHAM4/OPYC and ECHO-G, models for which ~100 years of daily data is available, Monte Carlo sampling indicates that their metrics of eastward propagation are different at the 1% significance level. The flux-adjusted coupled simulations, ECHAM4/OPYC and ECHO-G, maintain a more realistic mean-state, and have a more realistic MJO simulation than the nonadjusted scale interaction experiment (SINTEX) coupled runs. The SINTEX model exhibits a cold bias in Indian Ocean and tropical West Pacific Ocean sea-surface temperature of ~0.5°C. This cold bias affects the distribution of time-mean convection over the tropical eastern hemisphere. Furthermore, the eastward propagation of MJO convection in this model is not as coherent as in the two models that used flux adjustment or when compared to an integration of ECHAM4 with prescribed observed SST. This result suggests that simulating a realistic basic state is at least as important as air–sea interaction for organizing the MJO. While all of the coupled models simulate the warm (cold) SST anomalies that precede (succeed) the MJO convection, the interaction of the components of the net surface heat flux that lead to these anomalies are different over the Indian Ocean. The ECHAM4/OPYC model in which the atmospheric model is run at a horizontal resolution of T42, has eastward propagating zonal wind anomalies and latent heat flux anomalies. However, the integrations with ECHO-G and SINTEX, which used T30 atmospheres, produce westward propagation of the latent heat flux anomalies, contrary to reanalysis. It is suggested that the differing ability of the models to represent the near-surface westerlies over the Indian Ocean is related to the different horizontal resolutions of the atmospheric model employed.     

The boreal summer intraseasonal oscillation simulated by four Chinese AGCMs participating in the CMIP5 project

The performances of four Chinese AGCMs participating in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 （CMIP5） in the simulation of the boreal summer intraseasonal oscillation （BSISO） are assessed. The authors focus on the major characteristics of BSISO： the intensity, significant period, and propagation. The results show that the four AGCMs can reproduce boreal summer intraseasonal signals of precipitation; however their limitations are also evident. Compared with the Climate Prediction Center Merged Analysis of Precipitation （CMAP） data, the models underestimate the strength of the intraseasonal oscillation （ISO） over the eastern equatorial Indian Ocean （IO） during the boreal summer （May to October）, but overestimate the intraseasonal variability over the western Pacific （WP）. In the model results, the westward propagation dominates, whereas the eastward propagation dominates in the CMAP data. The northward propagation in these models is tilted southwest-northeast, which is also different from the CMAP result. Thus, there is not a northeast-southwest tilted rain belt revolution off the equator during the BSISO＇s eastward journey in the models. The biases of the BSISO are consistent with the summer mean state, especially the vertical shear. Analysis also shows that there is a positive feedback between the intraseasonal precipitation and the summer mean precipitation. The positive feedback processes may amplify the models＇ biases in the BSISO simulation.     

西北太平洋SST季内振荡及其与中国东部夏季降水季内振荡的关系

利用NOAA逐日海表面温度(sea surface temperature,SST)资料、NCEP/NCAR逐日风场和比湿资料以及中国国家气象信息中心提供的逐日降水资料,研究了西北太平洋气候SST的低频周期,进一步分析了夏季西北太平洋SST季节内振荡与中国东部同期降水异常的关系。结果表明:夏季西北太平洋季节内SST异常影响中国东部同期季节内降水最显著的三个区域为:长江中游及华南沿海;江淮流域;华北大部。其影响途径主要是通过西北太平洋季节内海温与850 h Pa环流场之间相互作用,在东亚沿岸自南向北逐渐形成气旋—反气旋—气旋(反气旋—气旋—反气旋)的波列结构,引起东亚沿海局地水汽的辐合辐散,使得中国东部夏季季节内雨带从江淮流域向华北推进(从华北南撤到长江中游及华南沿海地区)。     

热带季节内振荡研究新进展

季节内振荡既是热带大气活动的强信号，也是热带海洋中较为普遍的现象。本文叙述了热带大气和热带海洋季节内振荡研究的进展，包括热带大气季节内振荡的观测研究、机制研究以及热带海洋季节内振荡方面的研究；讨论了海气相互作用、不同尺度间相互作用对季节内振荡的影响；在总结上述研究成果的基础上提出了热带季节内振荡研究进一步的发展方向。     

The East Asia-western North Pacific boreal summer intraseasonal oscillation simulated in GAMIL 1.1.1

We evaluate the performance of GAMIL1.1.1 in a 27-year forced simulation of the summer intraseasonal oscillation (ISO) over East Asia (EA)-western North Pacific (WNP). The assessment is based on two measures: climatological ISO (CISO) and transient ISO (TISO). CISO is the ISO component that is phase-locked to the annual cycle and describes seasonal march. TISO is the ISO component that varies year by year. The model reasonably captures many observed features of the ISO, including the stepwise northward advance of the rain belt of CISO, the dominant periodicities of TISO in both the South China Sea-Philippine Sea (SCS-PS) and the Yangtze River Basin (YRB), the northward propagation of 30--50-day TISO and the westward propagation of the 12--25-day TISO mode over the SCS-PS, and the zonal propagating features of three major TISO modes over the YRB. However, the model has notable deficiencies. These include the early onset of the South China Sea monsoon associated with CISO, too fast northward propagation of CISO from 20^oN to 40^oN and the absence of the CISO signal south of 10^oN, the deficient eastward propagation of the 30--50-day TISO mode and the absence of a southward propagation in the YRB TISO modes. The authors found that the deficiencies in the ISO simulation are closely related to the model's biases in the mean states, suggesting that the improvement of the model mean state is crucial for realistic simulation of the intraseasonal variation.     

热带季节内振荡对西北太平洋台风生成的大尺度环境的影响

基于澳大利亚气象局发布的RMM(Real-time Multivariate Madden-Julian oscillation)指数,将热带大气季节内振荡划分为8个位相,统计分析了各位相西北太平洋台风生成频数和位置的变化特征,并进一步利用BDI(Box Difference Index)指数分析了台风生成的活跃和不活跃位相之间环境要素的差别。结果表明,相比于台风生成的不活跃位相(1、2、3位相),在利于台风生成的活跃位相(5、6、7位相)期间,环境场具有更强的低层辐合和高层辐散外流、更高的对流层中层相对湿度和更广的垂直切变较小区域。进一步研究表明,在台风生成的活跃和不活跃位相之间,大尺度环境场的差别主要体现在动力因子方面,尤其是低层辐合场。     

基于改进版NUIST CFS1.1的热带大气季节内信号及其对中国气温降水影响的预测评估

基于南京信息工程大学次季节气候预测系统(NUIST CFS1.1),通过调整成员的大气初始化方案并优化了集合预测方案,构建了性能更优、计算成本更低的9成员NUIST CFS1.1 Pro系统。进一步基于实时多变量Madden-Julian Oscillation(MJO)指数和两类北半球夏季季节内振荡(Boreal Summer Intraseasonal Oscillation,BSISO)指数BSISO1和BSISO2,评估了该预测系统对热带不同季节的大气季节内振荡(ISO)的预测技巧。结果表明,NUIST CFS1.1 Pro能分别提前26、17、12 d有效预测(距平相关高于0.5)MJO、BSISO1、BSISO2,对强事件(振幅>1)的有效预测时长能分别延长到30、21、13 d。此预测性能对比国内其他最新次季节动力模式如BCC_CSM2和FGOALS-f2有一定优势,同时在与国际S2S计划的8个主要业务预测系统的技巧对比中,NUIST CFS1.1 Pro在冬季MJO和夏季BSISO1预测上处于较为领先的水平,BSISO2的预测则处于中等水平;对不同位相的计算技巧显示,冬季MJO和夏季BSISO1的2、3、6、7位相较其他位相技巧更高。进一步的分析表明,NUIST CFS1.1 Pro能提前5候准确把握冬季MJO的东传特征,并能在一定程度上预测出其对我国气温异常的影响,尤其是对位相2、3时候的冷异常预测;而在夏季,则能提前4候正确预测BSISO1的北传、西北传特征,尤其能较好地预测西北太平洋上的对流和低层环流异常,从而成功预测出BSISO1造成的我国东部地区降水异常的空间形态。然而预测的强度较观测偏弱,这需要进一步的工作来改进。     

谱模式SAMIL对南亚季风区大气季节内振荡向北传播的模拟

基于与NCEP资料结果的比较,研究了中国科学院大气物理研究所大气科学和地球流体力学数值模拟国家重点实验室发展的大气环流模式SAMIL对夏季南亚季风区季节内振荡（ISO）向北传播特征的模拟,并结合目前对ISO北传机制的理解对模拟结果进行了分析讨论。SAMIL在夏季南亚地区模拟出相当强度的季节内振荡的活动,并且模拟的ISO也表现出与NCEP资料相似的从赤道向北传播的特征,但传播的速度要慢于NCEP资料的结果。模拟的北传ISO具有与NCEP资料相似的结构特征,涡度和水汽场明显的呈经向不对称,涡度和水汽的正异常位于ISO对流的北面,最大的上升运动和最强的行星边界层辐合也位于ISO对流的北面。ISO 结构的经向不对称性正是模式模拟的ISO具有向北传播特征的原因;而模式对夏季南亚季风区高低层风场和行星边界层水汽的合理模拟起了关键的作用。同时,根据关于ISO北传机理的已有研究,模式的结果也表明南亚地区夏季风场的垂直结构是那里ISO向北传播的重要机制。     

Intraseasonal Oscillation in the Tropical Indian Ocean

1. Introduction The intraseasonal oscillation (ISO or Madden- Julian Oscillation, MJO) in the tropical atmosphere has been studied extensively, including its existence, structure, evolution and propagation (Madden and Ju- lian, 1971; Murakami, et al., 198…     

有蒸发-风反馈和海-气相互作用的CISK开尔文波——热带季节内振荡机制的进一步研究

将波动－CISK（积云对流加热反馈）、海－气相互作用和蒸发－风反馈都引入一个简单理论模式，研究了他们在驱动热带大气季节内振荡（ISO）中的作用。其结果表明：波动－CISK在减慢激发波的位相速度以接近观测到的热带ISO的移速过程中起主要作用；而蒸发－风反馈的主要作用是使激发波不稳定；海－气相互作用在减慢激发波的移速方面也有一定作用。因此，波动－CISK和蒸发－风反馈可认为是热带ISO的主要动力学机制。本研究还表明，由于蒸发－风反馈和海－气相互作用的影响，激发波是一种频散波，这种频散性可以更好地解释热带大气中ISO的活动特征。     

强弱南海夏季风活动及大气季节内振荡

应用ＮＣＥＰ再分析资料和中国降水资料，分析研究了对应南海强、弱夏季风的环流形势及其与之相应的中国东部的降水异常。其结果表明，由强、弱夏季风所引起的中国气候异常是完全不同（甚至反相）的。分析大气季节内振荡（ＩＳＯ）的活动还表明，对应大气强（弱）南海夏季风，南海地区 ８５０ ｈＰａ也有强（弱）大气 ＩＳＯ；而强、弱南海夏季风环流（２００ ｈＰａ和 ８５０ ｈＰａ）主要由异常的大气ＩＳＯ所激发。本研究还揭示了南海地区大气ＩＳＯ的变化往往与江淮地区大气ＩＳＯ的变化反相，例如南海地区的强（弱）大气ＩＳＯ常与江淮流域的弱（强）大气ＩＳＯ相对应。对于大气ＩＳＯ的强度，一般多表现出局地激发特征，经向传播相对较弱。     

2016年1月低温事件的季节内振荡特征

利用NECP/DOE逐日再分析资料,分析了2016年1月发生在我国南方的持续低温事件。结果表明,此次过程存在明显的季节内振荡特征,其中准双周振荡为气温变化的主要模态。此次低温事件之所以达到寒潮级别,是由于天气尺度变化与10~20 d气温准双周振荡处于相同的降温变化过程中。准双周尺度的冷中心与天气尺度冷中心均从中高纬度向低纬地区传播,并在我国南方汇合,从而引起持续性的低温。通过诊断温度局地变化方程发现,此次天气过程中,温度平流项和绝热变化项是近地层局地温度降低的主要原因。天气尺度气温变化与10~20 d低频振荡对持续降温都有较大贡献,天气尺度降温略大于低频降温。     

Simulating tropical instability waves in the equatorial eastern Pacific with a coupled general circulation model

Satellite observations of SSTs have revealed the existence of unstable waves in the equatorial eastern Pacific and Atlantic oceans. These waves have a 20-40-day periodicity with westward phase speeds of 0.4-0.6 m s-1 and wavelengths of 1000-2000 km during boreal summer and fall. They are generally called tropical instability waves (TIWs). This study investigates TIWs simulated by a high-resolution coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation model (AOGCM). The horizontal resolution of the model is 120 km in...     

2019年南海夏季风爆发特征及其与10~25 d ISO的关系北大核心

使用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料对2019年高度场、OLR场和风场进行了环流分析,计算假相当位温、西南风和垂直风切变等物理量,并且使用Lanczos滤波器滤波后进行分位相讨论了ISO与2019年南海夏季风爆发的关系。结果表明,2019年南海夏季风爆发的日期为5月6日,其爆发偏早。在5月6日后具体特征表现为:200 hPa高空急流范围扩大,强度增强;副热带高压不断东撤,南海地区不再盛行西南风;850 hPa上南海地区盛行西南风且对流大面积爆发;假相当位温随高度变化的特征显示出对流增强的趋势。为了探讨2019年南海夏季风爆发与ISO的关系,进一步研究发现2019年存在10~25 d大气季节内振荡。一方面,ISO有利于2019年爆发时间偏早,另一方面,南海夏季风爆发后从孟加拉湾—印度洋东部低频对流多次随时间向东北传播,经历发展—最强—减弱—抑制—最弱—恢复的6个阶段,有利于南海地区偏西风增强以及对流活动的爆发维持,使得其爆发强度增强。     

The Dynamical Influence of Land－Sea Contrast and Sea Surface Temperature on Intraseasonal Oscillation in Tropical Atmosphere

An equatorial β-plane model which includes realistic non-uniform land-sea contrast and the underlying surface temperature distribution is used to simulate the 30-60 day oscillation (LFO) processes in tropical atmosphere, with emphasis on its longitude-dependent evolution and convective seesaw between Indian and the western Pacific oceans.The model simulated the twice-amplification of the disturbances over Indian and the western Pacific oceans while they are travelling eastward. It reproduced the dipole structure caused by the out-of-phase oscillation of the active centres in these two areas and the periodical transition between the phases of LFO. It is suggested that the convective seesaw is the result of interaction of the internal dynamics of tropical atmosphere with the zonally non-uniform thermal forcing from underlying surface. The convective activities are suppressed over Indonesia mari-time continents whilst they are favoured over the Indian Ocean and western Pacific warm waters, so there formed two active oscillation centres. The feedback of convection with large-scale flow slows down the propagation of disturb-ances when they are intensifying over these two areas, therefore they manifest a kind of quasi-stationary component to favor the ‘dipole’ structure. Whereas the disturbances weaken and speed up over the eastern Pacific cold water re-gion due to the interaction of sensible heating and evaporation with perturbational wind. Therefore the two major centers just show out-of-phase oscillation during onecycle around the latitudinal beltBy introducing the SST anomalies in El Ni?o and La Ni?a years into the surface temperature, we also show that they have significant influence on LFO processes. In an anomalously warm year, the LFO disturbances dissipate more slowly over the central-eastern Pacific region and can travel farther eastward; whilst in an anomalously cold year, the opposite is true.     

On the characteristics of propagation of intraseasonal oscillations and their observed association with tropical synoptic waves in the Asian-western Pacific region in boreal summer

Using the daily average outgoing longwave radiation and NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data in boreal summer (Mays to Octobers) from 1979 to 2007, the propagating characteristics of convection intraseasonal oscillations (ISOs) in the Asian-western Pacific (AWP) region and the relationship between tropical synoptic waves and ISOs are examined by means of finite-domain wavenumber-frequency energy spectrum analysis and lagged linear regression technique. The results are shown as follows. (1) The AWP ISOs propagate both eastward and westward, showing seasonality and regionality. The ISOs propagate eastward with a period of 30 to 60 days over equatorial regions in the whole AWP region, while the westward propagation occurs over 10 to 20? N western Pacific or in the late summers (August, September and October) with periods of 20 to 40 days. The ISOs eastward propagation mainly occurs in primary summers while the westward propagation enhances in late summers. (2) Deep ISO convections associate with westerly and cyclonic circulation anomalies that first form in the Indian Ocean, propagate eastward to the dateline in the Pacific and then turn northwestward. The ISOs convections show northwestward propagating characteristics in the western North Pacific. (3) The ISOs link with the tropical synoptic waves closely. Both convection signals, though with different spatio-temporal scale, enhance simutaneously in the northwestern Pacific, and the ISOs facilitate the forming of a cluster of tropical cyclones (TCs), while a cluster of TCs convection becomes one portion of the northwestward ISOs.     

中高纬大气ISO对夏季鄂海阻高形成和维持的调节作用

运用1979—2015年的逐日NCEP-DOE再分析资料,探讨了夏季鄂霍次克海阻塞高压(简称“鄂海阻高”)与中高纬大气季节内振荡(简称“ISO”)之间的可能联系。研究发现,ISO扰动与夏季鄂海阻高在关键区(130°~160°E,60°~75°N)有最好的耦合关系,且关键区位势高度表现出显著的10~30 d的振荡周期。超前滞后合成分析表明,与鄂海阻高相联系的ISO扰动具有明显的向西传播的特征。波活动通量分析结果显示,波能量在中高纬140°W附近累积,因此西传的ISO扰动可能源自中高纬140°W附近。对位势倾向方程的诊断结果显示,动力作用对关键区位势高度的时间变化起主要作用。进一步运用尺度分析表明,在夏季鄂海阻高发生和维持的过程中,ISO经向风引导的平均涡度平流对位势高度的时间变化起主导作用。