瞬时受体电位通道研究进展

瞬时受体电位通道(TRP channels)是位于细胞膜上的一类重要的阳离子通道超家族.根据氨基酸序列的同源性,将已发现的28种哺乳动物,TRP通道分为:TRPC、TRPV、TRPM、TRPA、TRPP和TRPML 6个亚家族.所有的TRP通道都具有6次跨膜结构域.不同的TRP通道对钙离子和钠离子选择性不同.TRP通道分布广泛,调节机制各异,通过感受细胞内外环境的各种刺激,参与痛温觉、机械感觉、味觉的发生和维持细胞内外环境的离子稳态等众多生命活动.     

磷脂酰肌醇4,5二磷酸对TRP家族离子通道的调节作用研究进展

磷脂酰肌醇4,5二磷酸(PIP2)是细胞膜中的一种磷脂类信号分子,其在细胞膜中的含量处于动态变化之中.PIP2可以被PLC(phospholipase C)分解为IP3(inositol trisphosphate)和DAG(diacylglycerol),这两者作为信号分子又可以与胞内或细胞膜上的许多蛋白质发生相互作用.最近研究发现很多种离子通道被认为和PIP2之间存在着相互作用,TRP(transient receptor potential)家族就是其中一类.有一些TRP通道需要PIP2来行使功能,而PIP2对另外一些TRP通道却起抑制作用.Ca2+经由激活的TRP通道进入细胞后反过来又可以影响到细胞膜上的PIP2水平.本文着重回顾PIP2和TRP家族的离子通道之间的研究进展情况.     

TRP通道蛋白异源组装的研究进展

TRP通道是一类在神经系统分布广泛的阳离子通道,参与了生物体内许多重要的生理功能,包括感觉信息传递、调节胞内Ca²⁺平衡及发育过程等。近年来的研究发现,TRP通道不仅以同源四聚体形式行使功能,还可以组装成异源四聚体。不同亚基所形成的异源通道具有不同的生物物理学功能和药理学特性,因此TRP通道的组装机理和异源组装通道的功能研究成为该领域的热点而日益得到关注。文章对TRP通道家族中选择性异源组装及组装的分子基础研究的最新现状进行了概述。     

瞬时感受器电位通道与疾病

哺乳动物瞬时感受器电位(transient receptor potential,TRP)通道超家族由TRPC、TRPM、TRPV、TRPA、TRPP和TRPML六个亚家族组成。这些亚家族的29个离子通道几乎表达于所有的组织和细胞。大多对单价和二价阳离子都有通透性。TRP通道与多种生物学功能有关,包括高血压、温度觉、血管炎症、刺激感、肿瘤增生、细胞内离子稳态及神经细胞信号转导。对这些通道的生理功能及其与人类疾病的关系的研究有助于开发具有潜在治疗价值的TRP通道调节剂。     

TRPC6通道促进兴奋性突触的形成，提高小鼠空间学习和记忆能力

突触的形成对建立神经网络十分重要。突触形成是一个复杂的过程。TRP通道是一类六次跨膜的非选择性阳离子通道。它们在进化中高度保守,在哺乳动物体内广泛表达,参与了许多重要的生理学功能,如对温度、痛觉、听觉的感知以及受精。TRPC通道是TRP的一个亚家族,在人的中枢神经系统中表达丰富,但其生理功能却知之较少。     

TMEM16/ANOCTAMIN:最新的氯通道家族

Cl-通道参与许多生理过程,包括跨上皮细胞的离子吸收与分泌、平滑肌与骨骼肌收缩、神经元兴奋性、器官感知功能及细胞容积调节等.目前对于许多类型Cl-通道的分子构型尚不清楚.新近三个独立的研究小组同时发现Ano1是一种与钙离子激活氯通道(calcium-activated chloridechannels,CaCCs)活性密切相关的膜蛋白.Ano1与其它9个成员共同组成Anoctamin家族.所有Anoctamin蛋白都具有类似结构,推测含8个跨膜结构域以及胞质N-末端和C-末端.Ano1和Ano2的表达都与CaCCs类似,但其它Anoctamin蛋白的作用仍然未知.     

瞬时受体电位通道在心脑血管系统疾病中的研究进展

瞬时受体电位(TRP)通道是一类重要的非选择性阳离子通道,其家族成员众多,参与多种生理病理过程。其中,TRP通道的异常表达及功能改变与心脑血管疾病的发生发展密切相关。近年研究发现,通过拮抗或者激活TRP通道可以调节血管内皮和血管平滑肌功能,参与心脑血管疾病的调控。该文主要从TRP通道的结构及各亚家族蛋白基于血管内皮和血管平滑肌对心脑血管系统疾病的作用及机制作一综述,为心脑血管疾病的防治提供新思路。     

TRP通道超家族的基本特征及其与疾病的关系

瞬时受体电位通道(transient receptor potential channel, TRP)是细胞膜上的一类阳离子通道,广泛参与感知各种细胞内外刺激及维持离子稳态等多种生命活动。TRP通道超家族的成员均具有六个跨膜片段、不同程度的序列同源性以及能够渗透阳离子等相似之处,也显示出特异性的激活机制和阳离子选择性。TRP通道在细胞快速感受外界刺激以及细胞增殖、分化和凋亡等方面起着至关重要的作用,其表达或者活性异常能够引起严重的人类疾病。因此,TRP通道在细胞以及人类健康中发挥着重要作用。该文拟从TRP通道超家族的基本特征、门控特性以及TRP通道活性失调导致疾病的机制三个主要方面进行综述,促使人们全面了解TRP通道超家族。     

在神经系统中TRPC1的研究进展北大核心CSCD

经典瞬时感受器电位通道1(classical transient receptor potential channel 1,TRPC1)是具有六次跨膜结构的非选择性阳离子通道,能通透钙离子和钠离子。它是哺乳类动物中第一个被发现的TRP蛋白,隶属于TRPC亚家族。TRPC1可因受体,细胞内钙库清空或机械刺激激活而开放,引起细胞内钙离子浓度的升高和细胞膜的去极化。TRPC1在神经系统内的分布较为广泛,近年来的研究显示该分子激活后引发的效应与神经系统许多生理病理过程密切相关,因此本文就目前TRPC1在神经系统中的研究进展进行综述。     

在神经系统中TRPC1的研究进展北大核心CSCD

经典瞬时感受器电位通道1(classical transient receptor potential channel 1,TRPC1)是具有六次跨膜结构的非选择性阳离子通道,能通透钙离子和钠离子。它是哺乳类动物中第一个被发现的TRP蛋白,隶属于TRPC亚家族。TRPC1可因受体,细胞内钙库清空或机械刺激激活而开放,引起细胞内钙离子浓度的升高和细胞膜的去极化。TRPC1在神经系统内的分布较为广泛,近年来的研究显示该分子激活后引发的效应与神经系统许多生理病理过程密切相关,因此本文就目前TRPC1在神经系统中的研究进展进行综述。     

The transient receptor potential family of ion channels

The transient receptor potential (TRP) multigene superfamily encodes integral membrane proteins that function as ion channels. Members of this family are conserved in yeast, invertebrates and vertebrates. The TRP family is subdivided into seven subfamilies: TRPC (canonical), TRPV (vanilloid), TRPM (melastatin), TRPP (polycystin), TRPML (mucolipin), TRPA (ankyrin) and TRPN (NOMPC-like); the latter is found only in invertebrates and fish. TRP ion channels are widely expressed in many different tissues and cell types, where they are involved in diverse physiological processes, such as sensation of different stimuli or ion homeostasis. Most TRPs are non-selective cation channels, only few are highly Ca²⁺ selective, some are even permeable for highly hydrated Mg²⁺ ions. This channel family shows a variety of gating mechanisms, with modes of activation ranging from ligand binding, voltage and changes in temperature to covalent modifications of nucleophilic residues. Activated TRP channels cause depolarization of the cellular membrane, which in turn activates voltage-dependent ion channels, resulting in a change of intracellular Ca²⁺ concentration; they serve as gatekeeper for transcellular transport of several cations (such as Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺), and are required for the function of intracellular organelles (such as endosomes and lysosomes). Because of their function as intracellular Ca²⁺ release channels, they have an important regulatory role in cellular organelles. Mutations in several TRP genes have been implicated in diverse pathological states, including neurodegenerative disorders, skeletal dysplasia, kidney disorders and pain, and ongoing research may help find new therapies for treatments of related diseases.     

The role of adipose TRP channels in the pathogenesis of obesity

The prevalence of obesity is continuously increasing worldwide. Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels constitute a family of nonselective cation channels that are ubiquitously expressed in mammalian tissues, including adipose tissue. Although TRP channels might be regarded as therapeutic targets for obesity due to the inhibitory effects of their agonists on body weight and adiposity, the exact role of TRP channels in the development of obesity by modulating the function of adipose tissue has not been systemically reviewed. Multiple TRP channels are present in adipocytes and are involved in diverse aspects of cellular function, including differentiation and maturation of white adipose tissue (WAT), browning of WAT and thermogenesis of brown adipose tissue (BAT). Most of these functions are mediated by alterations in intracellular Ca²⁺ levels or subcellular Ca²⁺ signaling pathway. TRP channels influence intracellular Ca²⁺ dynamics through directly mediating Ca²⁺ entry (TRPVs and others) or store-operated mechanisms (TRPCs). Intracellular Ca²⁺ displays a biphasic effect on regulation adipocyte behaviors depending on the differentiation stage, which may account for the different roles of individual TRP channels in regulation of adiposity. This review emphasizes the contribution of TRP channels to obesity and provide an in-depth discussion on the complexity of their mechanism of actions.     

Cytoskeletal and scaffolding proteins as structural and functional determinants of TRP channels

Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels are six transmembrane-spanning proteins, with variable selectivity for cations, that play a relevant role in intracellular Ca^2 + homeostasis. There is a large body of evidence that shows association of TRP channels with the actin cytoskeleton or even the microtubules and demonstrating the functional importance of this interaction for TRP channel function. Conversely, cation currents through TRP channels have also been found to modulate cytoskeleton rearrangements. The interplay between TRP channels and the cytoskeleton has been demonstrated to be essential for full activation of a variety of cellular functions. Furthermore, TRP channels have been reported to take part of macromolecular complexes including different signal transduction proteins. Scaffolding proteins play a relevant role in the association of TRP proteins with other signaling molecules into specific microdomains. Especially relevant are the roles of the Homer family members for the regulation of TRPC channel gating in mammals and INAD in the modulation of Drosophila TRP channels. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Reciprocal influences between cell cytoskeleton and membrane channels, receptors and transporters. Guest Editor: Jean Claude Hervé.     

Different expression patterns of TRP genes in murine B and T lymphocytes

A prolonged increase in the intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) is essential for lymphocyte activation that includes cell proliferation and differentiation. This increase in [Ca2+]i results from Ca2+ release from the intracellular store and the subsequent Ca2+ influx from the extracellular environment via calcium channels located on the plasma membrane. Although transient receptor potential (TRP) channels have been reported to play important roles in the [Ca2+]i increase in lymphocytes, the function of these channels in lymphocyte activation remains unknown. Here, we report the comprehensive expression profile of TRP channel gene families including TRPC, TRPV, and TRPM in the murine immune system. RT-PCR analysis revealed different expression patterns of the TRP channel genes in B and T lymphocytes isolated from the spleen. Therefore, our results provide an appropriate reference of TRP gene expression in murine lymphocytes.     

Imbalance and dysfunction of transient receptor potential channels contribute to the pathogenesis of hypertension

Intracellular Ca²⁺ homeostasis is essential for vascular function and blood pressure regulation. Because of their unique roles in regulating intracellular Ca²⁺ concentration and vascular function, a novel class of non-selective cation channels, called transient receptor potential (TRP) channels, have emerged at the frontier of hypertension research. Based on their role in vasculature function regulation, TRP channels can be divided into two functional subtypes: one that participates in vasoconstriction and one that participates in vasodilatation. A functional imbalance of these two subtypes of TRP channels may disturb intracellular calcium ([Ca²⁺]i) homeostasis, and the consequent vascular dysfunction may contribute to the development of hypertension. The potential of these TRP channels as novel pharmacological targets for the treatment of human hypertension is of great interest.     

Current understanding of mammalian TRP homologues

Calcium influx into the cell from the extracellular medium is crucial for important processes including muscle contraction, secretion and gene expression. This calcium influx is mainly mediated through calcium influx channels, which on the basis of their activation mechanism can be subdivided in voltage-gated calcium channels, which have already been thoroughly characterized and non-voltage-gated calcium permeable channels. This latter group includes ion channels activated by binding of extra and intracellular messengers, mechanical stress or depletion of intracellular calcium stores. Currently little molecular data is available concerning this class of calcium influx channels. However, recent studies have indicated that members of the transient receptor potential (TRP) family of ion channels can function as calcium influx channels both in excitable and non-excitable tissues. On the basis of structural information the TRP family is subdivided in three main subfamilies: the TRPC (canonical) group, the TRPV (vanilloid) group and the TRPM (melastatin) group. The cloning and characterization of members of this cation channel family has exploded during recent years, leading to a plethora of data concerning TRPs in a variety of tissues and species, including mammals, insects and yeast. This review summarizes the currently available information concerning members of the TRP family expressed in mammalian tissues.     

X-ray crystallography of TRP channels

Transient receptor potential (TRP) ion channels are molecular sensors of a large variety of stimuli including temperature, mechanical stress, voltage, small molecules including capsaicin and menthol, and lipids such as phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP₂). Since the same TRP channels may respond to different physical and chemical stimuli, they can serve as signal integrators. Many TRP channels are calcium permeable and contribute to Ca²⁺ homeostasis and signaling. Although the TRP channel family was discovered decades ago, only recently have the structures of many of these channels been solved, largely by cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM). Complimentary to cryo-EM, X-ray crystallography provides unique tools to unambiguously identify specific atoms and can be used to study ion binding in channel pores. In this review we describe crystallographic studies of the TRP channel TRPV6. The methodology used in these studies may serve as a template for future structural analyses of different types of TRP and other ion channels.     

TRPs in our senses

In the last decade, studies of transient receptor potential (TRP) channels, a superfamily of cation-conducting membrane proteins, have significantly extended our knowledge about the molecular basis of sensory perception in animals. Due to their distinct activation mechanisms and biophysical properties, TRP channels are highly suited to function in receptor cells, either as receptors for environmental or endogenous stimuli or as molecular players in signal transduction cascades downstream of metabotropic receptors. As such, TRP channels play a crucial role in many mammalian senses, including touch, taste and smell. Starting with a brief survey of sensory TRP channels in invertebrate model systems, this review covers the current state of research on TRP channel function in the classical mammalian senses and summarizes how modulation of TRP channels can tune our sensations.     

TRPs and Ca2+ in cell death and survival

Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) family mediate the influx of monovalent and/or divalent cations into cells in response to environmental stimuli. Pharmacological or genetic manipulations of TRP channels demonstrate that TRP channels influence cell death rates, prolonging or shortening of cell survival. Due to their diverse cellular localization, TRP channels mediated Ca²⁺ influx generates distinct intracellular Ca²⁺ signals that regulate downstream pathways converging to apoptosis or survival. In this review, we summarize the accumulated knowledge focused on how TRP channel regulate cell fate and may affect different pathologies including cardiovascular, neurological, metabolic or neoplastic disorders.