Layered MAP algorithm for MIMO ISI channels

The layered maximum a posteriori （L-MAP） algorithm has been proposed to detect signals under frequency selective fading multiple input multiple output （MIMO） channels. Compared to the optimum MAP detector, the L-MAP algorithm can efficiently identify signal bits, and the complexity grows linearly with the number of input antennas. The basic idea of L-MAP is to operate on each input sub-stream with an optimum MAP sequential detector separately by assuming the other streams are Gaussian noise. The soft output can also be forwarded to outer channel decoder for iterative decoding. Simulation results show that the proposed method can converge with a small number of iterations under different channel conditions and outperforms other sub-optimum detectors for rank-deficient channels.     

Outage mutual information of space-time MIMO channels

We derive analytical expressions for the probability density function (pdf) of the random mutual information between transmitted and received vector signals of a random space-time independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) channel, assuming that the transmitted signals from the multiple antennas are Gaussian i.i.d.. We show that this pdf can be well approximated by a Gaussian distribution, and such a Gaussian approximation is based on expressions for the given pdfs mean and variance that we derive. We prove that at high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), every factor of 2 increase in SNR leads to an increase in outage rate in the amount of min(M,N) bits, where M and N denote the number of transmit and receive antennas, respectively. A simple expression for the moment generating function (MGF) of the mutual information pdf is also provided, based on which we establish normality of the pdf, when both M and N are large, and the SNR is large.     

一种新的FSK最佳相干解调器

本文讨论在信号各频率振幅受到的衰减不一致并存在有色加性高斯噪声(IGDF-ACGN)信道条件下,FSK信号的最佳相干解调问题。基于矢量表示系统模型的方法,导出了最佳解调器的结构。从理论分析和计算机模拟实验结果都证明了所导得的最佳解调器,不仅在IGDF-ACGN信道条件下是最佳的,而且在加性高斯白噪声(AWGN)信道条件下也是最佳的。文中还导出了相应的误码率公式,给出了误码率数值计算和计算机模拟曲线。     

新型MFSK最佳相干解调器

本文推广了作者在1999年提出的方法和结论[1],讨论了在信号各频率振幅受到的衰减不一致并存在有色加性高斯噪声(IGDF-ACGN)信道条件下,M进制FSK(MFSK)信号的最佳相干解调问题。导出了最佳解调器的结构,说明了该解调器中有关参数的估计方法,以及实现时遇到的矢量、矩阵运算的有关快速算法。从理论和计算机模拟实验两方面说明了所导得的最佳解调器,不仅在IGDF-ACGN信道条件下是最佳的,而且在加性高斯白噪声(AWGN)信道条件下也是最佳的。文中给出了误码率的计算机模拟曲线。     

Optimal coherent detection of FSK signals with imbalance amplitudes in the presence of colored gaussian noise

The problem of optimal coherent detection of frequency-shift keying (FSK) signals transmitted over an additive colored Gaussian noise channel with imbalance gains in different frequencies (IGDF-ACGN channel) is studied. The structure of the optimal coherent detector is derived. Theoretical analysis and computer simulation results show that the detector is optimal in either additive colored Gaussian noise environment or additive white Gaussian noise environment.     

Optimum and reduced complexity multiuser detectors for asynchronous CPM signaling

Maximum likelihood detector algorithms are developed for the matrix of transmitted symbols in a multiuser system in which the received signal is the sum of K cochannel continuous phase modulated (CPM) signals and additive white Gaussian noise. We illustrate that the maximum likelihood matrix detector, which provides optimum detector performance, consists of K sets of front-end matched filters followed by a Viterbi algorithm. We also derive two reduced complexity receivers, demonstrating through simulation that they perform within 1-2 dB of the optimal while substantially reducing complexity. The paper demonstrates how performance can be traded off against complexity, giving particular attention to cochannel Gaussian minimum shift keyed (GMSK) signals.     

MIMO-DCSK通信系统在瑞利衰落信道下的误码性能分析

对多输入多输出差分混沌相移键控(MIMO-DCSK)通信系统在瑞利衰落信道下的性能进行了分析,给出了基于中心极限定理的高斯近似误码率表达公式,并与计算机仿真数据进行比较。仿真结果表明:随着扩频因子的增大,高斯近似误码率曲线与实际仿真误码率曲线的一致性也随之增强;相比DCSK系统,随着发送天线数量和接收天线数量的增加,MIMO-DCSK系统的误码性能有较大提升,且增加接收天线的数量可以比增加发送天线的数量获得更大的增益;随着发送天线数量的增多,不同天线间信号的非正交性导致理论误码率曲线与仿真曲线出现差别,在扩频因子增大后趋于一致。     

一种新的基于噪声预测的部分判决反馈MIMO接收算法

传统垂直-贝尔实验室分层空时结构(V-BLAST)系统采用全排序判决反馈(ODF)算法,能提高线性接收机性能,但也增加系统复杂度。该文在分段检测理论基础上,提出一种改进的采用噪声预测技术的部分判决反馈(PDF)接收算法。它基于MMSE准则,将接收到信号分为两段,只进行一次判决反馈操作,与传统重复排序判决反馈算法相比,大大降低了接收机计算复杂度。仿真结果表明SUI-3信道中天线数为2发4收,误码率为10-4量级的情况下,其性能与V-BLAST相比只下降了0.6 dB左右,但要明显好于线性接收机以及其他改进型MMSE算法,有2~3dB左右的增益。     

采用故意时延的V-BLAST系统的最佳迫零检测

Shao(2007)提出了一种故意时延的垂直贝尔实验室分层空时码结构(V-BLAST)系统,但是其中提出的迫零检测算法并不是满足迫零准则下的最优算法。本文直接从接收天线处的未采样连续信号数学模型分析入手,利用泛函分析的方法推导出了该系统最优的迫零检测算法,理论和仿真都表明该算法优于Shao提出的迫零算法。本文的工作对进一步研究这种新型的故意时延的V-BLAST系统具有较为重要的意义。     

The Applicative Investigation of Adaptive BP Networks for Multi-user Detection in Asynchronous DS-CDMA Mobile Communications

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A CFAR adaptive subspace detector for second-order Gaussian signals

We study the problem of detecting subspace signals described by the Second-Order Gaussian (SOG) model in the presence of noise whose covariance structure and level are both unknown. Such a detection problem is often called Gauss-Gauss problem in that both the signal and the noise are assumed to have Gaussian distributions. We propose adaptive detectors for the SOG model signals based on a single observation and multiple observations. With a single observation, the detector can be derived in a manner similar to that of the generalized likelihood ratio test (GLRT), but the unknown covariance structure is replaced by sample covariance matrix based on training data. The proposed detectors are constant false alarm rate (CFAR) detectors. As a comparison, we also derive adaptive detectors for the First-Order Gaussian (FOG) model based on multiple observations under the same noise condition as for the SOG model. With a single observation, the seemingly ad hoc CFAR detector for the SOG model is a true GLRT in that it has the same form as the GLRT CFAR detector for the FOG model. We give an approximate closed form of the probability of detection and false alarm in this case. Furthermore, we study the proposed CFAR detectors and compute the performance curves.     

Multiuser detection for square-law receiver under Gaussian channel noise with applications to fiber-optic communications

In fiber-optic wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) communications systems, the nonlinearity of the channel and the limitations of optical filters result in received channel signals that are correlated. Furthermore, the square-law nature of the detector converts the additive fiber amplifier noise to a data-dependent asymmetric and non-Gaussian noise. The optimal multiuser detector for a Gaussian approximation is compared to the actual statistics and found to give a close performance estimate. Through bounds on the error probability and the asymptotic multiuser efficiency, the optimal multiuser detector based on a Gaussian approximation is found to improve significantly performance in highly correlated data cases. This result is applied to a practical optical WDM system.     

A Self-Mixing NMOS Channel-Detector Optimized for mm-Wave and THZ Signals

A self-mixing terahertz signal detector combined with a low noise amplifier and a properly balanced - folded dipole or slot antenna for concentrating millimeter wave signals to NMOS detectors is described. The detector was optimized to 300 GHz signals. The noise equivalent power (NEP) was estimated to 320 pW/√Hz while the total output referred noise of 2.1 μV/(Hz)^1/2 was measured at amplifier gain of 46 dB. This was achieved by using NMOS mixer devices optimized for resistive mixing that operate in a linear region of operation where the channel voltage is set close to zero by means of regulating the virtual ground level. The NMOS device, which is positioned at the antenna connections, has a minimum channel length that permits a far more precise calculation of the coupling devices. A position like termination of the two symmetrical detector devices was distributed between an antenna area and the amplification stage. The detectors were fully integrated using the 250 nm CMOS technology. Good matching was found between mathematically analyzed and simulated noise performances and prototypes measurements, where comparable measurements were performed on a THz array which consists of four pixels with folded dipole antennas or those with slot type antennas.     

Multitrellis Viterbi algorithm for indoor systems using narrowbeamantennas

In earlier work, the performance (in terms of data eye closure) of a threshold detector in 2- and 4-PSK modulation schemes has been analyzed for wireless indoor systems using narrowbeam antennas. Here, assuming the channel is known, a very efficient implementation of the Viterbi algorithm (VA) is included in the receiver, and a bit-error rate (BER) criterion is used to evaluate the receiver robustness to channel conditions. In contrast to the earlier work, it is seen that 4-PSK signals with VA detectors are indeed more robust than 2-PSK signals to channel conditions     

Matching Condition of Direct THz-Signal Detection from On-Chip Resonating Antennas with CMOS Transistors in Non-resonant Plasma Wave Mode

This paper presents matching condition for detector at THz frequencies, which directly read signals from an integrated antenna. We use direct THz-signal detections with CMOS transistors in non-resonant plasma wave mode, which are embedded in on-chip resonating antennas. The detector detects THz envelope signals directly from the side edges of the on-chip patch antennas. The signal detection mechanism is studied in the view of the impedance conditions of the antenna and the detector. The detectors are implemented with stacked transistors structures to achieve high responsivity. The measured responsivities of the detectors with antenna impedances that were simulated to be 599.7, 912.3, 1565, and 3190.6 Ω agree well with the calculated values. Moreover, the responsivity dependence on the detector impedance is shown with two different input impedances of the detectors. Since CMOS circuit models from foundry are not accurate at frequencies higher than f _t , the matching guideline between the antenna and the detector is very useful in designing high responsivity detectors. This study found that a detector has to have a large input impedance conjugately matched to the antenna’s impedance to have high responsivity.     

威伯尔和对数正态噪声中的检测问题

本文研究窄带非高斯(non-Gaussian)噪声中窄带相参和非相参脉冲串信号的离散时间检测。导出了局部最佳(LO)检测器结构,它具有在窄带高斯噪声中的尼曼-皮尔逊(Neyman-Pearson)最佳检测器里引入局部最佳零记忆非线性(LOZNL)的形式。许多实用检测器属于与LO检测器相同类型的结构,导出了这些检测器功效的表达式,特别研究了威伯尔(Weibull)和对数正态噪声模型。导出了LOZNL和检测器功效,并用曲线给出了数值结果。说明在皮特曼(Pitman)的渐近相对效率(ARE)意义上,许多具有能更多抑制噪声包络分布尾部的非线性的检测器,其渐近性能明显优于窄带高斯噪声中的尼曼-皮尔逊最佳检测器。     

Detection in weibull and log-normal noises

The discrete-time detection of narrowband coherent and incoherent pulse train signals in narrowband non-Gaussian noise is investigated. The locally optimum (LO) detector structures are developed and found to be in the form of incorporating a locally optimum zero-memory nonlinearity (LOZNL) into the Neyman-Pearson optimum detector for narrowband Gaussian noise. Many practical detectors belong in the same class of structures with the LO detector. The expressions for the efficacies of the detectors are derived. In particular, Weibull and log-normal noise models are considered. The LOZNL’s, and the efficacies of the detectors are given, and numerical results are graphically presented. It is shown that, in the sense of the Pitman asymptotic relative efficiency (ARE), the asymptotic performance of many detectors whose nonlinearity can more effectively suppress the tail of the noise envelope distribution is apparently better than that of the Neyman-Pearson optimum detector for narrowband Gaussian noise.     

Approximately optimum detection of deterministic signals inGaussian and compound Poisson noise

An approximate but explicit likelihood ratio is derived for detecting deterministic signals in Gaussian and compound Poisson noise. The approximation in the derivation is based on the assumption that the localized noise elements rarely overlap each other. The derived log-likelihood ratio consists of two distinct parts. One is the conventional correlation detector for detecting deterministic signals in Gaussian noise. The other is a nonlinear processor which compensates for the degradation of the correlation detector caused by the localized noise, and is activated only by the presence of the localized noise. As such, it involves covariance operators of both the Gaussian and the localized noise, and is obtained by using the simultaneous diagonalization and orthogonalization of quadratic forms in function space involving eigenfunctions of certain composite operators     

Robust Detectors for Signals in Non-Gaussian Noise

The robustness of suboptimal nonlinear detectors for known discrete-time signals in non-Gaussian noise is investigated. The measure of robustness used is the degradation of asymptotic relative efficiency (compared to a linear detector) from that achieved by an optimal nonlinear detector. The first order density of non-Gaussian noise is modeled as a mixture of a small variance Gaussian background noise pdf and a large variance impulsive pdf.     

Advanced intermediate frequency zero-crossing detection of bandpass filtered MSK signals

Short range communication systems such as Bluetooth deploy Gaussian frequency shift keying modulation which has been derived from minimum shift keying (MSK). The authors present and analyze an improved zero-crossing detector for MSK signals called a zero-crossing decorrelation detector. The impact of bandlimitation is taken into account.