南海北部深水底流沉积作用

南海北部深水陆坡区存在极为活跃的深水底流沉积作用. 通过浅地层地震剖面解释发现, 该地区由于深水底流的搬运作用, 在水深1000~2700 m左右的陆坡地带形成NE-SW向分布的迁移水道. 在水道东侧断续形成由东北向西南方向推进的高沉积速率堆积体, 堆积体内部叠加层呈NE-SW向前积堆积特征, 由牵引流沉积而成. 发育在东沙群岛东南侧的高沉积速率堆积体就是其中之一, 其12 ka以来沉积速率高达97 cm/ka, 是南海目前所知沉积速率最高的海区. 地震剖面显示, 该深水底流极有可能是由进入南海的西太平洋环流演变而成, 挟带南海北部来源的沉积物沿大陆坡由东北向西南方向搬运沉积, 最终消失在中央海盆中. 由于深水底流作用的存在, 造成南海北部深海区复杂的搬运沉积格局.     

南海北部大陆边缘盆地地热特征与油气富集

本文报道了莺歌海盆地、北部湾盆地共148个新测热导率数据,根据收集的钻井温度数据新增计算65个大地热流数据;结合前人研究成果绘制了南海北部大陆边缘沉积盆地的地温梯度图、大地热流分布图;系统归纳了南海北部大陆边缘油气勘探成果.结果表明,南海北部大陆边缘珠江口盆地、琼东南盆地、北部湾盆地、莺歌海盆地的平均热流值分别为68.7±11 mW/m2、71.1±13 mW/m2、65.7±8.9 mW/m2、74.7±10 mW/m2,属于典型的“热盆”.热流区域分布特征总体上受大地构造背景控制,随地壳厚度从北向南,由陆架到陆坡区逐渐减薄而增高,水热活动与岩浆活动等是引起局部高热流异常的原因.盆地地温场的差异控制和约束了油气分布富集规律,从研究区油气勘探成果中可以发现,该区域的气田多发育于高热流盆地（凹陷）,而中-低热流盆地（凹陷）则多孕育油田,油气田具有“北油南气”的分布特征.     

沂沭断裂带重力场季节性变化特征

通过对沂沭断裂带地区2010~2012年共6期重力场资料进行动态差分,和相对于2010~2012年6期基准的动态变化分析,得到沂沭断裂带重力场的变化特征为:沂沭断裂带重力场呈现明显的季节性变化,即每年的3月与8月重力场存在反向变化,其季节性变化与降水量相关。     

南海中部和北部地壳性质的探讨

本文主要根据1980年中、美联合调查南海时所获得的声纳浮标测量结果,探讨中国南海中部和北部各个地貌单元上的地壳结构、性质以及新生代的发展简史。     

关于南海北部滨海断裂带的研究

南海北部的滨海断裂带是位于南澳岛之东粤东南滨海地区的一条北东东走向的构造带。由于其所处的构造位置而一直被地球科学工作者所关注,并从不同角度作了不少研究。在广泛收集有关断裂带的资料和研究成果的基础上,对前人关于断裂带存在的依据、断裂带发育的时代、断裂带的构造属性和第四纪活动情况的认识作了简要归纳,并就断裂带的分布、构造属性等作了初步分析。     

南海中部和北部地壳性质的探讨

本文主要根据1980年中、美联合调查南海时所获得的声纳浮标测量结果,探讨中国南海中部和北部各个地貌单元上的地壳结构、性质以及新生代的发展简史。     

南海北部海底沉积物在温度变化下的三种声速类型

研究南海北部海底沉积物温度变化状态下声速性质,得出以下结论:(1) 南海北部海底沉积物具有声速温度正增长(STPIK)、声速温度负增长(STNIK)和声速温度波动(STWK)三种类型,后两种类型在世界其他范围内海域未见报道.(2) 声速温度正增长类型和声速温度负增长类型沉积物的温度变化对声速影响都具有十分显著的线性关系,但是原状样品由于组成不均匀性,增大了声速的非线性变化.(3)南海北部海底沉积物的孔隙度、密度等主要物理参数差异不明显,难以直接解释三类样品的温度-声速性质的不同.(4)对于STPIK类型沉积物,理论分析与实验结果的统一性,可以运用海底沉积物与海水声速比进行校正不同温度状态下的海底沉积物的声速.(5)对于STNIK和STWK类型沉积物,需要深入研究,从理论和实验角度揭开其机理和成因.海底沉积物声速-温度特性研究将为提高南海北部海域天然气水合物声学探测精度和准确度提供声速性质依据.     

南海北部陆缘带构造扩张的深部地球动力学特征

利用地热学和重力学方法, 计算和分析了南海北部陆缘带岩石圈热结构及流变特征. 研究表明, 南海北部陆缘带岩石圈存在分层变形的物理条件, 上地壳温度比下地壳温度低150~300℃, 而粘滞系数比下地壳高2~3个数量级, 说明上地壳脆性程度较高, 下地壳塑性程度较高. 陆缘带岩石圈之下地幔总体由西北向东南方向流动, 带动北部大陆边缘向洋扩张、离散和断裂解体. 在向洋离散过程中, 由于上地壳温度低、粘滞性大, 下地壳温度高、粘滞性小, 形成低粘滞通道, 在新生代构造扩张活动中, 岩石圈内出现分层变形, 扩张的陆缘发生差异性块断运动、形成陆缘地堑系.     

南海北部陆坡区多次波发育特征及压制策略分析

南海北部陆坡坡折带和常规海上地震勘探观测系统的制约,再加上南海北部陆坡区复杂的海底地层构造,导致南海北部陆坡区地震勘探成像结果不够理想.究其主要原因是多次波发育复杂、遮挡了一次波能量,也就直接影响到一次波的成像效果,从而制约了对陆坡区更深入的油气勘探.本文结合南海北部陆坡区的构造特征,依据多次波的产生机理分析多次波的发育分布状况,得出单一的地球物理方法已经不能较好的解决南海北部陆坡区的多次波压制问题.针对该区域复杂的地质背景,在综合运用多种地球物理方法的基础上,严格依照多区域、多尺度的理念,提出一套适应南海北部陆坡区多次波压制的系统策略.经过实际资料检验,有效的压制南海北部陆坡区的多次波干扰,最大程度的突出一次波成像,为南海北部进一步的油气勘探夯实基础.     

南海北部陆区岩石磁化率的矿物学研究

基于2517套现场测量资料,245块岩石样品的体积磁化率测量和详细的岩矿鉴定及硅酸盐全分析结果,结合单矿物磁化率特征及各岩石之间的对比研究,发现岩石磁化率主要受组成岩石的矿物磁化率控制.即岩石磁化率(κr)与组成岩石各个矿物磁化率(κi)及其体积含量(Ci)成正比.例如侵入岩磁化率,κr= -5.68×102Cq +2.86×102Cf +3.28×102Ca +1.18×104Cb +1.27×104Cam +5.35×105Cm;其中多项式各项的系数是与该矿物磁化率值成正比的常数,C为该矿物在该岩石中的体积含量,依次为石英q(κ=-1.3)、斜长石f(κ=0.01)、碱性长石a(κ=0.01)、黑云母b(κ=100)、角闪石am(κ=80)和磁铁矿m(κ=100000).对区内火山岩、侵入岩、沉积岩和变质岩磁化率研究发现,其他三类岩石磁化率与其组成矿物磁化率的关系和侵入岩的情况相同,矿物对岩石磁化率的贡献顺序为铁磁性矿物>顺磁性矿物>逆磁性矿物.其中,火成岩磁化率变化大,主要取决于岩石中磁铁矿、角闪石和黑云母的含量;沉积岩多为无磁性、弱磁性,其磁化率主要由黑云母、碱性长石及岩屑提供;变质岩的磁性变化较大,从无磁性到极强磁性,主要决定于其原岩的类型,副变质岩(沉积原岩)磁化率类似于沉积岩类,正变质岩(火成原岩)类似于火成岩类;石英岩和碳酸盐岩是所有岩石中磁性最弱的.岩石蚀变会对其磁化率产生显著性影响,通常,黑云母、角闪石等铁镁硅酸盐矿物经蚀变会因形成含铁质氧化物而使岩石的磁化率升高;长石等弱顺磁矿物的粘土矿化、绢云母化会升高磁化率而碳酸盐化、高岭土化作用会使磁化率降低;岩石的绿泥石化会增加磁化率;含铁磁性矿物的岩石风化时会因高磁性组分破碎、流失而致使岩石的磁化率降低.从岩石磁化率与其组成矿物的磁化率之间的关系,推测地质体的总磁化率与构成地质体各个岩石的磁化率-体积含量之间也应存在类似关系.     

Seasonal variability of tides in the deep northern South China Sea

Tides are the major energy source for ocean mixing, regulating the variation of oceanic circulation and sediment transport in the deep sea. Here twenty months of high-resolution current profiles, which were observed via a mooring system at a water depth of 2100 m in the northern South China Sea(SCS), are used to investigate seasonal variability in deep-sea tides.Spectral analysis shows that tides in this region are dominated by diurnal tide, and both diurnal and semidiurnal tide are vertical mode-1 dominant. Baroclinic diurnal tidal current exhibits pronounced seasonal variability, showing its kinetic energy was the strongest in summer, and the maximum depth-averaged value was up to 86.7 cm~2 s~(-2), which was about 1.5 times of that in winter and twice that in spring and autumn. In contrast, baroclinic semidiurnal tide displays no evident seasonal variability. Such seasonal variability in baroclinic tide was mainly modulated by the barotropic forcing from the Luzon Strait. On the other hand,two anticyclonic eddies and one cyclonic eddy, which originated off southwestern Taiwan in winter, crossed the mooring system.The cyclonic eddy had weak impact on current velocity in the deep sea, but the two deep-reaching anticyclonic eddies enhanced the current velocity through the full-water column by inducing strong subinertial flows. Consequently, the kinetic energy of tides was strengthened and the incoherent variance of baroclinic diurnal tide increased in winter, which contributed ～85% of the variability in diurnal tide. Meanwhile, the velocity of baroclinic diurnal tide was reduced in winter, which was attributed to the weakened stratification induced by the passage of anticyclonic eddies in the deep sea. The seasonal variability of tides in the deep northern SCS can provide a dynamic mechanism for interpreting sediment transport processes in the deep sea on different time scales.     

Seasonal variability of the carbon export in the central South China Sea

Ocean Dynamics - The South China Sea (SCS) is strongly influenced by the East Asian monsoon system with seasonal reversal. Measurements from a 7-year continuous sediment trap located in the central...     

Features of internal tides observed near the shelf break in the northern South China Sea

Ocean Dynamics - Features of internal tides in the northern South China Sea are investigated using measurements of two moorings at 506 m (MR1) and 260 m (MR2) working between...     

根据深反射地震资料识别南海北部洋陆过渡带

洋陆过渡带是被动大陆边缘的重要特征,对于理解大陆岩石圈破裂,随后的海底扩张及被动大陆边缘的形成与演化至关重要.前人通过重磁、地震等地球物理资料对南海北部洋陆过渡带进行过一些研究,但不同学者利用不同资料所确定的洋陆过渡带位置存在较大差异.本文基于高品质深反射地震剖面对南海北部洋陆过渡带进行重新解释,根据莫霍面快速抬升、地壳急剧减薄特征确定洋陆过渡带的分布范围.结果表明,南海北部洋陆过渡带位于大陆边缘减薄陆壳与正常洋壳之间,是受岩浆活动改造了的厚度急剧减薄的地壳,洋陆过渡带地壳深部发生岩浆侵入.减薄陆壳莫霍面平均埋深为21.9 km,地壳平均厚度约20.2 km;正常洋壳莫霍面平均埋深为12.0 km,地壳平均厚度为8.1 km,洋陆过渡带莫霍面埋深和地壳厚度急剧变化,其宽度大致介于46~99 km之间.南海北部磁异常条带和自由空间重力异常分布,验证了本文确定的洋陆过渡带范围的合理性.综合分析认为,南海北部洋陆过渡带的特征介于典型火山型与非火山型之间.

     

海洋深水水道地震综合解释技术研究——以南海北部陆坡区更新统深水水道为例

深水沉积是深水油气勘探的重要领域.本文利用南海北部陆坡区三维地震资料,应用三维可视化、相干处理、沿层切片及波形分类等地震技术,识别和刻画南海北部陆坡区更新世深水沉积水道的展布、演化特征及有利砂体分布位置,初步总结出一套适合深水沉积水道的地震识别和描述方法.该水道呈南西-北东方向展布、具蛇曲形态,水道主体以泥岩充填为主,水道侧向加积及堤坝部位是有利的储集部位.     

Impact of multiple tidal forcing on the simulation of the M2 internal tides in the northern South China Sea

Ocean Dynamics - Previous studies have indicated that internal tides (ITs) in the South China Sea (SCS) are dominated by the M2, K1, and O1, among which intense nonlinear interaction occurs. In...     

Numerical study of seasonal circulation and variability over the inner shelf of the northern South China Sea

This study examines seasonal circulation, hydrography, and associated spatial variability over the inner shelf of the northern South China Sea (NSCS) using a nested-grid coastal ocean circulation model. The model external forcing consists of tides, atmospheric forcing, and open boundary conditions based on the global ocean circulation and hydrography reanalysis produced by the Hybrid Coordinate Ocean model. Five numerical experiments are conducted with different combinations of external forcing functions to examine main physical processes affecting the seasonal circulation in the study region. Model results demonstrate that the monthly mean circulation in the study region features the Guangdong Coastal Current (GCC) over coastal waters and the South China Sea Warm Current (SCSWC) in the offshore deep waters. The GCC produced by the model flows nearly southwestward in winter months and northwestward in summer months, which agrees with previous studies. The SCSWC flows roughly northeastward and is well defined in summer months. In winter months, by comparison, the SCSWC is superseded by the southwestward strong wind-driven currents. Analysis of model results in five different experiments demonstrates that the monthly mean circulation over coastal and inner shelf waters of the NSCS can be approximated by barotropic currents forced by the southwestward monsoon winds in winter months. In summer months, by comparison, the monthly mean circulation in the study region is affected significantly by baroclinic dynamics associated with freshwater runoff from the Pearl River and advection of warm and saline waters carried by the SCSWC over the NSCS.     

Pollen record of the last 280 ka from deep sea sediments of the northern South China Sea

Environmental history of the northern continental shelf of the South China Sea during the last 280 ka BP, e.g. Marine Isotope Stages 1–8 (MIS 1–8) was reconstructed based on pollen record from the top 225m of ODP 1144 Site. During the interglacial periods, pollen assemblages are predominated by pine similar to those of the present day indicating that the environment of the interglacial periods was more or less close to that of today. Nevertheless, those from glacial periods are characterized by a large amount of herbaceous pollen, e.g.Artemisia, Gramineae, Cyperaceae, etc. inferring that grassland covered the merged continental shelf when the sea level lowered and the continental shelf was exposed. The exposed areas of the shelf were insignificant before MIS 5, but enlarged since MIS 4 and reached its maximum during MIS 2 according to ratios of pollen percentages between pine and herbs. The history of different exposure of the shelf can be compared with transgression records of the coastal areas of China and might result from neotectonic movement of Chinese continent. Some changes also took place in the components of grassland growing on the shelf during glaciations. Gramineae is the main element at MIS 8. ThenArtemisia increased upwards the profile and at last became the main component at the Last Glacial Maximum (MIS 2). Such changes in vegetation might be in response to cooler and drier climate.     

华南及南海北部地区瑞利面波层析成像

基于华南及周边地区106个宽频带地震台站多年记录的MS≥5.0中浅源地震事件, 开展瑞利面波层析成像和速度结构特征研究, 获得了华南大陆及南海北部地区10~100 s瑞利波群速度分布图像和典型剖面下方地壳上地幔速度结构, 为理解该地区构造演化和深部过程提供约束.考虑到实际地震射线的覆盖情况以及华南地区主要构造的主体展布特征, 本文同时采用传统的规则网格剖分和平行主要构造走向的非规则网格剖分方法, 分别进行分格频散反演, 开展了不同参数化方案对反演结果影响的对比分析研究.基于瑞利面波层析成像结果, 进行了典型剖面横波速度结构反演, 重建了华南地区由内陆至南海海域主要构造单元的壳幔横波速度结构.研究结果表明, 扬子和华夏块体地壳上地幔结构特征差异显著, 扬子块体地壳和岩石圈厚度均大于华夏地块, 且扬子块体上地幔顶部速度较华夏块体低, 岩石圈厚度在雪峰山造山带下方发生过渡和转换;南海北部陆缘和南海海盆上地幔速度较高且形态相对完整, 表现为非火山型大陆边缘和已停止扩张海盆的壳幔结构特征.     

The TKE dissipation rate in the northern South China Sea

The microstructure measurements taken during the summer seasons of 2009 and 2010 in the northern South China Sea (between 18°N and 22.5°N, and from the Luzon Strait to the eastern shelf of China) were used to estimate the averaged dissipation rate in the upper pycnocline 〈ε _p〉 of the deep basin and on the shelf. Linear correlation between 〈ε _p〉 and the estimates of available potential energy of internal waves, which was found for this data set, indicates an impact of energetic internal waves on spatial structure and temporal variability of 〈ε _p〉. On the shelf stations, the bottom boundary layer depth-integrated dissipation \( {\widehat{\varepsilon}}_{\mathrm{BBL}} \) reaches 17–19 mW/m², dominating the dissipation in the water column below the surface layer. In the pycnocline, the integrated dissipation \( {\widehat{\varepsilon}}_{\mathrm{p}} \) was mostly ∼10–30 % of \( {\widehat{\varepsilon}}_{\mathrm{BBL}} \). A weak dependence of bin-averaged dissipation \( \overline{\varepsilon} \) on the Richardson number was noted, according to \( \overline{\varepsilon}={\varepsilon}_0+\frac{\varepsilon_{\mathrm{m}}}{{\left(1+ Ri/R{i}_{\mathrm{cr}}\right)}^{1/2}} \), where ε ₀ + ε _m is the background value of \( \overline{\varepsilon} \) for weak stratification and Ri _cr = 0.25, pointing to the combined effects of shear instability of small-scale motions and the influence of larger-scale low frequency internal waves. The latter broadly agrees with the MacKinnon–Gregg scaling for internal-wave-induced turbulence dissipation.