适用于城市碳排放反演的CO2格点化排放清单编制——以杭州市为例

基于碳监测网络测算城市人为碳排放通量,需要二氧化碳（CO₂）格点化排放清单作为反演计算的先验信息。现有格点化清单大多针对全球或全国尺度编制,排放源的空间位置不确定性高,不足以支撑城市碳监测工作。以杭州市为例,构建了高空间分辨率（1 km）、分部门（工业能源、工业过程、交通等6类排放部门）的城市CO₂格点化排放清单,并对其不确定性进行了表征。该格点化清单基于中国城市温室气体工作组编制的《中国城市二氧化碳排放数据集（2020）》,依据848个点源的精确位置信息和一系列空间代理数据,对各部门的城市CO₂排放量进行格点化分配,得到杭州市高分辨率排放清单模型。与现有清单,如欧洲开发的全球大气研究排放数据库（EDGAR）、清华大学开发的中国多尺度排放清单模型（MEIC）等相比,本研究编制的格点化清单能合理地反映杭州市CO₂排放的空间格局,包括人口、路网密集的市中心,萧山区和钱塘区的工业园区,钱塘江中上游沿岸的水泥企业等高排放热点,可以作为杭州市CO₂反演的人为源先验清单。     

中国高精度温室气体排放清单编制研究进展

高精度温室气体排放清单是摸清区域碳排放来源、识别时空演变特征的数据基础，也是政府部门科学制定“减污降碳”策略、实现“双碳”目标的科技支撑。通过调研国内外组织机构、科研团队在高精度排放清单方面的成果，从核算范围、核算方法、时空化方法、评估与校验4个方面介绍了我国温室气体排放清单编制方法的研究进展。针对我国高精度温室气体排放清单研究区域分散、方法与格式不统一的问题，提出我国清单编制要逐步统筹本地化、精细化和动态化的发展建议。     

镇层级温室气体排放清单编制及案例分析

参考《省级温室气体清单编制指南(试行)》等资料,结合小区域的特点,研制了《小区域温室气体排放清单编制方法》。以无锡市胡埭镇为例,介绍了清单的结构、核算方法、活动水平数据获取要求和排放因子选取方式,通过案例分析,表明该方法适用于城市以下区域的温室气体排放清单编制工作。     

炼油企业挥发性有机物无组织排放通量监测现状与发展

炼油企业是重要的挥发性有机物(VOCs)人为排放源,排放的VOCs主要来自无组织源,监控及排放核算困难。笔者总结了国内外炼油企业VOCs排放通量监控及核算技术体系,综述了各类VOCs无组织排放通量监测技术的原理及适用范围,着重评述了工业场地VOCs无组织排放通量监测最佳实用技术——红外掩日通量监测(SOF)和差分吸收激光雷达(DIAL)及其在炼油企业的应用进展。总体上,SOF仪器及监测费用适中,但易受阳光等天气条件限制; DIAL几乎可全天候监测,但仪器及监测费用较高。SOF和DIAL监测的欧美炼油企业VOCs排放系数一般为0. 02%～0. 10%,约为排放清单值的3～10倍。国内炼油厂VOCs排放核算采用的排放系数约为美国排放清单值(0. 01%～0. 02%)的10倍,尚待实测校验和修订。VOCs无组织排放通量监测技术也可用于检查或评估炼油企业泄漏检测与修复(LDAR)等VOCs无组织排放控制效果。     

北京市废弃物处理温室气体排放特征

基于《2006年IPCC国家温室气体清单指南》推荐的方法,结合《省级温室气体清单编制指南（试行）》和《城市温室气体核算工具指南》的部分数据与核算范围,针对固体废弃物填埋、焚烧和废水处理等过程,核算了北京市2005-2014年废弃物处理过程中温室气体总排放量。结果表明：2005-2014年北京市废弃物处理过程温室气体总排放量呈逐渐上升趋势,2014年温室气体总排放量比2005年增长98%。10年间,固体废弃物填埋过程一直是最主要的温室气体排放源,到2014年排放量达到最大,为416.3×10⁴t二氧化碳当量（CO₂e）。废弃物填埋、废水处理和废弃物焚烧过程占总排放量的比例分别为78.5%（CO₂e质量分数,下同）、13.5%和8%。结合已有研究,系统优化国内7个典型城市废弃物处理温室气体排放因子,核算7个城市排放情况,并对比分析了北京市排放情况。     

新疆温室气体排放清单编制浅析

本文旨在介绍温室气体排放清单的编制方法及应用建议,重点介绍了在编制过程中排放因子本地化研究成果,并得到以下结论:新疆温室气体排放清单编制工作已形成常态化机制,相关工作流程已经基本完善;在将来的工作中,可以将温室气体排放结果应用到政策研究和目标考核当中,通过网络化建设和本地排放因子研究进一步提高工作效率和编制水平.     

温室气体排放数据库系统设计与实现

以温度升高为主要特征的气候变化越来越影响到人类的可持续发展,温室气体排放系数的收集与整理对于该研究具有重要意义。文章在充分调研IPCC指南及相关排放系数文献的基础上,对温室气体排放系数进行采集与整理,其中对电力行业排放系数的收集细化到不同技术水平、煤质来源水平和区域水平,并在电力行业排放系数收集的基础上,对其他主要工业行业的温室气体排放系数进行收集,完成了数据库设计与建库工作。主要包括四类数据:"温室气体排放系数数据库"、"活动水平数据库"、"电力行业污染物排放数据库"、"元数据库"。在此基础上设计并开发了数据库软件系统,实现了对温室气体排放系数的统一管理与访问。经实际运行,证明该系统能有效管理温室气体排放系数数据,提供数据的分析应用,为温室气体核算和提高环境监管能力提供科学数据和支撑作用。     

大气污染物排放调查监测研究进展

系统总结了当前大气污染物排放调查监测的主要方法及其在全球、区域、局地等不同尺度的典型应用,分析了地面监测、模型模拟与遥感反演3种方法受排放源多样、成分复杂、时空变异显著等因素影响,在尺度效应、成分解析等方面存在的问题。从优化监测方法、改进监测模式、融合监测技术等角度,提出了构建现代化大气污染物排放调查监测网络、开展污染物在不同排放阶段的变化解析研究及在不同圈层间的迁移全过程研究等建议。     

唐山市钢铁行业大气污染物排放清单建立

以唐山市钢铁企业为研究对象,在收集已有排放源数据的基础上,基于排放因子和活动水平数据采用排放因子法估算了唐山市钢铁企业多个大气污染物的排放量,得到了符合空气质量模型要求的污染源输入数据,建立钢铁行业和主要防控因子污染源数据库。结合唐山市各县区的环境空气质量状况,利用GIS技术,将不同污染因子的排放进行空间分布,最终形成准确完善的多尺度、高时空分辨率大气污染源排放清单。研究介绍了符合中国特色的区域高分辨率大气排放源清单建立的方法体系,为京津冀地区区域大气污染联防联控及2020年大气污染物区域削减计划工作提供数据支撑。     

机场大气污染物高时间分辨率排放清单计算方法研究

通过研究机场大气污染物排放特征,结合我国相关排放政策及规范,以排放因子法为主要方法,设计了可建立机场高时间分辨率大气污染物排放清单的计算方法,以期为机场大气污染物排放实时监管提供研究基础。该方法针对飞机发动机和地面保障设备(GSE),实现了颗粒物、二氧化硫、氮氧化物等大气污染物和温室气体的半小时级别排放量计算。通过收集整理北京首都国际机场日航班计划与GSE运作情况实际数据,计算并建立了高时间分辨率的排放清单,验证了计算方法的可行性。随后,从活动水平误差和排放因子适用性两方面,对清单进行了不确定性分析,并通过计算结果对机场排放特征进行了分析,提出了减排建议。     

Climate impact of surface albedo change in Life Cycle Assessment: Implications of site and time dependence

Land use affects the global climate through greenhouse gas and aerosol emissions, as well as through changes in biophysical properties of the surface. Anthropogenic land use change over time has caused substantial climate forcing related to albedo, i.e. the share of solar radiation reflected back off the ground. There is growing concern that albedo change may offset climate benefits provided by afforestation, bioenergy or other emission reduction measures that affect land cover. Conversely, land could be managed actively to increase albedo as a strategy to combat global warming.Albedo change can be directly linked to radiative forcing, which allows its climate impact to be compared with that of greenhouse gases in Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). However, the most common LCA methods are static and linear and thus fail to account for the spatial and temporal dependence of albedo change and its strength as a climate forcer. This study sought to develop analytical methods that better estimate radiative forcing from albedo change by accounting for spatial and temporal variations in albedo, solar irradiance and transmission through the atmosphere. Simplifications concerning the temporal resolution and aggregation procedures of input data were evaluated.The results highlight the importance of spatial and temporal variations in determining the climate impact of albedo change in LCA. Irradiance and atmospheric transmittance depend on season, latitude and climate zone, and they co-vary with instantaneous albedo. Ignoring these dependencies led to case-specific errors in radiative forcing. Extreme errors doubled the climate cooling of albedo change or resulted in warming rather than cooling in two Swedish cases considered. Further research is needed to understand how different land use strategies affect the climate due to albedo, and how this compares to the effect of greenhouse gases. Given that albedo change and greenhouse gases act on different time scales, LCAs can provide better information in relation to climate targets if the timing of flows is considered in life cycle inventory analysis and impact assessment.     

洛阳市2017年大气氨排放清单的建立及其空间分布特征

基于洛阳市不同类型氨排放源的活动水平数据,主要采取排放因子法构建了2017年洛阳市大气氨排放清单,并以GIS技术为基础进行2 km分辨率的空间网格分配。通过研究得出,2017年洛阳市的大气氨排放量为63.2 kt,排放强度达到4 t/km~2以上,全市主要的氨排放源为畜禽养殖和农田生态系统,排放量分别为43.7 kt和10.4 kt,分别占氨排放总量的69.2%和16.5%。在畜禽养殖源中,肉牛是最大的贡献源,贡献率为30.4%;在农田生态系统中,氮肥施用是最大的贡献源,贡献率为87.7%。各区县中,宜阳县和伊川县排放量最大,共占氨排放总量的32.0%;偃师市、伊川县为排放强度最高;空间分布特征上呈现北部氨排放量大、南部排放量少、在城市区周边氨排放量较突出的现象。     

The evolution of city-scale GHG emissions inventory methods: A systematic review

The capacity of cities to act on climate change mitigation is essential to fulfil the Paris Agreement target. In order to do so, cities should establish an effective climate policy which requires, as a first step, a complete greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions inventory. The accurate city-scale GHG inventory enables cities to develop, implement and track climate solution measures, mainly those related to transportation. The compilation of a city-scale GHG inventory requires a standardized method and up-to-date activity data. This systematic review critically examines 40 articles over the past 20 years to (1) identify city-scale GHG inventory methods being applied worldwide, (2) evaluate how these methods are evolving, (3) elaborate how emissions from transport sector are being estimated, and (4) determine what data types and sources of transport-related data are being used. The review was limited to articles that addressed the process of compilation of a GHG inventory. The results demonstrate that city-scale GHG inventory methods evolved from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Guidelines to a variety of GHG accounting methods that offer levels of complexity to estimate city-scale emissions. Although GHG inventory methods for city-scale have advanced over the years, almost one third of the articles reviewed were focused on the proposal of a GHG inventory framework, adjusting current methods to each city's reality or proposing new ones. The majority of the cities analysed lack local transport-related data to measure GHG emissions based on the bottom-up approach. Yet, more than 40% of the articles managed to deliver the bottom-up inventory using a diversity of data types and sources. This review shows that there is still a path to achieve a globally compatible method. This would require a joint effort between researchers and city authorities to make international protocols more compliant to each city's data availability along with the improvement of cities data collection.     

Accounting for forest carbon pool dynamics in product carbon footprints: Challenges and opportunities

Modification and loss of forests due to natural and anthropogenic disturbance contribute an estimated 20% of annual greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions worldwide. Although forest carbon pool modeling rarely suggests a ‘carbon neutral’ flux profile, the life cycle assessment community and associated product carbon footprint protocols have struggled to account for the GHG emissions associated with forestry, specifically, and land use generally. Principally, this is due to underdeveloped linkages between life cycle inventory (LCI) modeling for wood and forest carbon modeling for a full range of forest types and harvest practices, as well as a lack of transparency in globalized forest supply chains. In this paper, through a comparative study of U.S. and Chinese coated freesheet paper, we develop the initial foundations for a methodology that rescales IPCC methods from the national to the product level, with reference to the approaches in three international product carbon footprint protocols. Due to differences in geographic origin of the wood fiber, the results for two scenarios are highly divergent. This suggests that both wood LCI models and the protocols need further development to capture the range of spatial and temporal dimensions for supply chains (and the associated land use change and modification) for specific product systems. The paper concludes by outlining opportunities to measure and reduce uncertainty in accounting for net emissions of biogenic carbon from forestland, where timber is harvested for consumer products.     

Assessing the urban carbon footprint: An overview

All cities present environmental sustainability issues, above all regarding greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and specifically carbon dioxide (CO₂), that directly affect climate change. Consequently, it is very important to quantify and report their Carbon Footprint (CF) for implementing national and international policies/strategies aimed at mitigating and adapting these concerns. The Urban Carbon Footprint (UCF), indeed, has been recognized as the more valuable choice to inform, specifically, decision makers about city environmental sustainability. Several accounting systems and inventory methods have been taken into account to perform UCF, highlighting the complexity of the topic and generating very often confusion among users.In this context, the authors aim to summarize what has been done and what is going on with UCFs, trying to classify them according to some principal dimensions. Thus, they divide UFCs in two main categories namely: “spatial” or “direct”, with a limited amount of data requested, and “economic” or “life cycle based”, more or less data inclusive according to the accounting systems considered. Furthermore, they observe that there is not a “global agreed-upon protocol” yet, neither is there a specific model shared among researchers, even if some steps have been made towards this direction (Relative Carbon Footprint - RCF, Publicly Available Specification – PAS 2070 and Global Protocol for Community scale - GPC). Consequently, it is necessary to complete and standardize, in the short term, the accounting and reporting frameworks, in order to compare different UCFs for adopting shared climate strategies and actions at global level.     

Sequential climate decisions under uncertainty: An integrated framework

We develop an integrated framework for evaluating sequential greenhouse gas abatement policies under uncertainty. The analysis integrates information concerning the magnitude, timing, and impacts of climate change with data on the likely effectiveness and cost of possible response options. Reduced-scale representations of the global climate system, drawn from the MIT Integrated Global System Model, form the empirical basis of the analysis. The method is illustrated in application to emissions control policies of the form considered under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.     

国际温室气体监测量值传递与质量控制经验及启示

建立温室气体监测量值传递与质量控制体系,对于保障温室气体监测数据的准确性、可比性和计量溯源性具有重要意义。世界气象组织于1989年组建了全球大气观测网络,欧洲、美国也分别建立了区域、城市温室气体监测系统。相比之下,我国温室气体监测起步较晚。因此,亟需建立我国独立自主的温室气体监测量值传递与质量控制体系,为准确核验温室气体排放量,实现“双碳”目标,提供可靠的数据支撑。通过总结国际温室气体监测量值溯源与传递体系、质量管理与质量控制体系等的先进经验,对我国温室气体监测提出以下建议：设立满足排放量准确评估要求的数据质量目标;研制独立自主、国际等效的高准确度基准标气;加快构建量值传递与质量控制体系,并建立健全相关技术标准规范;探索研究其他温室气体监测量值溯源与传递方法。     

二氧化碳地质储存动态监测研究

将化石燃料燃烧产生的CO2进行储存,是当前减缓温室效应的有效途径之一.为了保证储存的有效性、安全性和持久性,必须开展科学、严格的监测,从而为整个储存工程的成功提供重要技术支撑.详细阐述了当前CO2地质储存采用的各项动态监测技术与方法.