Effect of zinc stearate on properties of melt processable ionomer based on sodium salt of sulphonated maleated EPDM rubber

Abstract

Sulphonation of maleated copoly (ethylen/propylen/diene), followed by its neutralisation by sodium hydroxide produces an ionomer containing both carboxylate and sulphonate anions on the backbone. Addition of zinc stearate lowers the melt viscosity of the ionomer, which is higher than the corresponding non-ionomer. Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis shows that zinc stearate acts as a low reinforcing filler under ambient conditions and as a plasticiser above 100°C (i.e. above the melting point of zinc stearate). For example, incorporation of zinc stearate causes an increase in storage modulus E′ at 25°C, but a sharp decrease in E′ at 110°C. Furthermore, the plot of tan δ v. temperature reveals that tan δ at the low glass–rubber transition temperature T _g decreases, while tan δ at the high temperature ionic relaxation temperature T _i increases in the presence of zinc stearate. Incorporation of carbon black lowers tan δat T _g and increases tan δ at T _i, thus strengthening the biphasic structure of the ionomer. The ionomer shows higher tensile strength and modulus than the corresponding non-ionomer. Addition of zinc stearate increases the tensile strength and elongation at break, with marginal decrease in modulus. Carbon black increases the stress–strain properties of the zinc stearate filled ionomer. Reprocessability studies of the ionomer filled with zinc stearate and carbon black show that the material can be recycled without a decrease in properties.     

引发剂对纤维素接枝丙烯酰胺反应的影响

分别以硝酸铈铵、过硫酸钾和过硫酸钾/亚硫酸钠为引发剂,以马尾松漂白硫酸盐浆纸浆纤维素为骨架接枝丙烯酰胺,在单体浓度为0.75 mol/L、温度为45℃、反应时间为3 h时,得到硝酸铈铵和过硫酸钾的最佳浓度为3.0 mmol/L和5.0 mmol/L,过硫酸钾/亚硫酸钠在用量为6%时的最佳质量比为1.5,三者相应的接枝率分别为40%、48%和60%。同时比较了不同条件下三种引发剂的接枝效果,结果表明,过硫酸钾/亚硫酸钠的接枝效果最好,但均聚物含量高;硝酸铈铵作为引发剂虽然接枝效果不及前两者,但均聚物含量很低。     

辐射对纤维素结晶度的影响

以Co-60γ射线为辐射源，辐射预处理精制棉纤维素。用IR研究了经射线辐射的精制棉纤维素的相对结晶度的变化，结果表明随辐射剂量的加大，棉纤维素的相对结晶度逐渐减小。     

Role of Amino Acids on In Situ Photografting of Jute Yarn with Acrylamide Using Ultraviolet Radiation

Abstract

To improve the mechanical performance of jute yarn, grafting with acrylamide (AM) monomer has been performed on in situ UV radiation and optimized; the monomer concentration (30%) and irradiation time (60 min) attained 195% tensile strength with 22% polymer loading (PL). The effect of amino acids (1%) as additives in AM with photografted jute yarn at optimized system has been studied. The PL and tensile properties, such as tensile strength (TS) and elongation at break (Eb), of treated samples were enhanced by incorporation of amino acids, and the highest TS value (270%) and Eb value (300%) with 27% PL value were achieved by the sample treated with L‐arginine (Arg). Weak acid [3% acetic acid (Ace)] and strong acid [1% sulfuric acid (Sul)] were also incorporated in the optimized system of AM grafting to investigate their effect on the mechanical properties of photografted jute yarn. Water absorption and weathering resistance of treated untreated samples (TS₀) were also studied.     

Fenton试剂预处理对纤维素酶解的作用

用Fenton试剂反应产生的高反应活性的羟自由基(HO·)处理纤维素材料短绒棉,研究纤维素结构的变化及其对纤维素酶解的影响。实验结果显示,羟自由基作用于纤维素后,能使其产生大量的还原性末端,同时也在一定程度上破坏了纤维素分子间的氢键结构,但是还原性末端产生的数量及氢键破坏的程度与纤维素酶解效率之间没有直接的相关性。由此可见,Fenton试剂作用于纤维素的机制与褐腐菌小分子的Fenton型反应机制明显不同。     

Effect of grafting of acrylic acid onto PET film surfaces by UV irradiation on the adhesion of PSAs

To improve the peel strength between a pressure-sensitive adhesive (PSA) and its substrate, grafting of acrylic acid (AA) onto the surface of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) film was carried out. After AA was coated onto the surface of PET films using a spin coater, the coated PET films were irradiated by UV. To investigate the surface chemistry and topography of the PET-g-AA films, the grafted surface of the PET films was characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning probe microscopy (SPM). From these investigations, the effects of grafting of AA at the surface of PET by UV irradiation were discussed. In addition, to determine the effect of grafting on the adhesion between PSA polymer and PET-g-AA films, peel strength was measured after the PSA/PET-g-AA system was cured at various temperatures. As the esterification between PSA polymer and PET-g-AA films occurred in the interfacial region, the peel strength of the PSA/PET-g-AA system generally increased with increasing curing temperature.     

The Effect of Radiation Dosages and UV/EB Radiation on the Properties of Nanocomposite Coatings

The aim of this study was to compare the effects of ultraviolet (UV) and electron beam (EB) radiation on the properties of cured nanocomposite coatings. Surface hardness increased with increasing radiation dosages (number of passes) for all samples. This was due to the increase in crosslinking with increasing radiation dosages. Pendulum hardness, gel content, and thumb twist results were analyzed to choose the appropriate curing dosage for both curing techniques. The selected dosages were then used to cure coatings for scratch and abrasion resistance tests. It was found that the UV curing produced coatings with better abrasion resistance, whereas EB curing was more suitable for producing scratch-resistant coatings.     

纳米TiO2对胶原的紫外屏蔽作用

采用紫外光谱分析法在体外研究了纳米TiO2对胶原的紫外屏蔽作用。结果表明纳米TiO2对胶原具有显著的紫外屏蔽作用。并且2．5％TiO2比0．5％TiO2的添加量对胶原的紫外屏蔽作用更强。     

纤维素-丙烯腈-丙烯酰胺共聚物磺甲基化改性研究

研制和开发新型改性纤维素类吸附剂,将是吸附剂研究的一个焦点.研究在球形纤维素珠体接枝丙烯腈和丙烯酰胺的基础上对其进行磺甲基化改性,制备出一种含腈基球形纤维素吸附剂(SCAN),以期为纤维素高值化利用提供参考数据.球形纤维素珠体由NMMO法和程序降温法制备.并通过正交试验和单因素实验进行工艺优化.实验结果表明,SCAN具...     

The Effect of Different Surface Pretreatment Methods on Nano-adhesive Application in High Strength Steel and Aluminum Bonding

Epoxy adhesives (single and two components) modified with SiO₂ nano-particles were used in this investigation to glue aluminum alloy and also two types of high strength steel (dip-galvanized steel DP 600 and micro-alloyed steel ZStE340). To improve the adhesion between metal surfaces and adhesives, the metal surfaces were pretreated with: a self-indicating pretreatment (SIP^*); corundum blasting; corundum blasting + a SIP coating; and a Pyrosil^® treatment + SurALink^® primer (PG 15 for epoxy adhesive). A single-lap shear tension test, done in accordance to DIN EN 1465, was used to determine the adhesive strength. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analysis were used to analyze fractures that took place in the samples. The results showed that the adhesion strength of glued samples, containing the nano-particles modified adhesive, had significantly higher strength than unmodified ones. Pretreatment of the metal surfaces affected the adhesion, using nano-adhesives, only slightly. The adhesive strength values for single component epoxy resins were higher than those for two component epoxy resins. It was found that steel samples fractured adhesively at the steel surfaces. Aluminum treated samples indicated after pretreatment an increase in adhesive strength and the fracture occurred adhesively at the aluminum surfaces. Aluminum glued with two-component adhesives and pretreated with corundum blasting plus a SIP coating showed a mixed fracture mode; adhesively at the aluminum surface and cohesively in the adhesive layer.     

UV irradiation and aging effects on nanoscale mechanical properties of ultra high molecular weight polyethylene for biomedical implants

Abstract

As a result of its relatively high strength, high chemical resistance, low creep and low wear rate, ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) has been widely used as the 'soft' articulating surface for total hip and knee arthroplasty. However, for long term artificial joint replacements, accelerated wear as a result of aging of UHMWPE is one of the most important problems that can lead to joint failure. Therefore, the present work is focused on investigating the effects of thermal and serum aging and UV irradiation dose on the nanomechanical properties (elastic modulus, hardness and visco-elasticity) of UHMWPE (type GUR410) specimens under different deformation rates. The continuous stiffness measurement (CSM) nanoindentation technique is used in the present work to measure the nanomechanical properties. The results show a considerable increase in the nanomechanical properties with increasing deformation rate. It is also demonstrated that the nanomechanical properties of the thermally and serum aged UHMWPE specimens decrease compared to the virgin specimens, while their visco-elastic behaviour increases. For the UV irradiated specimens, the nanohardness and nano-elastic modulus show an increase with irradiation dose especially for small penetration depths. Moreover, a considerable decrease in visco-elastic behaviour was observed for the UV irradiated specimens as a result of the crosslinking effect of the radiation.     

Effect of Pretreatment with Ultraviolet Radiation on the Physicomechanical Properties of Photocured Coir (Cocos nucifera) Fiber with 1-Ethyl-2-Pyrrolidone (1-E-2-P) Monomer

Coir fiber (Cocos nucifera) was modified with 1-ethyl-2-pyrrolidone (1-E-2-P) monomer by photocuring. A series of formulations of different concentration of 1-ethyl-2-pyrrolidone (3, 5, 10, 20, 30, and 70%) in methanol was prepared along with 2% photoinitiator (Darocur-1664). Concentration of 1-E-2-P, soaking time, and radiation doses were optimized and found that 5% 1-E-2-P, 7 min soaking time, and 5th pass of UV radiation was the optimized condition that gave the maximum values as polymer loading (PL) (21%) and 71% higher tensile strength over virgin one. The coir fiber was pretreated with ultraviolet (UV) radiation of various intensities for further improvement of mechanical properties. The mechanical properties, such as TS (tensile strength), Eb (elongation at break), and modulus (σ) of the pretreated fiber, were monitored. Fiber treated with 130th pass of radiation showed the higher TS, Eb, and σ. The fiber irradiated at 130th pass of UV radiation gave the maximum values as PL (35%) and 74% and 18% higher tensile strength and elongation at break, respectively. The fiber, both treated and untreated, was subjected to water absorption. The pretreated and cured coir fiber showed the minimum water uptake behavior.     

微波处理对纤维素产糖能力的影响

采用纤维素为原料,以离子液体为溶剂,在微波辐射下进行纤维素的预处理。预处理完成后进行再生纤维素的酶解产糖,并采用DNS分光光度计法进行还原糖产率的测定,进而分析微波功率与时间对再生纤维素还原糖产率的影响。还原糖转化率最佳值(96.21%)出现在微波功率为230W处理5min时;稻杆产糖量随着微波时间的延长而呈现先上升后下降的趋势;在较强的功率539W条件下,延长作用时间则会引起还原糖转化率的上升,但继续延长时间,溶剂完全喷溅,难以继续进行处理。     

氯化锌预处理玉米秸秆纤维素的研究

利用秸秆类原料生产生化组合产品、生物质能源等已形成世界性可持续发展战略。选择合适的预处理方法是提高秸秆综合利用水平的关键。本研究先采用新近发展的蒸汽爆破技术对玉米秸秆进行组分结合相分离,再用氯化锌溶液对汽爆后的物料进行纤维素结晶相破环的预处理方法,运用单因素实验和响应面法获取处理过程中的多因素组合的优化,包括氯化锌质量分数、预处理时间、预处理温度对玉米秸秆纤维素预处理效果的影响,建立并分析了各因素与处理后玉米秸秆纤维素溶解度的数学模型,处理后的物料经X射线衍射(XRD)和扫描电镜(SEM)表明纤维素致密结构被破坏。最佳溶解度条件为：氯化锌质量分数87%、预处理温度139℃、预处理时间49min。在最优处理条件下,处理后的1g玉米秸秆纤维素溶解度最高为0.762g。     

Jute Reinforced Polymer Composite by Gamma Radiation: Effect of Surface Treatment with UV Radiation

Jute (Hessian cloth) reinforced polymer composites were prepared with a mixture of 2-hydroxy ethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and aliphatic urethane diacrylate oligomer (EB-204), and then cured under gamma radiation. Thick pure polymer films (2 mm thickness) were prepared by using the same monomer and oligomer at different weight ratios, and 500 krad of total gamma radiation dose at 600 krad/hr was selected for the curing of all composites. Total radiation dose, jute content, and monomer concentration were optimized with the extent of mechanical properties. Among all resulting composites, the composite of 38% jute content at monomer:oligomer = 50:50 (w/w) ratios showed the better mechanical properties, such as 108% increase in tensile strength (TS), 58% increase in bending strength (BS), 138% increase in tensile modulus (TM), and 211% increase in bending modulus (BM) relative to pure polymer film. The gel content values were also found to increase with the increase of jute content in the composite. But the elongation at break (Eb) for both tensile and bending was found to decrease with increasing jute content. The best mechanical properties were obtained when jute fibers were pre-irradiated with UV radiation, such as 150% increase in TS, 90% increase in BS relative to polymer film, 19% increase in TS, and 15% increase in BS relative to untreated jute-based composites. A water uptake behavior investigation of the resulting composites was also performed and composites based on UV-treated jute showed the minimum water uptake value.     

Effect of the chemical modification of the precursor of ZrO2 films on the adhesion of organic coatings

ZrO₂ films were deposited on low carbon steel by a sol-gel process as a chemical pretreatment before the application of a polyester paint. The films were obtained by a dip-coating technique using solutions of Zr(OBuⁿ)4 containing complexing agents (acetylacetone or acetic acid). These additives modified the alkoxide at the molecular level, so a new precursor was formed in solution. This new compound shows slower rates of hydrolysis and condensation than Zr(OBuⁿ)4, which allows the stability of solutions and the morphology of the gel to be controlled. Moreover, the length and the temperature of the thermal treatment influence the structure of the gel by reducing the amount of organic residues. The behavior of the films in promoting the adhesion of organic coatings was evaluated by measuring the detachment of the paint from a cross-scratch of samples which had been exposed for different times in a salt fog chamber. Tests using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy were also carried out. According to the results, most of the samples pretreated with zirconia layers showed a good performance, even better than commercial chemical treatments, when acetic acid was used as a modifier of the alkoxide precursors.     

酸碱结合预处理对水稻秸秆纤维素乙醇转化率的影响

以水稻秸秆为原料．在常温常压条件下分别用乙酸、过氧化氢、乙酸-过氧化氢（PPA）、氢氧化钠-PAA进行预处理,然后加入纤维素酶和酵母进行异步发酵产乙醇。结果表明,酸碱结合（氢氧化钠～PPA）处理后的固体得率显著低于乙酸或过氧化氢的单独处理,固体得率和纤维素水解后产生的葡萄糖浓度呈负相关;氢氧化钠-PAA处理能有效去除水稻秸秆中的木质素．大幅提高纤维素水解率和乙醇转化率;用10％氢氧化钠-PAA室温浸泡处理水稻秸秆48h与用5％氢氧化钠-PAA90℃处理水稻秸秆1．5h具有同样的效果。     

纤维素类物质预处理效果的影响因素分析

以废弃的农业秸秆为原料,结合厌氧发酵产氢,研究在不同预处理条件下酸解与氨解的预处理效果的影响因素,并作了简要的分析与比较。结果表明,酸解更能提高利用纤维素类物质制取氢气的利用率,达52.4%,是氨解效果的1.5倍。     

醋酸乙烯酯对丙烯酰胺聚合反应的影响

探讨了醋酸乙烯酯在丙烯酰胺聚合反应中的影响。实验证明在丙烯酰胺水溶液混入少量醋酸乙烯酯 ,该水溶液经阳离子交换树脂处理后 ,可聚合生成交联型丙烯酰胺胶体。     

Cellulose fiber/polymer adhesion: effects of fiber/matrix interfacial chemistry on the micromechanics of the interphase

The objective of this study was to examine the effects of interfacial chemistry on the interfacial micromechanics of cellulose fiber/polymer composites. Different interfacial chemistries were created by bonding polystyrene (a common amorphous polymer) to fibers whose surfaces contained different functional groups. The chemical compatibility within the interphase was evaluated by matching the solubility parameters (δ) between the polymer and the induced functional groups. The physico-chemical interactions within the interphase were determined using the Lifshitz–van der Waals work of adhesion (W _a ^LW) and the acid–base interaction parameter (I _a?b) based on inverse gas chromatography (IGC). The micromechanical properties of the fiber/polymer interphase were evaluated using a novel micro-Raman tensile test. The results show that the maximum interfacial shear stress, a manifestation of practical adhesion, can be increased by increasing the acid–base interaction (I _a?b) or by reducing the chemical incompatibility (Δδ) between the fibers and polymer. A modified diffusion model was employed to predict, with considerable success, the contribution of interfacial chemistry to the practical adhesion of cellulose-based fibers and amorphous polymers. The increased predictability, coupled with the existing knowledge of the bulk properties of both fibers and matrix polymer, should ultimately lead to a better engineering of composite properties.