实验记录中有效数字问题探讨

介绍了有效数字、数值修约等相关知识,并探讨了常规实验中实验记录容易出现的数据处理问题。     

《中国药典》使用有效数字的讨论

《中国药典》使用有效数字的讨论葛许恒（江苏省南通市药品检验所２２６００６）有效数字问题，在《中国药典》中一直有争议，致使长期存在着一些有效数字使用不够合理的地方。一些应该以有效数字表示的限度值而没有采用有效数字来表示，相反，有些数值不宜以有效数字表示...     

应正确地表达有效数字

在实验数值的计算中、应保留几位有效数字、是不能忽视的、这是一个涉及误差的概念问题。有效数字保留少了、准确度低;有效数字保留过多、并不表示测量值的准确度高、也无意义。     

关于食品卫生标准检验方法中有效数字若干问题的探讨

卫生监测是科学地分析和综合运用检测数据的过程。检测数据的质量直接影响卫生监测结果。而检测数据的处理必然涉及到有效数字 ,因此有效数字在整个卫生监测过程之中就显得非常重要。有关有效数字方面的规定在卫生监测所引用的食品卫生标准检验方法、生活饮用水标准检验方法等中都有明确规定。然而由中华人民共和国卫生部 1996 - 0 6 - 19批准 ,1996 - 0 9- 0 1实施的部分有关食品卫生标准的分析方法对报告结果有效数字的位数的规定值得商讨。1　有效数字有效数字是指在分析工作中 ,能测定到的数字。有效数字的位数不仅表示数量的大小 ,而且…     

计量资料中有效数字的确定

有效数字是在测量中所能得到的有实际意义的数字。一个由有效数字构成的数值，只有末位数字是估计数字，其余各位数字都是准确的。有效数字与测量仪器的灵敏度有关。     

计量资料中有效数字的确定

有效数字是在测量中所能得到的有实际意义的数字。一个由有效数字构成的数值，只有末位数字是估计数字，其余各位数字都是准确的。有效数字与测量仪器的灵敏度有关。     

有效数字的确定

<正>有效数字是在测量中所能得到的有实际意义的数字。一个由有效数字构成的数值,只有末位数字是估计数字,其余各位数字都是准确的。有效数字与测量仪器的灵敏度有关。     

有效数字的确定

有效数字是在测量中所能得到的有实际意义的数字。一个有效数字构成的数值,只有末位数字是估计数字,其他均为准确数字。有效数字与测量仪器的灵敏度有关,如天平的敏感度为0.1 mg,那么称重结果12.34 mg中,12.3 mg为准确数字,0.04 mg为估计数字,2项合在一起组成有效数字。     

有效数字的确定

有效数字是在测量中所能得到的有实际意义的数字。一个有效数字构成的数值,只有末位数字是估计数字,其他均为准确数字。有效数字与测量仪器的灵敏度有关,如天平的敏感度为0.1mg,那么称重结果 12.34mg中,12.3mg为准确数字,0.04mg为估计数字,2项合在一起组成有效数字。     

有效数字的确定

有效数字是在测量中所能得到的有实际意义的数字。一个有效数字构成的数值,只有末位数字是估计数字,其他均为准确数字。有效数字与测量仪器的灵敏度有关,如天平的敏感度为0.1mg,那么称重结果12.34mg中,12.3mg为准确数字,0.04mg为估计数字,2项合在一起组成有效数字。     

药品编码研究

目的 :研究西药、中成药、中草药的编码规律。方法 :将药品编码位数设定为13位 ,第1、2、3、4位为药品分类码 ,第5、6、7位为药品品种序号码 ,第8、9位为药品名称码 ,第10、11位为药品剂型码 ,第12位为药品剂量码 ,第13位为药品装量和包装码。结果 :对常用的3400个西药、1000个中成药进行了编码。结论 :本研究可操作性强 ,稳定可靠 ,符合编码规律和信息化要求     

小剂量肝素治疗婴幼儿重症肺炎的临床观察

目的分析研究小剂量肝素在治疗婴幼儿重症肺炎中的作用。方法回顾性分析2009年4月至2010年4月期间在我院住院治疗的42例重症肺炎患儿的临床资料。42例婴幼儿重症肺炎用随机数字表法分成为治疗组21例和对照组21例,两组均给予常规抗感染及对症支持治疗,治疗组在此基础上辅以小剂量常肝素25U/kg。次脐周皮下注射,1次/d,7d为l个疗程。结果治疗组有效率95.24%,对照组有效率76.19%,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论脐周皮下注射肝素治疗婴幼儿重症肺炎疗效显著,且无明显副作用。     

Raynaud's phenomenon in older adults: diagnostic considerations and management.

Raynaud's phenomenon (RP) is characterised by sensitivity to cold temperatures associated with either biphasic or uniphasic change in colour of the digits. Since few studies are available which include older adults, the prevalence of RP in the older adult population is estimated from surveys or studies of the general population. The causes of RP in older adults may differ significantly from those in young adults and, therefore, so would the evaluation of RP. Because of comorbitis that accompany advancing age, the management of RP in older adult patients must take into consideration toxicity and adverse reactions that may develop, especially in the frail individual. Although nonpharmacological therapy is preferable, slow-release calcium antagonists provide a relatively well tolerated and effective treatment for moderate to severe RP in older adult patients. Aggressive treatment including hospitalisation is appropriate for older adult patients during periods of critical digital ischaemia associated with RP.     

吸烟对再植成活后断指远期血流灌注的影响

目的观察吸烟对再植成活伤指血流灌注的长期和即刻影响。方法2004-12～2007-01应用脉冲超声多普勒速度仪(PUDVP)和电子温度计,对21例(28指)恢复吸烟男性再植成活中节手指的长期和即刻血流灌注进行观察,并与同期术后戒烟患者伤指的血流灌注进行比较。结果断指再植术后吸烟组指动脉平均血流最大速度与指动脉血流量低于术后戒烟组(P<0.05),手指末节温度吸烟组与戒烟组差别不显著(P>0.05)。试验吸烟后再植断指指动脉最大血流速度迅速下降,1、3.5、15、30min分别降低11.1%、60.0%、20.9%、8.6%;最大血流量同时分别下降9.2%、33.2%、12.3%、9.1%。吸烟后手指末节温度缓慢下降,5min后达最低值,然后逐渐回升,30min后恢复达试验前90%。结论吸烟不会导致再植成活断指失活,但明显降低伤指血流灌注,建议患者尽可能减少吸烟、甚至戒烟。     

Hyperphalangeal bones induced in rat pups by maternal treatment with nifedipine

Hyperphalangeal bones were found in postnatal rat pups of mothers treated with nifedipine during pregnancy. The anomaly occurred only at the region between the middle and distal phalanges of the 3rd and 4th fingers and toes. The critical periods of the anomaly were days 13 and 14 of pregnancy for the fingers, and days 14 and 15 of pregnancy for the toes. The incidences were dose-related, being more than 90% in both fingers and toes at a single dose of 150 mg/kg, and even more marked at the 4th digits than at the 3rd digits. Neither right/left difference nor sex difference was manifested in the incidence of the anomaly.     

Differential effects of alcohol on working memory: distinguishing multiple processes

The authors assessed effects of alcohol consumption on different types of working memory (WM) tasks in an attempt to characterize the nature of alcohol effects on cognition. The WM tasks varied in 2 properties of materials to be retained in a 2-stimulus comparison procedure. Conditions included (a) spatial arrays of colors, (b) temporal sequences of colors, (c) spatial arrays of spoken digits, and (d) temporal sequences of spoken digits. Alcohol consumption impaired memory for auditory and visual sequences but not memory for simultaneous arrays of auditory or visual stimuli. These results suggest that processes needed to encode and maintain stimulus sequences, such as rehearsal, are more sensitive to alcohol intoxication than other WM mechanisms needed to maintain multiple concurrent items, such as focusing attention on them. These findings help to resolve disparate findings from prior research on alcohol's effect on WM and on divided attention. The results suggest that moderate doses of alcohol impair WM by affecting certain mnemonic strategies and executive processes rather than by shrinking the basic holding capacity of WM.     

High pressure paint gun injuries

Despite their use for the past 20 years the dangers of injuries from high pressure paint guns are not widely known. Two cases treated incorrectly through ignorance in our casualty department resulted in amputation of digits. Paint solvents are far moe damaging than paint of grease injection. All cases should be treated urgently by an experienced surgeon as fairly extensive surgery may be needed.     

医院药品的分类编码探讨

本文就医院药品的管理,设计了药剂学-药理学分类、四层五位全数字编码体系,并就编码的六统一,即医院基本用药目录、药库存放与入出库登记、药房存放与进耗存帐册、盘存记录等六个环节的编码实行统一进行了探讨。     

指尖离断再植的血运重建

目的 探讨指尖离断再植时血运重建的方式。方法 临床上采用4种血运重建的万式对352例401指尖离断进行再植:①吻合指动脉与静脉的断指再植;②动-静脉转流方式的断指再植;③只吻合指动脉的断指再植;④静脉动脉化的断指再植。结果 352例401指,成活381指,成活率95％,手指外形和长度与健指相似,两点辨别觉2～6mm,指甲生长良好。结论 依据显微镜下清创所见离断指尖动静脉损伤状况,选用不同的血运重建方式,有助于扩大指尖再植适应证,提高再植成功率。     

Plantar and digital dermatoglyphics in Malawi

OBJECTIVE: To establish plantar and digital dermatoglyphic patterns. DESIGN: Cross sectional study of randomly selected Black Malawian subjects. SETTING: Able-bodied indigenous Black subjects were recruited from secondary schools and the College of Medicine in Blantyre city. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Dankmeijer's index (DI) and the pattern intensity (PII) indices were determined and the variability of ridge patterns were counted and classified. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Bilateral plantar and digital prints of the sole of selected subjects were recorded, studied and classified. RESULTS: Arches were the most predominant ridge pattern found on the digits. Whorls were absent on all digits, a feature which appears to be peculiar to Malawians. Loops were also absent on the small digit but present on the big toe. These were significantly greater in males than females (p < 0.05). The PII was higher in males than females while, DI was higher in females than in males. These indices were significantly different from similar values obtained from previous studies of two ethnic groups in Nigeria (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: This study has provided the normal dermatoglyphic patterns of Malawian subjects and also highlighted that digital patterns are more specific in differentiating tribes and population groups.