间接驱动快点火锥壳靶锥体材料燃料混合问题研究

与中心点火相比,快点火将压缩和点火过程分开,大大放宽了对压缩对称性和驱动能量的要求。通过在神光Ⅱ激光装置上开展了快点火锥壳靶预压缩实验研究,利用X射线背光分幅照相方法观察到了清晰完整的快点火锥壳靶内爆压缩过程,并利用阿贝反演结合剩余烧蚀质量的方法得到了不同时刻燃料密度、面密度分布数据,当前实验条件下获得的最大压缩密度和面密度分别为30g/cm3和50mg/cm2;为解决金柱腔M带对导引锥的预热以及由此导致的燃料-锥体材料混合问题,提出了一种在锥体表面镀低Z材料的方法,实验和辐射流体数值模拟结果验证了该方法的有效性,该方法的成功解决了间接驱动快点火激光聚变的重要关键技术问题。     

快点火背光照相数值模拟

在激光惯性约束聚变实验研究中,诊断燃料层密度通常利用纳秒激光束辐照金属靶片产生特征X射线作为背光照明光源,对内爆球壳进行瞬态辐射照相,进而推断球壳内爆燃料层的密度。利用蒙特卡罗程序,对快点火X射线背光照相进行了研究,模拟了针孔成像中不同的针孔大小、障板厚度、背光能量对成像质量的影响,对于快点火实验中微米尺寸塑料小球,进行了诊断方案优化。模拟结果表明,综合考虑光通量及成像空间分辨,针孔半径为10 m时成像效果最佳;此时,采用2.7 keV的Mo背光源可以获得最佳的密度分辨。     

快点火锥壳靶压缩对称性及燃料分布测量实验研究北大核心CSCD

快点火激光惯性约束聚变将压缩与点火过程分开,与中心点火方式相比,大大放宽了对压缩对称性和能量的要求,是国际惯性约束聚变研究的热点方向。在神光Ⅱ装置上开展的快点火锥壳靶预压缩实验中,背光分幅图像显示导引锥及输运丝对靶丸预压缩过程无明显影响,实验结果与一维数值模拟结果吻合也证明了该结论;实验中通过调节导引锥尺寸和相对靶丸的位置,可保证最大压缩时刻导引锥保存完好,这对超热电子的输运以及能量沉积是至关重要的。     

针孔点背光技术实验

在“星光Ⅱ”装置上进行针孔点背光技术的演示实验.利用激光辐照φ50μm的小孔产生的堵孔效应使X光的脉宽缩短,起到类似于短脉冲点背光源的作用.另外利用成像方法,实验演示了由面背光方式获得点背光技术,称之为点针孔背光技术.实验结果表明：结合堵孔效应和点背光方式,能获得与点背光同样的结果,这样可以避开点背光对激光器较为苛刻的要求.     

光学仪器 X射线、紫外线及其仪器

O434 2006043774针孔点背光技术实验=Experi ments of point-projectionbacklighting using pinholes[刊,中]/江少恩(中物院激光聚变研究中心.四川,绵阳(621900)) ,黄冀翔…∥光子学报.—2006 ,35(2) .—290-293在“星光Ⅱ”装置上进行针孔点背光技术的演示实验。利用激光辐照φ50μm的小孔产生的堵孔效应使X光的脉宽缩短,起到类似于短脉冲点背光源的作用。另外利用成像方法,实验演示了由面背光方式获得点背光技术,称之为点针孔背光技术。实验结果表明,结合堵孔效应和点背光方式,能获得与点背光同样的结果,这样可以避开点背光对激光器较为…     

针对神光II升级装置的直接驱动快点火集成实验靶的初步设计

神光II激光装置升级完成后,激光能量将大幅提高,同时配备皮秒拍瓦激光束,能够满足快点火研究在万焦耳级平台开展集成实验的需求.神光II升级装置设计原则是以间接驱动为主,兼顾直接驱动.尽管直接驱动只是替代方案,然而由于直接驱动在快点火预压缩中具备一定优势,如能量利用率较高、对快点火导引锥预热较少、便于诊断等,因此需要探索基于神光II升级装置的直接驱动快点火靶设计.本文针对神光II升级装置的激光条件,利用辐射流体程序Multi1D对集成实验用快点火直接驱动靶的尺寸进行了初步内爆压缩设计和优化.在激光条件固定的情况下,优化无充气单层靶球的半径、厚度,尽可能实现高的密度、面密度.得到最优靶参数为外半径420μm,壳层厚度35μm,与靶球定标关系验证一致.根据超热电子定标关系,计算表明压缩过程实现的最高面密度与皮秒拍瓦激光产生的超热电子射程基本匹配.     

有限尺寸光栅压缩器设计

千焦耳高能拍瓦激光装置是实现激光惯性约束聚变“快点火”的基本技术手段。“快点火”前期基础物理实验要求：激光驱动装置输出激光脉冲的能量大于1kJ，脉冲宽度在1～10ps。而实现完全意义上的点火则需要万焦耳级的脉冲能量。激光技术上，啁啾脉冲放大（CPA）技术为实现高能、高峰值功率的激光输出提供了技术手段。然而，压缩器光栅较低的损伤阈值和较小的物理尺寸限制了快点火驱动装置的输出能量。目前，商品化介质膜光栅的损伤阈值仅约为1．2J／cm^2（ 1ps），     

神光Ⅱ装置直接驱动柱形靶压缩

在神光Ⅱ激光装置上,针对外径260 m的柱形靶,采用大焦斑拼接的办法（焦斑直径约200 m）,开展了八路激光直接驱动压缩实验。利用第九路激光驱动钼X射线背光,使用Kirkpatrick-Baez显微镜成像以及条纹相机记录的方法,获得了柱形靶内爆流线图,据此给出的压缩后密度约为初始密度的120倍。该密度处于快点火电子产生区和能量沉积区密度之间,正是电子束需要传输的密度区域。神光Ⅱ皮秒激光运行后,可以利用这种压缩的柱形靶开展电子束在稠密等离子体中传输的实验研究。     

神光Ⅱ升级装置锥壳靶间接驱动快点火集成实验

在神光Ⅱ升级装置上完成了国际上首次间接驱动快点火集成实验。实验采用双台阶脉冲整形激光注入黑腔产生X射线准等熵压缩锥壳靶,实现了高密度压缩,然后采用皮秒超短脉冲激光注入加热燃料。实验中观测到中子产额由皮秒激光注入前的5×103增加到2.2×105,中子产额增益达到44倍,实验证实了皮秒激光具有明显燃料加热效果。该实验为进一步开展快点火热斑形成效率和相关物理研究奠定了基础。     

基于神光Ⅲ原型装置的新型针孔点背光实验

在神光Ⅲ原型装置上发展和改进了新型针孔点背光技术. 通过1600 J/1 ns/351 nm激光与3 μm钛背光靶相互作用产生4.75 keV的点光源, 利用该点光源成像获得了高质量的钨丝以及靶丸图像, 并通过多种诊断设备获取了较为完整的背光源参数. 实验结果表明, 新型的针孔点背光具备高亮度、 高空间分辨等优点, 可以广泛应用于高能量密度物理研究中. 关键词： 高能量密度物理 惯性约束聚变 背光照相 针孔点背光     

End-on x-ray backlighting experiments for axial diagnostics of wire-array Z-pinch plasma on PPG-1

An X-pinch axial backlighting system has been designed to quantitatively measure the density distribution of wirearray Z-pinch plasmas. End-on backlighting experiments were carried out on a 200 kA, 100 ns pulsed-power generator(PPG-1) at the Tsinghua University. Compared with side-on backlighting, end-on measurements provide an axial view of the evolution of Z-pinch plasmas. Early stages of 2-, 4-, and 8-wire Z-pinch plasmas were observed via point-projection backlighting radiography with a relatively high success rate. The density distribution of Z-pinch plasma on the r–θ plane was obtained directly from the images with the help of step wedges, and the inward radial velocity was calculated. The ablation rates obtained by X-pinch backlighting experiments are compared in detail with those calculated by the rocket model and the results show consistency.     

Optical switching of optomechanically induced transparency and normal mode splitting in a double-cavity system

The coupling efficiency of short-pulse ignition laser energy to hot-spot internal energy directly affects the feasibility of fast ignition. Experimental characterization of the hot spot has attracted much attention. Among temperature, density and neutron yield of fast ignition experiments, the temperature of the hot spot has few available diagnostic methods. Multispectral X-ray imaging of hot-spot continuum emission is expected to give the time evolution of the electron temperature distribution. This article describes electron temperature determination from multispectral imaging, a dual-channel X-ray Kirkpatrick-Baez (KB) microscope designed for two-spectral imaging, and the experimental results of hot-core multispectral imaging of an imploded cone-shell target at the SG-II laser facility.     

针对高压物质密度诊断的激光X射线照相优化设计

激光驱动冲击波能提供高压的物质状态, 是状态方程研究的重要工具. 超短超强激光与固体靶相互作用产生的X射线源, 具有短脉冲、微焦点、高产额、能量可调的特点, 是高压物质密度测量的首选背光源. 本文基于蒙特卡罗程序Geant4建立了X射线照相模型, 客体密度分布由流体力学程序Multi-1D模拟激光冲击加载高压物质获得. 在一维长方体形密度客体情况下, 定义了均方根、峰值偏差与上升沿斜率比三种指标, 对照相图像求解的密度结果进行评价, 开展了照相结果信噪比、分辨率与对比度等参数优化. 并开展了一维圆柱形密度客体的照相模拟, 建立了基于Radon逆变换法的Abel反演算法. 反演结果与模拟设计密度分布符合良好, 要求X射线源半径在5 μm以内; 反演结果与模拟设计密度分布较为一致, 要求X射线源半径在15 μm以内.     

Fast ignition of asymmetrically compressed targets for inertial confinement fusion

It is shown that fast ignition can ensure the combustion of asymmetrically compressed targets for inertial confinement fusion with an efficiency close to the combustion of one-dimensionally compressed targets. This statement is valid not only for targets specially designed for fast ignition. Fast heating by an external energy source can ensure the ignition of a target designed for spark ignition, but where this ignition does not occur because inhomogeneities are formed in the temperature and density distributions owing to the development of hydrodynamic instabilities. The condition for ignition is the fast heating of the plasma in the combustion initiation region whose size is comparable with the sizes of compression inhomogeneities. Thus, fast ignition not only significantly reduces the ignition energy, but also is possibly a necessary stage in the inertial confinement fusion scheme when the spherically symmetric compression of a target requires very high engineering and financial expenses. The studies are based on the numerical simulation of the compression and combustion of inertial confinement fusion targets with one- and two-dimensional hydrodynamic codes.     

神光-Ⅱ激光装置上的针孔点背光成像技术实验研究

 在神光-Ⅱ激光器上开展了针孔点背光成像技术实验研究,利用第9路激光驱动平面钛靶获得4.75 keV的准单能光源,在10 μm的针孔约束下形成次级点光源对镍网格等样品成像。实验获取了清晰的网格图像,空间分辨力达到7 μm,并对烧蚀碎片、杂散光等该技术的关键性问题进行了系统深入的研究分析。实验结果表明：针孔点背光具有高空间分辨力、大视场等特点,优于传统背光技术。     

Magnetically guided fast electrons in cylindrically compressed matter

Fast electrons produced by a 10 ps, 160 J laser pulse through laser-compressed plastic cylinders are studied experimentally and numerically in the context of fast ignition. K(α)-emission images reveal a collimated or scattered electron beam depending on the initial density and the compression timing. A numerical transport model shows that implosion-driven electrical resistivity gradients induce strong magnetic fields able to guide the electrons. The good agreement with measured beam sizes provides the first experimental evidence for fast-electron magnetic collimation in laser-compressed matter.     

Resistive collimation of electron beams in laser-produced plasmas

Intense relativistic electron beams, produced by high-intensity short-pulse laser irradiation of a solid target, have many potential applications including fusion by fast ignition. Using a unique Fokker-Planck code, supported by analytic calculations, we show that fast electrons can be collimated into a beam even when the fast electron source is not strongly anisotropic, and we derive a condition for collimation to occur.     

Effect of the initial phase state of DT-matter on the compression of inertial fusion targets

We investigate the efficiency of inertial fusion target compression, where at the initial time moment the thermonuclear fuel is in a two-phase state and has the form of two adjacent layers — the external DT-liquid layer and the internal DT-ice layer. We study this problem for the fast ignition targets, where the ultimate final density of the thermonuclear matter is of a special importance. We take the simplest type of a fast ignition target, which corresponds to the technical justification of the HiPER Project aimed at demonstrating fast ignition at the compressing laser pulse energy ~100 kJ. Such a target presents a spherical DT-ice shell coated with a thin polymer film. We obtain the dependence of the final target density on the mass fraction of the DT-matter liquid phase and formulate the requirements on the admissible concentration of liquid phase if the decrease in the DT-fuel final density does not exceed 10%. We find the criterion for choosing the laser-pulse duration which provides the minimum decrease in the final density of the target containing DT-matter in the initial two-phase state.