经肛肠梗阻减压管在左半结肠癌伴梗阻中的应用价值研究

目的 探讨经肛肠梗阻减压管在左半结肠癌伴梗阻中的应用价值.方法 回顾性分析总结2007年1月至2009年12月施行经结肠镜和导丝引导透视下置入肠梗阻减压管缓解肠梗阻治疗的35例完全性恶性肠梗阻患者的临床资料以及治疗结果.结果 35例患者全部一次性插管成功.34例减压7～10 d后行左半结肠癌Ⅰ期手术;1例置管2 d后肠减压管脱落,重新置管成功后8 d行左半结肠癌Ⅰ期手术.所有患者置管后均未出现穿孔及其他不良反应.结论 经结肠镜透视下置入肠梗阻减压管术操作简单安全,能快速有效缓解梗阻症状,降低了急诊手术风险,可有效避免结肠造口及Ⅱ期根治手术.     

A NEW THIN ENDOSCOPIC METHOD OF TRANSANAL DRAINAGE TUBE INSERTION FOR ACUTE COLONIC OBSTRUCTION DUE TO COLORECTAL CANCER

Aim: Insertion of a transanal drainage tube is effective in the management of obstructing colorectal cancer. We devised a new method of inserting the transanal drainage tube safely and quickly using a thin endoscope. Methods: Sixteen patients (seven men and nine women) with obstructive left‐sided colorectal cancer were treated by inserting a transanal drainage tube using a thin endoscope. We inserted a transanal drainage tube for 32 patients (21 men and 11 women) with left‐sided colorectal cancer using the conventional method. Results: Drainage tube placement by the conventional method was successful in 29 (90.6%) of 32 patients, while via the new method, it was successful in all 16 patients without major complications. Moreover, median insertion time was significantly shortened (34 minutes for the new method compared with 42 minutes for the conventional method). Conclusion: Management of acute colorectal obstruction by transanal drainage tube insertion using the thin endoscope was effective and safe.     

Endoscopic Placement of Metallic Stent for Colonic Stricture Resulting from Carcinoma Located at the Splenic Flexure

A 67‐year‐old woman was admitted to Ikuwakai Memorial Hospital with sub‐ileus symptoms. Radiographic and endoscopic examination revealed that the patient had a colonic cancer approximately 15 cm in length from the descending colon to the distal transverse colon with severe stricture. The histopathological finding was mucinous adenocarcinoma. Abdominal computed tomography showed multiple liver metastases and intraperitoneal lymph‐node swelling. A per‐rectal decompression tube was inserted temporarily, and surgical colostomy was initially proposed. However, the patient rejected surgery, and stent therapy was considered as an alternative therapy. An ultraflex esophageal expandable metallic stent was installed. At day 4, tumor projection through the expandable metal‐stent mesh was observed and additional balloon dilatation was carried out under colonoscopic assistance. At day 7, ileus symptoms disappeared and the patient had been able to maintain oral feeding for 3 months until she died as a result of cachexia by systemic metastasis of colonic cancer.     

经鼻型肠梗阻导管在肠梗阻治疗中的临床价值

目的观察经鼻型肠梗阻导管治疗肠梗阻的临床疗效。方法 28例不全性肠梗阻患者经常规治疗无效后安置肠梗阻导管,观察肠梗阻缓解的各项临床指标,即腹胀、腹痛、腹围变化、腹部立卧位平片气液平消失的时间和非手术率的变化。结果 28例患者,肠梗阻完全缓解者21例,时间24~240 h,其中外科手术后所致黏连性肠梗阻16例,克罗恩病1例,肠结核1例,粪石性肠梗阻1例,小肠柿石2例。非手术率75.0%。肠梗阻未能缓解转外科行手术治疗7例,包括结肠肿瘤3例,小肠癌1例,小肠内疝1例,肠道淋巴瘤1例,小肠巨大粪石1例。结论经鼻型肠梗阻导管治疗不全性肠梗阻可明显改善患者临床症状,提高非手术率,为外科手术病变部位定位。     

Usefulness of preoperative colonic lavage using transanal ileus tube for obstructing carcinoma of left colon: device to perform one-stage operation safely

Surgical treatments for patients with obstructing carcinoma of the left colon still remain controversial, and many devices to perform a one-stage operation for such cases have been reported. The aim of the current study was to demonstrate the usefulness of preoperative colonic lavage using a transanal ileus tube to perform a one-stage operation for patients with obstructing carcinoma of the left colon. Five patients with intestinal obstruction due to advanced carcinoma of the left colon were investigated. An ileus tube was transanally inserted and placed in the colon proximal to the tumor under the guidance of a colonoscope and guidewire. Preoperative colonic lavage was done with oral administration of an irrigating solution over several days. By using a transanal ileus tube, preoperative colonic lavage can be done, which enables us to safely perform a one-stage operation for patients with obstructing carcinoma of the left colon with no increase in complications or anastomotic leakage.     

Acute colorectal obstruction treated by means of transanal drainage tube: effectiveness before surgery and stenting

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to clarify the usefulness of the management of acute colorectal obstruction using a transanal drainage tube before surgery or stenting. METHODS: Fifty-four patients (34 males and 20 females, aged 46-94 yr, mean = 69.7) treated between May 1998 and March 2004 for acute colorectal obstruction were identified in a colorectal obstruction database, and their clinical and radiological features were reviewed. Based on abdominal computed tomography findings, urgent colonoscopy was performed. Subsequently, endoscopic decompression using a Dennis Colorectal Tube (DCT) was attempted. RESULTS: Endoscopic decompression using the DCT was technically successful in 52 of 54 patients (96.3%). The site of obstruction was the cecum in 4, the ascending colon in 2, the transverse colon in 7, the descending colon in 11, the sigmoid colon in 18, and the rectum in 12. The etiology of obstruction was primary colorectal carcinoma in 45, non-colonic metastatic carcinoma in 4, postoperative obstruction in 4, and retrograde intussusception in 1. Following adequate cleansing of the colon, 44 patients underwent a one-stage surgery after 7+/- 3 days (SD; range, 4-10 days). Stenting was successfully used as the final palliative treatment in 4. The use of the DCT alone relieved postoperative stenosis (3 patients) and retrograde intussusception (Prognosis in patients with obstructing colorectal carcinoma. Am J Surg 1982;143:742-7). During these treatments, perforation occurred in one patient with postoperative stenosis of the cecum. CONCLUSIONS: Management of acute colorectal obstruction using the DCT was found to be effective and safe, irrespective of the site or etiology of the obstruction. Therefore, this procedure should be considered as a primary method for decompression of the obstructed colon before considering surgery or stenting.     

SUCCESSFUL ENDOSCOPIC CLOSURES OF COLONIC PERFORATIONS REQUIRING ABDOMINAL DECOMPRESSION AFTER ENDOSCOPIC MUCOSAL RESECTION AND ENDOSCOPIC SUBMUCOSAL DISSECTION FOR EARLY COLON CANCER

Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) for colorectal cancer is not widely accepted because of its technical difficulty and the risk of perforation. In addition, the risk of peritonitis cannot be completely eliminated even if a perforation is closed successfully. Reported here are two cases of early colon cancer in which the patients sustained iatrogenic perforations of the ascending colon during conventional endoscopic mucosal resection and of the sigmoid colon during ESD, respectively, requiring abdominal decompression with an 18 G Medicut needle. Both of these perforations were successfully treated by endoscopic clipping. In conclusion, conservative medical management may be possible in patients who have undergone successful closure of colonic perforations using endoscopic clipping. In order to perform immediate endoscopic closure, abdominal decompression has been useful to decrease patient discomfort and colonic lumen collapse. Now, CO₂ insufflation is being used effectively for the prevention of pneumoperitoneum.     

CLINICAL USEFULNESS OF COLONOSCOPIC INSERTION OF A DECOMPRESSION TUBE FOR OBSTRUCTIVE COLORECTAL CANCER

We evaluated the clinical usefulness of colonoscopic insertion of a decompression tube (decompression method) for the treatment of ileus associated with left‐sided colorectal cancer. Decompression method was done in 48 patients with colorectal cancer (38 primary cancer, 10 metastatic cancer). A decompression tube was successfully inserted in all but 10 patients who had primary cancer with severe strictures. The overall insertion rate was 79%. Decompression method improved obstructive symptoms and decreased intestinal gas as evaluated on plain X‐ray films of the abdomen. Emergency operation was unnecessary in 96% of the patients with primary cancers, in whom the decompression tube was successfully inserted. We conclude that decompression method can improve abdominal symptoms caused by obstructive colorectal cancer and reduce the need for emergency operation.     

A Study on the Management of Ileus Caused by Cancer in the Left Colon

Abstract: As nasal tube insertion is minimally effective for the management of ileus caused by cancer in the left colon, emergency operations are often necessary for such cases. Recently, a new preoperative colonoscopic procedure, designed with the aim of avoiding emergency operations, was invented. This method, termed colonoscopic retrograde bowel drainage (decompression) (CRBD), can be described as follows : After confirming the lesion colonoscopically, the drainage (decompression) tube is inserted beyond the obstructive lesion along a guide wire or dilator. This method was applied in 17 patients (11 males and 6 females), with an average age 66.8 years (range 44-88 years), one with descending colon cancer, 9 sigmoid colon cancer, 5 rectal cancer and 2 Schnitzler metastasis. The interval from CRBD to surgery was 11.5 days. During this period, preoperative examinations and complete preparation of the colon could be performed. This allowed surgery to be performed electively with the patient in satisfactory condition. The most important benefit of CRBD is that a forward view of obstructive lesions can be obtained with a colonoscope. This direct view procedure reduces the risk of complications. Thus, in properly selected cases, CRBD may allow emergency surgery to be avoided. We conclude that CRBD should be attempted as the initial treatment, before proceeding to surgery.     

Acute bowel obstruction - the main complication of colorectal cancer. Therapeutical options

AIM: to choose the proper therapeutical approach in obstructing colorectal cancer. MATERIAL AND METHOD: 77 (29.2%) obstructing colorectal cancers, 88.15% aged between 61 and 80 years, selected from 260 patients admitted in the last 10 years were analyzed. We noticed associated cardiovascular (42 cases=55.2%) and/or respiratory (18 cases=23.6%) disease in 89,55% of cases. The distribution of the obstructing lesions throughout the colon and rectum was: 39 cases on the left colon, 18 cases on the right colon, and 20 cases on the rectum, with the following pTNM staging: stage II 10%, stage III 67% and stage IV 23%. The infiltrative character of the primary tumor (61 cases) and the extension to the adjacent structures (24 cases) were the main causes of the acute bowel obstruction. The diagnosis was established on the clinical aspects and plain X-ray findings. The delay between the onset of the acute obstruction and the admission was 3 days on average, and we noticed severe biological disorders pertaining to the acute bowel obstruction in more than 75% of cases. 76 patients (99.6%) were operated on. We performed primary resection in 8 cases and staged-procedures (cecostomy or ileotransversostomy followed by resection and anastomosis after 3 weeks on average) in 33 cases. In 35 cases we performed one of the so called "exigency procedures" (colostomy, internal diversion or Hartman colectomy). RESULTS: 55 (72.36%) patients had a fair evolution. We registered 21 deaths, with a general mortality rate of 27.6%, and a mortality rate of 25% for primary resection, 9.09% for staged surgery and 47.05% for the so called exigency procedures. CONCLUSIONS: Acute bowel obstruction is the most common complication of the colorectal cancer, charged by multiple major risk factors. An adequate colon decompression and the treatment of the biological disorders are the main therapeutical objectives. Surgery of the obstructing colorectal cancer is always a palliative one. Staged surgery is the safest therapeutical option for colorectal cancers with acute bowel obstruction.     

Prostaglandin E1‐effective,transient‐type ischemic colitis developed after surgical resection of sigmoid colon cancer. A case report

A 55‐year‐old‐man had a laparoscopic resection of the sigmoid colon due to colon cancer with submucosal invasion. After the surgery he suffered ileus and had a laparotomy. Six months later he complained of frequent defecation. Colonoscopy confirmed a circular ulcer extending from the anal side of the anastomosis in the sigmoid colon to the mid rectum. Endoscopic ultrasound demonstrated thickening of all layers of the diseased colon and rectum. We diagnosed ischemic colitis. After intravenous drip infusion of prostaglandin, symptoms and colonic stricture gradually improved. Although abdominal angiography revealed a narrowing of the peripheral sigmoid branch of the inferior mesenteric artery, blood flow was unrestricted. Colonoscopy performed 84 days after discharge revealed an ulcer scar.     

ERCP AFTER ROUX‐EN‐Y RECONSTRUCTION CAN BE CARRIED OUT USING AN OBLIQUE‐VIEWING ENDOSCOPE WITH AN OVERTUBE

Background: We report that an oblique‐viewing endoscope facilitates endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in Billroth II reconstruction. With this endoscope, we carried out ERCP in Roux‐en‐Y reconstruction. Methods: Fifteen patients with Roux‐en‐Y reconstruction were enrolled. Eleven of these patients had undergone gastrectomy, while Whipple's operation or choledochectomy had each been carried out in two patients. Among the 11 post‐gastrectomy patients, eight had bile duct stones, and there was one case each of pancreatic abscess with chronic pancreatitis, bile duct obstruction due to gallbladder, or pancreatic cancer. The remaining four patients suffered from stenotic anastomosis of choledochojejunostomy. All procedures were carried out with an oblique‐viewing endoscope. Results: The papilla of Vater or anastomosis was reached in 10 patients. In these 10 patients, all planned procedures were completed. Endoscopic papillary balloon dilatation (EPBD) was carried out in three patients with bile duct stones. The remaining three patients with bile duct stones underwent sphincterotomy with tube stent placement, EPBD after sphincterotomy with biliary tube stent placement, and biliary tube stent placement, respectively. Pancreatic stent placement via the minor papilla was carried out in one patient with pancreatic abscess, and a biliary tube stent was introduced in the patient with gallbladder cancer. Two patients underwent cutting of a stenotic anastomosis with a needle knife, followed by balloon dilatation. None of the patients experienced any complications. Conclusion: The results appear to support the feasibility of using an oblique‐viewing endoscope for ERCP in Roux‐en‐Y reconstruction. Further studies including a large population of patients should be planned to confirm these results.     

Current status and perspective of endoscopic ultrasonography‐guided gastrojejunostomy: endoscopic ultrasonography‐guided double‐balloon‐occluded gastrojejunostomy (with videos)

Surgical intervention and, more recently, endoscopic intervention have been performed for the treatment of malignant gastric outlet obstruction. Recently, endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS)‐guided gastrojejunostomy using special devices has been established. In line with this, we have developed a novel EUS‐guided double‐balloon‐occluded gastrojejunostomy (EBOG) using a lumen‐apposing biflanged metal stent. Herein, we describe the technique and outcome of EBOG.     

TECHNICAL TIPS FOR STENT PLACEMENT IN THE PROXIMAL COLON USING KNITTED NITINOL ESOPHAGEAL STENT

Self‐expandable metallic stents (SEMS) have recently become widely used. A dedicated stent such as the through‐the‐scope (TTS) stent has enabled easier placement of SEMS by endoscopists for colorectal obstructions. In Japan, however, the TTS stent is not yet available. Therefore, we have to perform non‐TTS placement using esophageal, tracheal or vascular stents for colorectal obstructions. We have developed some modifications which aid the placement of esophageal stents, including increasing the length of the delivery system, and the use of a splinting tube or a double splinting tube. These technical modifications allow markedly better placement of a knitted nitinol Ultraflex esophageal stent for a colorectal obstruction. They allowed us to even place SEMS in the proximal colon without difficulty, and in all patients we treated. Therefore, with some technical modifications, it is feasible to use an esophageal stent for proximal colonic obstruction.     

急性结直肠癌性梗阻内镜治疗的临床价值

目的探讨经内镜放置金属支架和肠梗阻导管治疗急性结直肠癌性梗阻的可行性与临床疗效。方法在X线辅助下,经内镜放置金属支架或肠梗阻导管治疗26例急性结直肠癌性梗阻的患者。其梗阻的部位分别为直肠14例,乙状结肠8例,降结肠3例,横结肠1例。结果 26例结直肠癌性梗阻中,20例放置金属支架,成功18例；6例放置肠梗阻导管,成功6例,总的操作成功率为92．3％(24／26)。操作成功的24例中。1例无效,23例术后1～2 d梗阻症状缓解或消除,临床有效率为88．5％(23／26)。其中13例为永久性姑息治疗,10例经内镜治疗解除梗阻后7～10d行1期肿瘤切除,术后均恢复顺利,无感染及吻合口漏等并发症发生。1例直肠癌术后复发伴盆腔广泛转移者治疗失败,1例乙状结肠癌广泛转移者术中穿孔而急诊行Hartmann术。1例术后6周支架移位,导致梗阻复发。置入第2根支架后缓解。1例术后1个月粪块堵塞支架。以探条及网篮疏通后缓解。结论经内镜放置金属支架或肠梗阻导管治疗急性结直肠癌性梗阻。能够有效缓解患者的梗阻症状,避免行结肠造瘘术,显著降低患者的创伤和痛苦。提高患者的生活质量。     

LONG INTESTINAL TUBE INSERTION WITH THE ROPEWAY METHOD FACILITATED BY A GUIDEWIRE PLACED BY TRANSNASAL ULTRATHIN ENDOSCOPY FOR BOWEL OBSTRUCTION

Aim: For patients with bowel obstruction, intestinal decompression by a long tube is recommended. We assessed the usefulness of a new technique for insertion of a long tube with a guidewire placed by transnasal ultrathin endoscopy. Methods: Nineteen patients who had been diagnosed as suffering from bowel obstruction underwent long‐tube insertion with the ropeway technique using a guidewire placed by transnasal endoscopy. Thirty‐three patients who had undergone conventional insertion of a long tube were included as controls. The success rate of intubation of the small bowel and the time required for the procedure were compared between the subjects and controls. Results: The success rate of intubation was 94.7% (18/19) in subjects and 84.8% (28/33) in controls (P = 0.53). The time required for insertion in the subjects and controls was 24.1 ± 8.1 min and 48.7 ± 25.3 min, respectively, with a statistically significant difference (P < 0.001). No complications relevant to the procedure were encountered in either of the groups. Conclusion: Long‐tube insertion facilitated by transnasal endoscopy reduces the time required for insertion in comparison with the conventional technique without endoscopy. Endoscopy‐assisted long‐tube insertion with the ropeway method is a safe and useful procedure for decompression in patients with bowel obstruction.     

Transendoscopic balloon dilatation of complete colonic obstruction

Complete colonic obstruction secondary to colorectal cancer has traditionally been managed by a staged approach. Simple diversion or resection with colostomy is performed followed by reestablishment of intestinal continuity at a subsequent operation. The use of a transendoscopic technique of balloon dilatation for complete malignant obstruction in the management of three patients is discussed. Successful balloon dilatation allowed for complete bowel preparation and either elective single-stage resection or controlled Nd:YAG laser palliation in a clean field. Although not applicable to all clinical situations, balloon dilatation is a valuable adjunct in the management of obstructing colorectal cancer. Relief of obstruction by tumor dilatation allows 1) correction of fluid and electrolyte abnormalities, 2) administration of a complete bowel preparation, 3) single-stage resection and anastomosis, or 4) palliative laser photoablative therapy that avoids the need for colostomy.     

A prospective randomized trial of transnasal ileus tube vs nasogastric tube for adhesive small bowel obstruction

AIM:To study the therapeutic efficacy of a new transnasal ileus tube advanced endoscopically for adhesive small bowel obstruction.METHODS:A total of 186 patients with adhesive small bowel obstruction treated from September 2007 to February 2011 were enrolled into this prospective randomized controlled study.The endoscopically advanced new ileus tube was used for gastrointestinal decompression in 96 patients and ordinary nasogastric tube(NGT) was used in 90 patients.The therapeutic efficacy was compared between the two groups.RESULTS:Compared with the NGT group,the ileus tube group experienced significantly shorter time for relief of clinical symptoms and improvement in the findings of abdominal radiograph(4.1 ± 2.3 d vs 8.5 ± 5.0 d) and laboratory tests(P 0.01).The overall effectiveness rate was up to 89.6% in the ileus tube group and 46.7% in the NGT group(P 0.01).And 10.4% of the patients in the ileus tube group and 53.3% of the NGT group underwent surgery.For recurrent adhesive bowel obstruction,ileus tube was also significantly more effective than NGT(95.8% vs 31.6%).In the ileus tube group,the drainage output on the first day and the length of hospital stay were significantly different depending on the treatment success or failure(P 0.05).The abdominal radiographic improvement was correlated with whether or not the patient underwent surgery.CONCLUSION:Ileus tube can be used for adhesive small bowel obstruction.Endoscopic placement of the ileus tube is convenient and worthy to be promoted despite the potential risks.     

Stent endoprosthesis for obstructing colorectal cancers

PURPOSE: Purpose of this study was to assess stent endoprosthesis for colorectal cancer (SECC) as an adjuvant to operative preparation in patients with obstructing colorectal cancers. METHODS: A self-expanding stainless steel stent was inserted in 15 patients with obstructing colorectal cancers under colonoscopic observation and fluoroscopic control. Following successful SECC, the colon was mechanically prepared using polyethylene glycol. Definitive surgical treatment then was undertaken. RESULTS: All 12 patients in whom the stent had been successfully placed recovered intestinal transit and tolerated mechanical preparation. A satisfactory preparation was confirmed during the operation. Two perforations and one dislocation were encountered. CONCLUSION: SECC is a new method for operative preparation of patients with obstructing colorectal cancers, which may reduce morbidity and mortality associated with this difficult problem.Read at the meeting of the Japanese Society for Abdominal Emergency Medicine, Chichibu, Japan, September 9, 1994.     

ENDOSCOPIC TREATMENT OF LOWER GASTROINTESTINAL STRICTURES

The methods of endoscopic treatment to a stricture of colon and rectum, are balloon dilatation, stenting, and transanal tube decompression. Balloon dilatation is useful for the stricture with benign disease. It is simple and is considered to be the first choice by the postoperative stricture. To the stricture of Crohn's disease, the long‐term prognosis effect equivalent to an operation is shown, and it is the therapy that should be tried before an operation. Stenting should not be performed easily at the present time for benign stenosis because there are problems that must be solved. For malignant stricture, balloon dilatation is contraindication, and transanal tube decompression and stenting are useful to an improvement of decompression and a passage obstacle. Both are useful to postoperative complications, and the improvement of quality‐of‐life of the stenotic condition by carcinoma.