HEAT TRANSFER IN MULTIPHASE CONTACTORS

A procedure for the prediction of wall-bed heat transfer coefficient for bubble columns and gas-solid fluidized beds is developed on the basis of hydrodynamic behavior of these contactors. A comparison between the predicted and experimental values of heat transfer coefficient over a wide range of design and operating variables is presented. An attempt is made to analyze the occurrence of maxima in heat transfer coefficient with respect to gas velocity in the case of fluidized beds. A procedure for the calculation of the optimum superficial gas velocity is outlined.     

PARTICLE-LIQUID MASS TRANSFER IN MULTIIMPELLER MECHANICALLY AGITATED CONTACTORS

The mass transfer coefficients between solid particles and liquids in high aspect ratio contactors agitated by multiple impellers have been reported. Two vessel sizes i.e., 0.15 m and 0.30m I.D. each with a length of 1.0 m were used. The effects of particle size, liquid viscosity and agitation speed were studied using two types of impellers, i.e., disc turbine (DT) and pitched turbine downflow (PTD). The spacings between two impellers were maintained at tank diameter. A simple mass transfer correlation based on critical suspension speed is proposed.     

多相光化学反应器的辐射能传递模型

以双通量模型为基础模拟多相光化学反应器中的辐射能传递行为 ,考虑透过光催化剂颗粒的光子总数修正了双通量模型 ,采用比较简单的模型说明了多相光化学反应器内量纲 1光辐射能分布和光催化剂的量纲 1吸收光子总数分布 ,举例讨论了半导体超细粉末二氧化钛为光催化剂的气固相光化学反应器在不同光催化剂粒径、不同反应器厚度条件下反应器内量纲 1光辐射能分布和光催化剂的量纲 1吸收光子总数分布     

HEAT TRANSFER IN TRICKLE-BED REACTORS

The mechanism of radial heat transfer in two-phase flow through packed beds is examined. A model with 2 parameters: an effective radial thermal conductivity in the bed, k_e, and a heat transfer coefficient, h_w, at the wall, give a satisfactory interpretation of the radial temperature profile.

k_e was expressed in terms of a stagnant contribution, due to the heat conduction through the solid and the fluid in the void space, and a radial mixing contribution of the gas and liquid phases, due to the radial component of the velocity of both fluids. The radial mixing contribution of the liquid ( k_e)_L was compared with radial mass dispersion data, and a satisfactory agreement was obtained.

Moreover, ( k_e)was much higher than the gas mixing and the stagnant contributions.

Correlations for hw and k_e)_L have been proposed in accordance with the hydrodynamic regimes of the two-phase flow.     

HEAT TRANSFER IN TRICKLE-BED REACTORS

The mechanism of radial heat transfer in two-phase flow through packed beds is examined. A model with 2 parameters: an effective radial thermal conductivity in the bed, k_e , and a heat transfer coefficient, h_w , at the wall, give a satisfactory interpretation of the radial temperature profile.

k_e was expressed in terms of a stagnant contribution, due to the heat conduction through the solid and the fluid in the void space, and a radial mixing contribution of the gas and liquid phases, due to the radial component of the velocity of both fluids. The radial mixing contribution of the liquid ( k_e ) _L was compared with radial mass dispersion data, and a satisfactory agreement was obtained.

Moreover, ( k_e )was much higher than the gas mixing and the stagnant contributions.

Correlations for hw and k_e ) _L have been proposed in accordance with the hydrodynamic regimes of the two-phase flow.     

HEAT TRANSFER IN ISOTROPIC TURBULENCE

The direct interaction approximation (Kraichnan 1959) was used to calculate thermal eddy diffusivities, intensities or temperature fluctuations, and various correlation functions for heat transfer in an isotropic turbulent flow with a uniform mean temperature gradient. The calculated results compare reasonably well with values from experiments in a heated wind tunnel and may be of value in the analysis of more complex heat transfer processes.     

HEAT TRANSFER IN SPOUTED BEDS

Experiments were carried out in order to analyse the wall-to-bed and fluid-to-particle heat transfer coefficients in spouted Beds. wall-to-bed heat transfer coefficients were determined in cylindrical-conical and conical spouted beds for various gas flow rates, particle sizes and bed heights for spouted beds with and without draft tubes.

A new definition for wall-to-bed transfer coefficient was proposed baaed on experimental observations.

The heat tranefer area was also studied to ensure that a physically significant fluid-to-particle heat transfer coefficient was achieved.     

CONJUGATED HEAT TRANSFER IN COCURRENT FLOW MULTI-STREAM HEAT EXCHANGERS

Considering the cross-sectional velocity profile to be piecewise-constant in each stream of a multi-stream heat exchanger for cocurrent thermally developing flow, this study analytically solves the related conjugated Graetz problem by using an integral transform method. Further, it obtains an analytical solution in an explicit form to the fluid temperatures that vary two-dimensionally. A numerical example is provided for the case of a triple-tube heat exchanger. The numerical results demonstrate the effects of the thermal conductivity ratios of the fluids and the Péclet number ratios on the temperature distribution in the streams. In addition, in order to show the importance of considering streamwise variations in the overall heat transfer coefficients when designing laminar flow heat exchangers, the amount of exchanged heat calculated by the presented analytical solution is compared with that predicted on the basis of bulk temperatures and constant overall heat transfer coefficients.     

气泡塔生物反应器中传热特性的研究

用热探针测定了气泡塔中不同工况的给热系数;推导了一个既可用于牛顿流体;又可用于非牛顿流体的计算气泡塔中给热系数的一般理论模型,其计算值与本文的实验数据、理论分析取得了一致的结果。本工作对分析生物反应器的传热特性有重要意义。     

填充床层热之传导——床层之温度分布

作者用低导热系数(包括玻璃、磁)的球体、圆柱体、环柱体与高导热系数(包括铜、铁的球体,圆柱体为填充物,以空气为传热介质,使其在管径为81毫米之填充床层内冷却,改变流体流量,床层高度及填充物大小,通过试验测出在不同的条件下床层的径向温度分布,并应用积分法、直流电模拟计算法及图解法求得床层的有效导热系数及管壁薄膜传热系数.在试验范围:低导热系数填充物D_P/D_t自0.074—0.254;高导热系数填充物D_p/D_t自0.12—0.2,L/D_t自5—15,Re汇数自130—1400,即直线速度自0.5—1.6公尺/分,若以床层进出口平均温度之数学平均值为定性温度,则床层之有效导热系数及管壁薄膜传热系数可分别归纳于下式:低导热系数填充物:K_e=0.182(D_t/D_p)~(0.45)Re~(0.75),h_w=65e~(-4)(D_p/D_t)(K/D_t)((D_t/L))~(0.2)Re~(0.4)高导热系数填充物:K_e=0.3k(D_t/D_p)~(0.6)Re~(0.72),h_w=5.1(K/D_t)(D_t/D_p)~(0.8)(D_t/L)~(0.1)Re~(0.46)填充物形状对K_e及h_w的影响,仅需将D_p用 D’_p代替,同时把K_e式中之常数0182及03各改为0.22及0.38即可.直流电模拟计算法系利用电压表示温度,电阻表示传热阻力,电流表示热的流动,是简单的模拟计算机的一种,它在近代工程上的应用日渐广泛,有了传热数据应用它来求床层的温度分布异常方便.     

盘式连续干燥器的传质传热模型

建立了盘式连续干燥器内加热盘面物料的传质模型,给出了干燥器内料环高度、盘面积料量及干燥时间的计算方法.应用颗粒传热理论和扩散理论,导出了每道料环的传热计算公式,由该迭代公式可逐步计算出每道料环的出料温度、出料湿含量及干燥速率.扩散理论中的惟一经验参数——搅拌参数N_mix,在本模型中可由不同进料工况下的多组实验数据加以确定.最后给出了应用该模型进行计算的实例,结果表明,理论计算值与实测值吻合较好,误差一般在20%以内.     

HEAT TRANSFER PHENOMENA IN TRICKLE-BED REACTORS

The interrelations between heat transfer phenomena and liquid hydrodynamics in trickle-bed reactors are investigated. The experiments are carried out in a large size flow model (0·6 m diameter; 1 m long) using a procedure which allows to determine simultaneously the effective thermal conductivity and the dynamic liquid holdup )continuous reactor weighing(. Both phenomena are related to a same hydrodynamic feature: the liquid flow maldistribution which may be characterized by the particle irrigation rate. We propose a model describing both phenomena at the particle and bed scales. The change of scale between these two observation levels is achieved by means of the percolation theory. Tentative correlations of the effective thermal conductivity and the dynamic liquid holdup are derived. They show a good agreement with the experimental data reported in this work.     

卧式螺旋管内紊流传热

在宽广的参数范围内对卧式螺旋管内紊流换热特性进行了详细的试验研究, 试验结果表明,螺旋管内强化换热是紊流流动与二次流动共同作用的结果,Reynolds数越大,二次流对强化换热的贡献越小,平均换热系数也越接近于等条件下的直管换热;换热系数在圆截面上的分布很不均匀,最外侧换热系数可达最内侧的3～4倍,最内侧是平均换热系数的0.5倍,并得到了截面上局部换热系数的计算式;换热系数在流动方向的分布具有周期性。     

多相机械搅拌气升式环流反应器中的气液传质

由空气水玻璃珠（ρ＝２６３０ｋｇ／ｍ３,ｄｐ＝２５μｍ）构成三相体系,在内置机械搅拌桨的内循环反应器中进行实验。实验条件：表观气速Ｕｇ０．５～１９．０ｃｍ／ｓ,固含量εｓ１％、２％、４％（质量分数）,搅拌桨速度为０～１２００ｒ／ｍｉｎ。结果表明总体积传质系数ＫＬａ随气体表观气速和搅拌速度增加而增加。总能量耗散速率同时受通气能量耗散速率与搅拌机械能量耗散速率的影响。搅拌转速一定时,搅拌机械能量耗散速率随表观气速的增加而下降。从能量角度考虑,表观气速和搅拌速度的选择应有一个良好的匹配。存在固体颗粒时,传质系数ＫＬａ与传质界面面积ａ均得到改进。对于２５μｍ玻璃珠体系,ＫＬａ值随固含率变化,其最大值的产生在２％固含率左右,固含率继续增加,则ＫＬａ降低。最后对ＫＬａ固含率及能量耗散速率作了关联。     

热泵吸附器中传热传质过程的研究

对吸附式热泵循环系统中的传热传质进行了理论分析和实验研究,建立了吸附器中热传导方程.计算求解值与实验结果相一致,说明了吸附器中的传热速率控制了热泵循环速度.据此,对吸附器中强化传热肋片进行了模拟分析,作为吸附器优化设计的理论依据.     

ELECTROHYDRODYNAMIC ENHANCEMENT OF NUCLEATE BOILING HEAT TRANSFER IN HEAT EXCHANGERS

The effect of a radial d.c. electric field on nucleate boiling heat transfer was investigated experimentally using a single-tube shell/tube heat exchanger. A dielectric liquid (Freon R. 114) was used in the shell and the tube was heated by circulating water through it.

It was found that the application of a sufficiently intense electric field to the boiling heat transfer surface resulted both in the elimination of boiling hysteresis and the enhancement of heat transfer for the range of superheat studied. An application of approximately 20 kV was more than sufficient to eliminate the hysteresis.

It was also observed that there appeared to be a transition between two situations. At lower superheat there is an appreciable improvement in the heat transfer coefficient due to both initial (0 to 10 kV) and incremental (10 to 20 kV) voltage increases. At higher superheat, however, the greater improvement (about four times) is obtained with the initial voltage application     

结构参数对吸热器热性能的影响

The heat receiver is a key part of Solar Dynamic Power System. The structural parameter affects the heat transfer of the heat receiver. The enthalpy method was used to calculate the three - dimensional phase change process of the heat exchange tube. The maximum canister temperature, average canister temperature , the receiver gas exit temperature and liquid PCM fraction in many kinds of length diameter ratio and aperture were calculated. The results showed that the output temperature of the gas from the working fluid tubes could meet the expected demand during the sunlight and eclipse period. The maximum temperature of the PCM container was within the safe range.     

DISPERSED FLOW HEAT TRANSFER IN CIRCULAR BENDS

This paper presents an experimental study of dispersed flow heat transfer in 90-degree circular bends. From extensive measurements, two different heat transfer patterns are identified, i.e. heat transfer without and with rewetting. Their intrinsic mechanisms are analysed, based on the present experimental evidence and our previous theoretical studies. Effects of mass flow rate, wall heat flux, system pressure and curvature ratio on heat transfer are also investigated. An empirical criterion is developed to identify the heat transfer pattern in the bend.     

鼓泡浆态反应器的传热研究

在内径为98 mm 的鼓泡浆态反应器内,研究了浸没表面与浆液之间的传热特性。在实验的条件下,模拟了浆态床 F—T 合成的操作。三相体系为氮气-液体石腊-石英砂所组成。实验中考察了不同因素对传热模系数的影响。采用95组实验数据进行关联,建立了新的传热模系数关联式:h/u_GρC_P=0.179[(u_G)~3ρ/ug]~(-0.25)(C_Pu/k)~(-0.66)该方程适用于气—液两相体系及小粒子三相浆态体系。     

HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN IMPINGEMENT DRYING

In industrial drying applications, efficient transfer of heat and mass between a drying medium and the material being dried is very critical for the overall economics of the operation. Impinging jets are therefore widely used for their enhanced tmnsport characteristics, especially for drying of continuous sheets of materials such as paper and textiles. In such applications, a thin sheet of material, as wide as 6m in cross machine direction, speeds at velocities as high as 90 km/hr under high velocity jets emerging from a confining surface parallel to the material surface. Many variables and effects need to k considered for proper design of such impinging jet systems: nozzle geometry and size, nozzle configuration, location of exhaust pons, nozzle-to-surface separation, jet-to-jet separation, cross flow, jet exit velocity and surface motion. For permeable materials, additional enhancement of heat and mass transfer that occur when some of the impinging gas is removed through the material makes this option an atmctive one.

Here, we review the above effects and offer predictive correlations from literature which may be used in the design of high velocity impinging jet systems.