11万年来河西走廊东部黄土沉积记录的百年分辨率东亚冬季风变化

在河西走廊东段的祁连山北麓与腾格里沙漠交接地带发育的较大范围的黄土堆积为探讨东亚夏季风西北缘的古季风演化提供了不可多得的天然素材。本研究利用甘肃武威沙沟剖面32.2 m的黄土-古土壤序列作为研究对象,开展了光释光测年和高分辨率的岩石磁学、环境磁学和全岩粒度分析,重建了该地区11万年来的古季风演化历史,并探讨了其驱动机制。结果表明：1)该剖面11万年来连续沉积的黄土-古土壤序列与邻近古浪剖面同期地层的全岩粒度表现出完全的可比性,二者的沉积速率均达30 cm/ka以上,记录了东亚夏季风西北缘千百年分辨率的气候快速变化特征;2)磁粒度参数Mrs/Ms和Hcr/Hc与中值粒径间良好的线性相关表明,研究区黄土磁学特征主要受控于冬季风强度主导的"wind vigor"模式;3)全岩粒度和磁粒度参数均记录了完整的Dansgaard-Oeschger旋回和Heinrich事件,表明北半球高纬气候对黄土高原西北边缘气候的深远影响和中-高纬北半球气候显著的遥相关过程,而由北大西洋经向翻转环流强弱所引起的北极海冰变化可能是导致东亚冬季风强度变化的最直接原因。     

中国黄土记录的季风快速变化

中国黄土高分辨率代用指标研究表明东亚季风气候存有亚轨道尺度的快速波动,与北半球高纬气候和大西洋经向环流变化关系密切。本文回顾前人在黄土高原地区多个典型剖面的研究结果,分末次冰期、最后两个冰期旋回及极端冰期（L₉和L₁₅）3个时段,阐述了粒度、元素比值、风化指数等代用指标揭示的冬、夏季风快速变化特征,并与冰芯、石笋和深海记录进行对比,探讨了季风突变事件的区域一致性和遥相关动力过程。结果表明,黄土高原西北部高分辨率黄土剖面代用指标对季风快速变化敏感,而东南缘黄土记录的突变事件不太清晰,这种差异受控于沉积速率和风化成壤的空间变化;在冰期-间冰期不同气候背景下,黄土粒度和元素比值的变化幅度和周期表现出较大差异,冰期幅度大、频率快,间冰期幅度小、频率慢,表明冰量大小对季风快速变化有调制作用;在两个极端寒冷期（氧同位素阶段22~24和38）,黄土粒度同样表现出快速变化特征,但与北大西洋浮冰碎屑记录似乎难以对应,可能与海陆记录的分辨率差异和年代标尺不确定性有关。综上所述,季风快速变化特征在沉积速率相对较高、成壤相对较弱的黄土剖面比较清晰,在冰期-间冰期不同下垫面条件下季风快速变化的特征和机理可能不同。未来的季风快速变化研究,一方面在时间尺度上拓展高分辨率敏感代用指标研究,揭示季风快速变化的起源和演化特征;另一方面加强地质记录和数值模拟结果的对比研究,获得季风快速变化动力机理的全面认识。

     

Out-of-phase evolution between summer and winter East Asian monsoons during the Holocene as recorded by Chinese loess deposits

We analyzed climate proxies from loessic-soil sections of the southern Chinese Loess Plateau. The early Holocene paleosol, S0, is 3.2 m thick and contains six sub-soil units. Co-eval soils from the central Loess Plateau are thinner (~ 1 m). Consequently higher-resolution stratigraphic analyses can be made on our new sections and provide more insight into Holocene temporal variation of the East Asian monsoon. Both summer and winter monsoon evolution signals are recorded in the same sections, enabling the study of phase relationships between the signals. Our analyses consist of (i) measurements of magnetic properties sensitive to the production of fine-grained magnetic minerals which reflect precipitation intensity and summer monsoon strength; and (ii) grain-size analyses which reflect winter monsoon strength. Our results indicate that the Holocene precipitation maximum occurred in the mid-Holocene, ~ 7.8–3.5 cal ka BP, with an arid interval at 6.3–5.3 cal ka BP. The winter monsoon intensity declined to a minimum during 5.0–3.4 cal ka BP. These results suggest that the East Asian summer and winter monsoons were out of phase during the Holocene, possibly due to their different sensitivities to ice and snow coverage at high latitudes and to sea-surface temperature at low latitudes.     

我国季风边缘区湖泊沉积记录的全新世亚洲夏季风衰退事件

亚洲夏季风是全球季风系统的重要组成部分,亚洲夏季风的变化对其控制区域自然生态系统的多样性和生态平衡,以及社会经济发展有重要的影响。本文选择位于现代亚洲夏季风边缘区对季风变化响应敏感的湖泊达连海为研究对象,基于陆生植物残体和全有机质的AMS ¹⁴C定年建立了钻孔顶部24.6 m沉积物的年代框架,利用粒度指标重建了全新世研究区水文变化过程以及亚洲夏季风衰退事件序列。结果显示,沉积物中存在数层砂层,代表了湖泊低水位时期,进而指示了亚洲夏季风衰退事件。这些事件处在11.6~11.3 cal.ka B.P.、10.4~9.5 cal.ka B.P.、6.4~6.0 cal.ka B.P.、4.6~4.4 cal.ka B.P.、3.7~3.4 cal.ka B.P.、3.1~2.9 cal.ka B.P.以及2.0~0.9 cal.ka B.P.,可以发现中晚全新世以来亚洲夏季风衰退事件发生的频率显著增加。进一步与北半球高纬地区与低纬地区的气候突变事件记录对比显示,全新世百年-千年时间尺度上亚洲夏季风强度的变化与低纬ENSO活动存在密切的联系。

     

Late Holocene Asian monsoon variations recorded in Lake Rara sediment,western Nepal

The Himalayas are a key location for understanding centennial‐ to millennial‐scale variations in the Asian monsoon, yet few studies of the late Holocene have been conducted in this sensitive area. Direct evidence for shifts in monsoonal wind strength is often limited to marine proxy records, while terrestrial reconstructions (e.g. lake levels and spleothems) focus on precipitation. Here, we present the first evidence of terrestrial summer monsoon wind strength changes from Lake Rara, western Nepal, based on Mn/Ti ratios, a proxy for lake stratification. These data indicate a link between the Arabian Sea and the Himalayas, suggesting that centennial‐ to millennial‐scale changes in wind strength occurred synchronously. Distinct similarity is also observed between Lake Rara and the southern part of China, which may support previous suggestions that the southern part of China is influenced by Indian summer monsoon. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

East Asian monsoon variations during Oxygen Isotope Stage 5: evidence from the northwestern margin of the Chinese loess plateau

We present the results of high-resolution multi-proxy climate studies of the S1 palaeosol, corresponding to oxygen isotope stage (OIS) 5, from the northwestern margin of the Chinese Loess Plateau area. Here, S1 is much thicker (ca. 6–8 m) than in the central Loess Plateau areas (ca. 2 m), where most previous studies have been conducted. Hence, much higher-resolution stratigraphic studies are possible, yielding more insight into the temporal variations of the East Asian monsoon during MIS 5. The frequency-dependent magnetic susceptibility, as well as the concentration of secondary carbonate, is used as an indicator of the summer monsoon intensity, and the median particle size as an indicator of the winter monsoon intensity. The results suggest that the northwestern margin of the Chinese Loess Plateau experienced the strongest summer monsoon intensity in sub-stage (OISS) 5e and the weakest in OISS 5a, among the three warmer periods during stage 5. The summer monsoon was weaker in OISS 5b than in OISS 5d. A dusty interval interrupted the second warmer period (5c) and a soil-forming event interrupted the first colder period (5d). The results also suggest that the directions of changes in the intensities of summer and winter monsoons may not always have been proportionately opposite. For example, the weakest summer monsoon occurred in OISS 5a during which the winter monsoon was not the strongest. We further conclude that the winter monsoon during the last interglacial was probably driven by global ice volume fluctuations, while the summer monsoon was primarily controlled by the northern hemisphere solar insolation and was probably modified by a feedback mechanism. That is, the climatic buffering effect of low-latitudinal oceans may have distorted the response of the summer monsoon to insolation variations. Finally, our results do not show the degree of climatic instability comparable to that recorded in the GRIP ice core for the last interglacial (OISS 5e), even though the study area is situated in a region which has been sensitive to climatic changes.     

East Asian summer monsoon intensity inferred from iron oxide mineralogy in the Xiashu Loess in southern China

The Xiashu Loess, in comparison to the well-studied loess sequences in the Chinese Loess Plateau (CLP), provides a good opportunity for studying East Asian monsoon variations from a southern China perspective. Here we present a study of the iron oxide mineralogy of the Xiashu Loess using integrated geochemical and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) measurements as well as magnetic data. Our results show that the free iron oxide (Fe_d) to total iron (Fe_t) ratio (Fe_d/Fe_t), hematite (Hm) to goethite (Gt) ratio (Hm/Gt) and saturation isothermal remanent magnetization (SIRM) to magnetic susceptibility (χ) ratio (SIRM/χ) all indicate particularly strong summer monsoons during the formation of paleosols PS5 and PS4 (equivalent to Marine Isotope Stage 13 and 11, respectively). However, magnetic susceptibility and Fe_d/Fe_t are not consistently reliable indicators of summer monsoon intensity for the whole section. Our results indicate that a multi-proxy approach can give a more reliable summer monsoon intensity reconstruction. The summer monsoon shows a cooling trend and a declining of precipitation from 0.5 to ～0.3 Ma, after which it becomes warmer and wetter towards the top of paleosol PS1 (equivalent to MIS 5). However, PS1 was formed under a relatively cooler temperature and wetter soil conditions in comparison to PS5 and PS4. Such supra-orbital variations in the East Asian summer monsoon superimposed on the effects of glacial–interglacial cycles in southern China are also reflected in the 0.4–0.5 Ma cycle of marine carbon isotopes in the global ocean, possibly indicating a strong link between terrestrial weathering and the global carbon cycle.     

Glacial-interglacial changes in dust deposition on the Chinese Loess Plateau

The Chinese Loess Plateau (CLP) contains an extensive record of aeolian deposition through multiple glacial–interglacial cycles. Independent chronologies based on pedostratigraphy, magnetic susceptibility, radiocarbon and luminescence dating were developed for 79 sites and used to estimate aeolian mass accumulation rates (MARs) for marine isotope stages 1–5. The regional median value of MAR for Stage 2 is 310 g/m²/yr compared to an estimate of 65 g/m²/yr for Stage 5. Estimated MARs from individual sites for Stage 2 are approximately 4.3 times greater than MARs for Stage 5 and 2.1 times greater than for Stage 1. MAR values at individual sites are consistently highest in the northwest and lowest in the southwest of the CLP during all marine isotope stages. MARs estimated on sections through loess terraces are consistently higher than MAR estimates at other sites, indicating that local recycling of loess material from exposed river valley deposits has been significant throughout the last 130 kyr. Although the spatial and temporal patterns in MAR are robust, there are uncertainties about the magnitude of these changes due to (a) lack of bulk density measurements and uncertainties in the chronologies for individual sites, (b) site and chronological biases in the sampling used to derive regional estimates, and (c) the unquantified nature of human impact on accumulation rates during the late Holocene. Nevertheless, the records from the CLP pose a number of challenges which could be addressed by numerical models of the palaeo-dust cycle.     

3 Ma以来轨道尺度东亚冬季风演化的模拟研究

轨道尺度东亚冬季风变率对认识第四纪东亚环境演化和北半球冰盖演化具有重要的作用。文章利用德国波茨坦气候影响研究所的中等复杂程度地球系统模式(CLIMBER-2)对过去3 Ma气候和环境的模拟结果,探讨了轨道尺度东亚冬季风演化特征及其变化机制。采用两种指数反映东亚冬季风强度,分别指示中纬度西风强度(EAWMU)和东亚北风强度(EAWMV)。CLIMBER-2较好地模拟出了3 Ma以来地球冰期-间冰期旋回特征,以及第四纪以来全球变冷趋势。东亚冬季风在过去3 Ma以来呈现逐渐增强的趋势,EAWMV和EAWMU分别在约2.6 Ma和约1.5 Ma突然增强。EAWMV(EAWMU)在约2.2 Ma(约1.5 Ma)之前主要以20 ka岁差周期为主导,约2.2~1.0 Ma(约1.5~1.0 Ma)的转型期以41 ka倾角周期和20 ka岁差周期为主导,约1.0 Ma之后则均出现100 ka、41 ka和20 ka这3个轨道周期特征,并以100 ka偏心率周期为主导。在约2.2 Ma(约1.5 Ma)之前,EAWMV(EAWMU)主要受控于太阳辐射的直接强迫作用,北半球冰盖的作用相对较弱,在此之后北半球冰盖起主导作用,太阳辐射的直接强迫作用相对较弱。因此,第四纪东亚冬季风与北半球冰盖存在复杂的耦合关系,当冰盖规模较小时,它们的关系很弱;反之,当冰盖规模较大时,它们的联系加强。

     

黄土高原石笋记录的DO25季风增强事件

基于山西龙洞L4石笋4个铀钍年代和110个氧同位素数据（δ18O）,重建了深海氧同位素5d（MIS 5d）期间中国北方地区东亚夏季风强度变化的历史。石笋的L4δ18O序列在113.9±0.6ka B.P.突然负偏1.1‰,指示了Dansgaard-Oeschger（DO）25季风增强事件的开始。在MIS 5d晚期,L4石笋突然停止生长,结合湖北三宝洞δ18O值明显偏重,揭示东亚季风区可能经历了一次显著的弱季风过程。不同纬度相同生长时段高分辨率石笋δ18O记录对比结果表明：在113.9~111.3ka B.P.期间,亚洲夏季风强度明显增强,与减弱的南美夏季风强度呈“镜像”关系;石笋δ18O记录的DO 24与DO 25季风事件的强弱对比表明太阳辐射变化仍是调控千年尺度亚洲夏季风强度变化的主要因素;此外,MIS 5d期间东亚夏季风强弱变化也响应于北高纬地区气温的冷暖波动,表明高低纬气候系统在末次冰期早期仍可能存在遥相关关系。北大西洋热盐环流的周期性变化可能是导致两者耦合的原因之一。     

Holocene climate variations from Zhuyeze terminal lake records in East Asian monsoon margin in arid northern China

Zhuyeze palaeolake is a terminal lake situated in the arid northern China in the East Asian monsoon margin. In order to examine the Holocene palaeoclimatic change in the East Asian monsoon margin, Qingtu Lake section (QTL) from Zhuyeze palaeolake is sampled in high resolution. Palaeoclimatic proxies such as grain size, carbonate, TOC, C/N and δ¹³C of organic matter, were analyzed; eleven ¹⁴C samples and six optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) samples were dated to provide chronological control. We also investigated the geomorphic features of lake shorelines in this area. The results show that the climate was warm and dry in early-Holocene (9.5-7.0 cal ka BP), cool and humid in mid-Holocene (7.0-4.8 cal ka BP), and increasingly drier in late-Holocene (since 4.8 cal ka BP). Comparisons of our records with other records in adjacent areas, as well as with the records in the Asian monsoon areas, suggested that changes in effective moisture was synchronous in East Asian monsoon marginal zone (i.e. the pattern of dry early-Holocene, humid mid-Holocene, and aridity-increasing late-Holocene), and that the moisture optimum during the Holocene was out-of-phase between Asian monsoon margin and Asian monsoonal dominated region, possibly due to the high temperature at that time.     

MIS2期南海北部粘土矿物记录的东亚夏季风快速变化

运用伊利石结晶度线性剥离法,定量计算了华南、台湾和吕宋这3个主要物源区对南海北部陆坡MD12-3432和MD12-3434两个岩芯（分别为50.80 m和8.33 m）MIS 2期粘土相对贡献量的时间序列变化。结果显示,台湾对两个岩芯的贡献最大（36%~62%）,吕宋的贡献次之（28%~50%）,二者之和一般大于90%,而来自华南的贡献最小（3%~17%）。台湾和吕宋的贡献量呈现显著反向的千年时间尺度快速波动,二者贡献量随东亚夏季风增强或减弱而显著变化,因此,吕宋/台湾贡献量比值可以用于指示东亚夏季风的快速演化。吕宋/台湾粘土贡献量比值在Bølling-Allerød和Dansgaard-Oeschger 2事件期间的增加,反映了同时期东亚夏季风的快速增强;而在Heinrich 1和Heinrich 2事件期间的减小,则指示了东亚夏季风的减弱。吕宋/台湾贡献量比值对东亚夏季风快速变化的指示,在一定程度上要明显优于蒙脱石/（伊利石+绿泥石）比值。南海北部MIS 2期粘土矿物对东亚夏季风快速变化的响应具有明显的空间差异性,受洋流搬运扰动和物源控制作用影响,陆坡相对浅水区粘土矿物记录的东亚夏季风快速变化信息相对有限,而深水稳定的沉积环境则更有利于保存东亚夏季风快速变化信息。

     

洛川黄土记录的最近2500ka东亚冬夏季风变化周期

对厚约１４０ｍ的陕西洛川坡头村黄土剖面进行间距３～１０ｃｍ的系统采样,测量了全部样品的磁化率和粒度,选择〉３０μｍ颗粒百分含量和磁化率分别作东亚冬,夏季风强度变化的替代性指标,以新建立的时间标尺为基础,分析了最近２５００ｋａ以来东亚季风变化的周期特征。结果表明,第四纪东亚冬,夏季风变化时间序列包括含有１００ｋａ,４１ｋａ和２３ｋａ地球运动轨道要素变化的周期,同时包含有约８０ｋａ,５６ｋａ和３０ｋａ     

Intensified mid-Holocene Asian monsoon recorded in corals from Kikai Island, subtropical northwestern Pacific

Coupled records of Sr/Ca and oxygen isotope ratios (δ¹⁸O) of coral skeletons have been used to produce quantitative estimates of paleo-sea surface temperature (SST) and δ¹⁸O of surface seawater that can in some cases be converted to sea surface salinity (SSS). Two fossil corals from Kikai Island in the subtropical northwestern Pacific, a location affected by East Asian summer and winter monsoons, were analyzed to investigate differences between mid-Holocene and present-day SST and SSS. At 6180 cal yr BP, SSTs were roughly the same as today, both in summer and winter; δ¹⁸O_seawater and SSS values were higher both in summer (+ 0.5‰, +1.1 psu) and in winter (+ 0.2‰, + 0.6 psu) than modern values. At 7010 cal yr BP, SSTs were slightly cooler both in summer and winter (−0.8 and −0.6 °C), whereas δ¹⁸O_seawater and SSS had higher values in summer (+ 0.3‰, + 0.6 psu) and in winter (+ 0.8‰, + 1.9 psu) than present-day values. These results are consistent with other marine records for the mid-Holocene of the low and midlatitudes in the northwestern Pacific. Such regional conditions indicate that the East Asian summer and winter monsoons were more intense in the mid-Holocene, which was likely a function of the mid-Holocene insolation regime.     

黄土高原聚湫沉积旋回、土壤侵蚀及区域差异

黄土高原聚湫/淤地坝内的沉积物是黄土再侵蚀搬运的直接结果,以高堆积速率和多沉积旋回为特征,是认识黄土高原地球关键带过程和历史的理想载体之一。如何鉴定并有效划分沉积旋回是利用聚湫/淤地坝沉积序列恢复流域土壤侵蚀和地表环境过程的基础。本文选取地处黄土高原中部丘陵沟壑区（陕西靖边）和高塬沟壑区（甘肃合水）的两个聚湫为代表,利用高分辨率XRF岩芯扫描仪获取两个聚湫上部近代沉积序列的元素分布,提出划分沉积旋回的地球化学指标,并识别年际冻融层,获得旋回产沙模数及年际产沙量,进而讨论土壤侵蚀与强降水频率和强度的关系及区域差异。结果表明,沉积旋回的下部粗颗粒层均以高Zr为特征,上部细颗粒层则富集Al、Fe、Rb、Ca和Sr等造岩元素,由此提出Rb/Zr比值可有效划分沉积旋回。根据Rb/Zr比值分布,靖边和合水聚湫上部4m和2m沉积序列可分别划分为35个和18个沉积旋回。结合细颗粒层的¹³⁷Cs比活度分布,划分的沉积旋回个数可分别与1963年以来两个地区强降水次数一一对应。靖边聚湫的年际沉积旋回数量和产沙模数均高于合水,是黄土高原丘陵沟壑区砂黄土更易遭受侵蚀的结果;在次降水量为50mm的强度下,靖边流域的产沙模数约为合水流域的两倍左右。重要的是,两个流域的产沙模数均与强降水次数和强度紧密相关,旋回产沙模数随降水强度线性增加。聚湫沉积旋回记录的侵蚀历史及区域差异将有助于深入认识黄土高原地球关键带中侵蚀风化、水文和生态环境变化等历史与过程。

     

Late early Oligocene East Asian summer monsoon in the NE Tibetan Plateau: Evidence from a palynological record from the Lanzhou Basin,China

The latest Early Oligocene record from the Lanzhou Basin, northeast Tibetan Plateau, presents an opportunity to investigate early stage of the Asian monsoon patterns due to its special location. The record provides insights into the global zonal climate and the development of the non-zonal monsoon system. The study identifies possible links between factors governing the monsoonal patters and paleoaltimetry of the Tibetan Plateau. Sporomorphs results indicate the dominance of arboreal plants (both coniferous and broad-leaved) corresponding to a wetter environment, while xerophytes were rare. Based on the Coexistence Approach (CA), the climate of the Lanzhou Basin is likely to have been similar to that of present-day sites in Southeast China, i.e., characterized by relatively high precipitation and a warm climate. Both qualitative analysis of the sporomorph assemblages and quantitative calculations indicate that monsoons similar to those of the present daywere formed in East Asia and reached the Lanzhou region in inner Asia. High percentages of Picea, generally associated with the relatively high topography of the NE Tibetan Plateau, correlate well with the high paleoaltimetry of the main Tibetan Plateau during the Oligocene. Thus, the East Asian monsoon during this time can be closely linked to an uplifted Tibetan Plateau, following modeled relationships between the Tibetan Plateau and monsoon patterns. However, we believe such high precipitation may have mainly resulted from the orographic barrier, rather than being driven by zonal climate factors. Further investigation into the extent of, and controls on, the region of high precipitation should help clarify the role of these processes.     

末次冰盛期东亚夏季风变化的重庆石笋记录

基于重庆小山岩洞XSY1石笋的5个²³⁰Th年龄和582个氧同位素数据,重建了23134~19345 a B.P.期间分辨率约6.5 a的东亚夏季风变化历史。此石笋δ¹⁸O记录的长期趋势逐渐负偏,在其上叠加了一系列千年-百年尺度季风振荡,呈现为4谷3峰的结构形态。重庆XSY1和南京MSD石笋δ¹⁸O记录在数百年尺度的反相关系表明冰盛期时东亚大陆东部水汽并非来自印度洋。与北高纬记录对比显示东亚季风的增强与减弱基本对应格陵兰温度的升高与降低时期,暗示在冰量最大时期东亚季风与北高纬气候仍密切联系。此外,XSY1的δ¹⁸O与冰芯¹⁰Be通量亦存在明显的对应关系,表明太阳活动对东亚季风的调控作用受冰量边界条件影响较小。功率谱分析结果显示出1011 a、722 a、460 a、337 a和163 a的周期,与太阳活动周期相近,进一步确认太阳活动对东亚季风的驱动作用。石笋XSY1与澳大利亚石笋MC-S2 δ¹⁸O记录在千年尺度呈反相位变化,表明冰盛期时东亚季风与全球其他气候系统的动力联系。

     

最近880 ka以来黄土-古土壤序列粘土矿物和粘粒地球化学特征及东亚夏季风演化

中国黄土-古土壤序列记录了东亚古气候的演化历史。为获取黄土高原南部地区夏季风强度演化特征,以甘肃灵台邵寨L₉以来的黄土-古土壤序列为研究对象,通过X射线衍射(XRD)和X荧光光谱(XRF)方法分别对880 ka以来黄土-古土壤序列粘粒组分的粘土矿物和元素地球化学特征进行了系统分析。研究表明,黄土高原南部地区880 ka以来风尘堆积序列以伊利石为主,其次为蛭石,含少量的1.42 nm混层矿物(HIM)、高岭石和蒙脱石(含I/S),不含绿泥石;粘粒组分中常量元素含量从高至低排列如下：SiO₂>Al₂O₃>TFe₂O₃>K₂O>MgO>CaO>Na₂O>TiO₂>P₂ O₅>MnO。将粘土矿物组合、粘土颗粒显微结构与粘粒组分元素地球化学特征相结合,系统揭示出邵寨剖面中,蒙脱石(含I/S)和高岭石主要来源于原始风尘碎屑,伊利石包括原始风尘碎屑和后期风化成壤两种来源,蛭石和HIM为成壤风化产物。由于含Na、Fe、Mg元素的蛭石、HIM和蒙脱石(含I/S)含量的变化主要受控于成壤作用的强弱,因此基于上述元素获取的粘粒组分的CIW'(CIW'=100×Al₂O₃/(Al₂O₃+Na₂O))和TFe₂O₃/MgO指标很好地记录了古东亚夏季风环流强度的变化历史。研究发现,880 ka以来东亚夏季风环流强度呈间冰期/冰期的强/弱变化特征,在约850 ka、约620 ka、约550 ka、约420 ka和约127 ka等几个间冰期显著增强。

     

全新世太阳活动对东亚夏季风百年尺度变化影响的模拟研究

太阳活动对东亚夏季风(EASM)变化有着重要的影响。本研究利用通用地球系统模式(CESM)开展了全新世气候瞬变模拟试验, 探究了全新世EASM降水百年尺度的变化特征及其对太阳活动外强迫的响应机理。结果表明: 在变化趋势上, 模拟的全新世以来EASM降水呈减弱趋势, 主要受地球轨道参数外强迫的影响。在百年尺度上, 中全新世以来太阳活动外强迫引起EASM降水出现约430年的周期变化特征, 这与高分辨率重建资料记录的周期相似。这一百年尺度变化的空间主模态呈南北偶极型分布, 北方降水与太阳活动存在显著的同期正相关, 当太阳活动增强时东亚海陆热力差异加强, 陆地海平面气压降低, 引起异常的气旋性环流, 有利于北方降水增多。南方降水与太阳活动呈负相关并滞后于太阳活动, 太阳活动通过调制赤道太平洋类拉尼娜态的海温梯度, 引起西北太平洋风-蒸发-海温的正反馈机制, 触发异常的西北太平洋气旋性环流, 从而导致南方降水减少。

     

Holocene variations in the Asian monsoon inferred from the geochemistry of lake sediments in central Tibet

We present a record of monsoon variations for the early and middle Holocene that is inferred from the geochemistry of sediment cores from Ahung Co, a lake in central Tibet. The resolution of this record is better than 50 yr and the age model is derived from radiocarbon ages of terrestrial charcoal, which eliminates errors associated with the lake hard-water effect. We made down-core geochemical measurements of % carbonate, % organic carbon, C/N and δ¹³C of bulk organic matter, δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O of carbonate, and % dolomite. Proxy calibration and modern water-balance reconstruction show that these are proxies for lake depth and the amount of monsoon precipitation. We find that lake level and monsoon precipitation have been decreasing at Ahung Co since the early Holocene (∼7500 cal yr B.P.). Superimposed on this trend are rapid declines in monsoon rainfall at 7000-7500 and 4700 cal yr B.P. and seven century-scale wet-dry oscillations. The cores do not contain sediment from the last ∼4000 yr. Surface sediments from the lake accumulated during the 20th century, however. From this, we argue that lake levels have risen again recently following a late Holocene dry period.