关于执行护航任务舰艇官兵情绪的影响因素探讨

目的:执行护航任务过程中,有很多因素会影响舰艇官兵的情绪,出现各种不良情绪问题。本文的目的是探索究竟是哪些因素影响官兵情绪,使情绪调控更有针对性。方法:本文采取自编《护航官兵情绪调控问卷》对329名执行过不同批次护航任务的官兵进行调查分析。结果:根据问卷结果,通过对问卷进行因素分析,发现KMO值为0,934,并得出在8个因素上具有较高的载荷,分别是人际、舆论、领导、归因、管理、任务、认知和个性八种影响因素。这八种因素根据护航任务的不同阶段有不同表现,对官兵情绪产生不同程度的影响。结论:影响护航舰艇官兵情绪的因素为八种,分别是人际、舆论、领导、归因、管理、任务、认知和个性,并且这些因素对情绪产生着不同程度的影响。     

负性情绪与认知执行功能的关系研究

目的:对负性情绪组和正常对照组被试进行认知执行功能测定,探讨负性情绪患者的认知执行功能特征,为临床诊断治疗提供参考.方法:通过贝克抑郁量表和贝克焦虑量表测查被试的抑郁和焦虑程度,并运用认知调控测试、Stroop测试和语词流畅性测试研究所有被试的认知执行功能,比较高负性情绪组和低负性情绪组的认知执行功能特征.结果:(1)低负性情绪组比高负性情绪组在完成AST测验大多数任务操作上速度更快(P＜0.05),错误数更少,且抑郁情绪症状和焦虑情绪症状与完成AST测验所需时间的相关性分别在0.01和0.05的水平上显著;(2)低抑郁组比高抑郁组在完成Stroop任务操作上速度更快(P＜0.01),且难度越大,低负性情绪组与高负性情绪组的成绩差异越明显;(3)低负性情绪组与高负性情绪组在完成VF测验中,除了低焦虑组在正确率指标上不如高焦虑组外,其他成绩都优于高负性情绪组.结论:高负性情绪者的认知执行功能受到不同程度的损伤,任务难度越大,其认知执行功能受损表现越明显.     

汶川地震救援人员创伤后应激反应特征的初步研究

目的:探讨5.12汶川地震军队救援人员创伤后应激损伤状况。方法:采用创伤后压力诊断量表、焦虑自评量表、抑郁自评量表和匹兹堡睡眠质量问卷,在地震爆发后65天左右,对107名执行运输遗体任务的官兵进行了测量。结果:PTSD症状轻度的占84%,中重度的占15%。其中症状在1个月内消失的占63%。从症状的分布来看,闯入性回忆占36.4%,回避29.9%,过度警觉29.9%,焦躁不安或易怒37.4%,入睡困难、睡眠易醒或早醒43.9%,难以集中注意力45.8%,对重要的活动兴趣下降32.7%。救援人员抑郁症状得分低于全国常模水平;焦虑自评量表得分与全国常模差异不显著。睡眠质量差的占72%,以入睡时间长和日间功能降低为主。结论:担任遗体运输的救援官兵在救援早期普遍存在创伤后应激反症状,症状程度较轻,多数在1个月内消失,焦虑和抑郁症状水平的总体状况也比较低,但普遍存在睡眠质量差的问题,并且直接影响到日间功能。     

亚丁湾海军护航官兵营养状况调查

目的：评价护航官兵的营养健康状况及膳食结构合理性。方法：参与索马里、亚丁湾海域护航任务的某批官兵372人,年龄18~56岁,平均年龄29±7.5岁。采用问卷调查的方式对护航官兵的身高、体重、各类食物摄入、水、营养剂补充、体重丢失及膳食摄入减少情况进行调查和膳食营养状况评价。结果：护航官兵营养不良比例（包括不足与过剩）总计31%,其中营养过剩30%、营养不足1%。返航后,13%护航官兵营养状况受损,医务人员和加强人员营养受损和营养过剩均高于舰员。96%护航官兵主食摄入满足每日需要量,79%护航官兵肉类摄入满足每日需要量。10%护航官兵未摄入蛋类、12%护航官兵未摄入奶类、13%护航官兵未摄入水果类食物。结论：部分护航官兵存在着营养过剩或不足、膳食结构不合理、微量营养素补充剂摄入不足等问题,舰员整体营养健康状况优于医务人员和加强人员。     

心理护理对恶性肿瘤患者抑郁焦虑的影响

目的:探讨恶性肿瘤住院患者焦虑抑郁情绪的相关因素及心理护理干预对其的影响。方法:对158例恶性肿瘤住院患者(肿瘤组)及170例良性疾病住院患者(良性组)进行焦虑、抑郁自评(应用焦虑自评量表(SAS)、抑郁自评量表(SDS))及他评(应用汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)和汉密尔顿焦虑量表(HAMA)评分调查及统计分析;将肿瘤组患者随机分为常规护理组(对照组)、常规护理 心理护理组(护理组),通过心理护理干预,观察两组SAS、SDS、HAMD、HAMA评分变化。结果恶性肿瘤住院患者焦虑、抑郁程度明显高于良性疾病患者,差异有显著性(P<0.01)。在接受心理护理干预后,患者的焦虑抑郁评分及发生率较干预前明显下降,差异有显著性(P<0.05或0.01)。结论:恶性肿瘤患者焦虑和抑郁情绪程度及发生率高于良性疾病患者;心理护理干预可改善恶性肿瘤住院患者焦虑、抑郁情绪,有利于提高患者的生活质量及康复。     

外伤性肝破裂患者腹腔镜下修补术后发生焦虑抑郁的危险因素分析

目的:探讨外伤性肝破裂患者腹腔镜下修补术后发生焦虑抑郁的危险因素。方法:应用前瞻性研究方法,采用一般资料问卷调查表、焦虑自评量表、抑郁自评量表对本院收治的150例外伤性肝破裂患者进行心理测评,分析术后焦虑和抑郁状态的发生情况。根据术后的状态分为三组,术后存在焦虑的患者为焦虑状态组(n=53),存在抑郁状态的患者为抑郁状态组(n=57),术后无焦虑抑郁状态的为对照组(n=40)。对焦虑和抑郁形成的危险因素进行多因素Logistic回归分析。结果:焦虑状态组(n=53)、抑郁状态组(n=57)及对照组(n=40)平均年龄、平均受教育年限比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);而经济月收入、居住地、负面情绪、术前并发症、医保报销、家庭和睦、术前住院时间差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。手术过程的手术时间、外循环时间、主动脉阻断时间、外循环百分比比较差异均无统计学意义(P0.05);而麻醉苏醒时间、ICU停留时间差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。术后担忧的问题及需求(治疗需求和心理需求)比较差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05)。Logistic回归分析结果显示文化程度(OR=1.254)、负面情绪(OR=1.245)、家庭收入(OR=2.324)、手术疗效(OR=2.258)均为焦虑发生的危险因素;文化程度(OR=4.230)、负面情绪(OR=1.254)、家庭收入(OR=1.236)、手术疗效(OR=2.120)均为抑郁发生的危险因素。结论:外伤性肝破裂患者腹腔镜下修补术后焦虑抑郁的形成可能与患者的文化高低、负面情绪、手术疗效、家庭收入和术前并发症有关。     

大学生气质特征与元认知以及负性情绪的关系研究

目的:探讨大学生气质特征与元认知以及负性情绪的关系.方法:采用大学生元认知能力量表、陈会昌气质量表、自评抑郁量表(SDS)以及自评焦虑量表(SAS)对300名大学生进行了测查,并运用分层回归进行了调节效应分析.结果:元认知各成分和负性情绪在不同气质类型的大学生之间都存在显著的差异;元认知可以增强胆汁质对于抑郁的促进作用,降低多血质和粘液质对于抑郁的抑制作用,还可以降低粘液质特征对于焦虑情绪的抑制作用.结论:元认知对于大学生气质特征与负性情绪的关系具有显著的调节作用.     

疼痛患者的焦虑抑郁和患病行为的关系研究

目的:探讨不同疼痛患者的焦虑、抑郁和患病行为的关系,为疼痛患者临床心理诊断及心理干预提供必要的参考依据.方法:采用多中心合作的方式,抽取北京、西安、重庆等10家医疗单位的513例疼痛患者进行门诊问卷调查,采用医院焦虑抑郁量表(HADS)和患病行为问卷(IBQ)分别进行测量,对不同疾病种类疼痛患者焦虑、抑郁症状差异和患病行为的差异进行比较,并对焦虑、抑郁和患病行为各维度进行相关和多元逐步回归分析.结果:(1)不同疾病种类疼痛患者HADS总分差异有显著性(F=3.20,P＜0.05),其中焦虑因子得分差异无统计学意义(F=1.28,P＞0.05),抑郁因子得分差异有统计学意义(F=4.45,P＜0.01),癌症患者得分[(9.67±4.70)分]显著高于其他疾病种类;不同疾病种类疼痛患者IBQ总分差异有显著性(F=5.44,P＜0.01),其中负性情绪因子得分(F=3.11,P＜0.05)和患病角色因子得分(F=9.28,P＜0.01)差异有统计学意义,癌症患者得分最高[分别为(9.50±3.68)分和(8.10±1.82)分],显著高于其他疾病种类,行为反应因子得分差异无统计学意义(F=0.80,P＞0.05);(2)负性情绪和行为反应因子均与焦虑和抑郁因子呈显著正相关(rmax=0.517,P＜0.01;rmin=0.305,P＜0.05),多元逐步回归分析发现:焦虑和抑郁的首要影响因素为行为反应因子(分别为Beta=0.323和Beta=0.368),患病角色在抑郁维度上未进入回归方程.结论:不同疾病种类疼痛患者焦虑、抑郁和患病行为存在差异,患病行为对疼痛患者焦虑及抑郁症状具有正向预测作用.     

化疗期乳腺癌患者情绪状态及其影响因素的调查研究

目的:调查化疗期乳腺癌患者的抑郁及焦虑情绪状态,探讨情绪状态的影响因素,促使医护人员更好的了解化疗期乳腺癌患者的情绪状态,以便更好的提供相应的护理与治疗。方法:采用自行设计的调查问卷,对2012年7~12月住院的97名化疗期乳腺癌患者进行调查,内容包括一般人口学资料、医院焦虑抑郁量表及状态-特质焦虑问卷。结果:化疗期乳腺癌患者的抑郁得分为(4.79±4.23)分,特质焦虑得分为(41.70±11.81)分,状态焦虑得分为(40.61±12.11)分,其影响因素包括教育水平和家庭人均月收入,Pearson相关分析得出特质焦虑、状态焦虑与抑郁之间存在正相关。结论:化疗期乳腺癌患者焦虑与抑郁处于较高水平,教育水平越高、家庭人均月收入越高的患者其焦虑、抑郁程度越低。医护人员可以通过对化疗期乳腺癌患者进行相应的心理疏导以减轻负性情绪的产生,以促进和保持治疗的顺利进行与疾病的转归。     

心理干预对创伤性截肢患者焦虑抑郁情绪的影响

目的探讨心理干预对创伤性截肢患者焦虑抑郁状态的影响。方法根据焦虑、抑郁程度,对32例创伤性截肢患者实施针对性的心理干预,并应用焦虑自评量表(SAS)与抑郁自评量表(SDS)评定患者心理干预前后的心理状况。结果心理干预治疗后,患者的焦虑与抑郁程度较干预前明显降低(P0.05)。结论创伤性截肢患者存在不同程度的焦虑与抑郁状态,心理干预能显著缓解创伤性截肢患者焦虑抑郁。     

Mood induction in depressive patients: a comparative multidimensional approach

Anhedonia, reduced positive affect and enhanced negative affect are integral characteristics of major depressive disorder (MDD). Emotion dysregulation, e.g. in terms of different emotion processing deficits, has consistently been reported. The aim of the present study was to investigate mood changes in depressive patients using a multidimensional approach for the measurement of emotional reactivity to mood induction procedures. Experimentally, mood states can be altered using various mood induction procedures. The present study aimed at validating two different positive mood induction procedures in patients with MDD and investigating which procedure is more effective and applicable in detecting dysfunctions in MDD. The first procedure relied on the presentation of happy vs. neutral faces, while the second used funny vs. neutral cartoons. Emotional reactivity was assessed in 16 depressed and 16 healthy subjects using self-report measures, measurements of electrodermal activity and standardized analyses of facial responses. Positive mood induction was successful in both procedures according to subjective ratings in patients and controls. In the cartoon condition, however, a discrepancy between reduced facial activity and concurrently enhanced autonomous reactivity was found in patients. Relying on a multidimensional assessment technique, a more comprehensive estimate of dysfunctions in emotional reactivity in MDD was available than by self-report measures alone and this was unsheathed especially by the mood induction procedure relying on cartoons. The divergent facial and autonomic responses in the presence of unaffected subjective reactivity suggest an underlying deficit in the patients' ability to express the felt arousal to funny cartoons. Our results encourage the application of both procedures in functional imaging studies for investigating the neural substrates of emotion dysregulation in MDD patients. Mood induction via cartoons appears to be superior to mood induction via faces and autobiographical material in uncovering specific emotional dysfunctions in MDD.     

DEPRESSED MOOD IN THE WORKING POPULATION: ASSOCIATIONS WITH WORK SCHEDULES AND WORKING HOURS

The impact of working time arrangements (WTA) on health has been studied extensively. Still, little is known about the interrelation between work schedules, working hours, and depressed mood. For work schedules, the underlying assumptions regarding depressed mood refer to a disturbance of social and biological rhythms, whereas for working hours, the assumptions relate to workload and work capacity. Conversely, depressed mood may urge an employee to adjust his/her work schedule and/or number of working hours/week (h/wk). The aim of this study was to assess the association between work schedule and working hours with depressed mood. Using baseline data from the Maastricht Cohort Study, depressed mood in day work was compared with depressed mood in different shiftwork schedules (n?=?8843). Within day work, several categories of working h/wk were studied in association with depressed mood (n?=?7217). The association between depressed mood and several aspects of overtime was assessed separately. Depressed mood was measured with a dichotomous item: “Did you feel down every day over the last two weeks?” Separate logistic regression analyses were conducted for men and women, with adjustments for potential confounders. The odds ratio (OR) for depressed mood was greater for men involved in shiftwork than for men only involved in day work (three-shift OR?=?2.05 [95% confidence interval, CI 1.52–2.77]; five-shift OR?=?1.34 [95% CI 1.00–1.80]; irregular-shift OR?=?1.79 [95% CI 1.27–2.53]). In female employees, five-shift work was associated with a higher prevalence of depressed mood (OR?=?5.96 [95% CI 2.83–12.56]). Regarding the number of working h/wk, men working <26?h/wk had a higher prevalence of depressed mood than men working 36–40?h/wk (OR?=?2.73 [95% CI 1.35–5.52]). After conducting trend analyses, a significant decreasing trend was found in men, whereas an increasing trend was found in women working a high number of hours. Furthermore, a dose-response relationship was present in men regarding the number of overtime h/wk. This study showed that different work schedules and working hours are associated with depressed mood. Shiftwork was related to a higher prevalence of depressed mood than day work. The association was more pronounced for male employees. Regarding the number of working h/wk, male and female employees showed an opposite trend in depressed mood. Because of the possibility of a healthy worker effect and the possibility of a reciprocal relationship between WTA and depressed mood, the reported relation might be underestimated. This study has illustrated that occupational physicians, who deal with depressed mood among workers, should carefully consider the impact of WTA. (Author coorespondence: Karolien.Driesen@epid.unimaas.nl)     

Sex differences in vulnerability and maladjustment as a function of parental investment: an evolutionary approach.

Sex differences in aspects of mental health are examined as a function of uneven parental investment in children. Relative vulnerability is a new construct mediating the influence of parental investment on mental health. Couples (129) in three stages of the family life cycle are measured by scales for parental investment, relative vulnerability, anxiety, depression, and ten psychosomatic syndromes. Results show a path of positive correlations from the parent's sex to level of parental investment, to level of relative vulnerability, and to levels of anxiety and depression. Women invest more than men, and hence they are more vulnerable, anxious, and depressed. They reach the summit of their vulnerability while they have three young children. Relative vulnerability was found to have positive effects along with the negative ones and to affect women in different ways than it does men. Results are interpreted in terms of different parental strategies selected by evolution for each sex.     

Separation Anxiety,Attachment and Inter-Personal Representations: Disentangling the Role of Oxytocin in the Perinatal Period

In this paper, we aimed to assess cross-sectionally and longitudinally associations between disturbances in maternal early attachment experiences, symptoms of separation anxiety and depression and oxytocin plasma levels. We examined a mediational model that tested the hypothesis that anxious attachment style arising from the mothers’ early bonding experiences with her own parents was associated with high levels of separation anxiety which, via its impact on depression, was associated with reduced levels of oxytocin in the postnatal period. Data is reported on a structured sample of 127 women recruited during pregnancy from a general hospital antenatal clinic and an initial follow up cohort of 57 women who were re-assessed at 3-months post-partum. We found an association between lower oxytocin level in the post partum period and symptoms of separation anxiety and depression during pregnancy, as well as maternal negative interpersonal representations, upbringing attributes and anxious attachment style. Further meditational analysis revealed that the unique association between anxious attachment and depression is mediated by separation anxiety and that depressed mood mediated the relationship between separation anxiety and oxytocin. In conjunction with evidence from the literature suggesting that lower oxytocin level is associated with bonding difficulties, our findings have significant implications for understanding the biological processes underpinning adverse attachment experiences, negative affect state, and mother-to-infant bonding difficulties.     

An integrative and functional framework for the study of animal emotion and mood

A better understanding of animal emotion is an important goal in disciplines ranging from neuroscience to animal welfare science. The conscious experience of emotion cannot be assessed directly, but neural, behavioural and physiological indicators of emotion can be measured. Researchers have used these measures to characterize how animals respond to situations assumed to induce discrete emotional states (e.g. fear). While advancing our understanding of specific emotions, this discrete emotion approach lacks an overarching framework that can incorporate and integrate the wide range of possible emotional states. Dimensional approaches that conceptualize emotions in terms of universal core affective characteristics (e.g. valence (positivity versus negativity) and arousal) can provide such a framework. Here, we bring together discrete and dimensional approaches to: (i) offer a structure for integrating different discrete emotions that provides a functional perspective on the adaptive value of emotional states, (ii) suggest how long-term mood states arise from short-term discrete emotions, how they also influence these discrete emotions through a bi-directional relationship and how they may function to guide decision-making, and (iii) generate novel hypothesis-driven measures of animal emotion and mood.     

Mood and disruptive behavior disorders and symptoms in the offspring of patients with bipolar I disorder

The study aimed to ascertain the prevalence of mood and disruptive behavior disorders and symptoms in 35 children of 29 adult outpatients with a DSM-IV diagnosis of bipolar I disorder, compared with 33 children of 29 healthy adults, matched with patients on age, socioeconomic status and education. The offspring of bipolar patients had a 9.48 fold higher risk of receiving a psychiatric diagnosis. While only two children of patients with bipolar disorder were diagnosed with a mood disorder, 30.9% displayed mild depressed mood, compared with 8.8% of the controls, a statistically significant difference. The bipolar offspring also scored significantly higher on the hyperactivity and conduct problems subscales as well as the ADHD index of the Conners’ Teacher Rating Scale. The disruptive behavior and mood symptoms observed in early life in the offspring of bipolar patients may indicate the need for early psychosocial intervention.     

Olfactory discrimination and transient mood change in young men and women: variation by season, mood state, and time of day

Odor performance varies by clinical state and gender, though little is known about its variation by season or time of day. Many odors, including lavender, induce transient mood changes. This study explored discrimination differences between various lavender oil blends and their effects on transient mood in the morning and evening in depressed and nondepressed adults. We also determined seasonal influences on these measures. A total of 169 subjects, 98 women and 71 men (mean age +/- SD, 19.3 +/- 1.6 y) participated, with different subjects studied at different times of the year. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) classified subjects as depressed (score > or =10; N= 57) or nondepressed (score <10; N= 112). In the discrimination test, subjects compared pairs of two different lavender oil blends or a control. Transient change in mood was assessed by the Profile of Mood States (POMS) after each trial of five lavender blends interspersed by three control odors. Tests were conducted in the morning (08:00-10:00 h) and evening (18:00-20:00h). In all subjects, discrimination was significantly better for some odor pairs than for others, thus demonstrating test specificity. Discrimination was better overall in the fall than winter/spring and better in depressed than nondepressed subjects for specific odor pairs. No significant gender or time-of-day differences in discriminability were detected. There were, however, significant group differences in transient mood profiles. Current depressed state affected mood response, with lavender increasing anger in depressed subjects only. In addition, depressed subjects and men, whether or not depressed, exhibited diurnal mood variation, with better mood in the evening; the former group also showed more evening energy. All subjects were more confused in the morning than evening. Season also affected transient mood; winter/spring-tested subjects reported more vigor than fall-tested subjects. In addition, summer-tested subjects showed more tension in the morning, whereas fall-tested subjects showed the opposite pattern in the evening. In all subjects, lavender increased fatigue, tension, confusion, and total mood disturbance, and it decreased vigor. The study showed that both chronobiological (seasonal and time-of-day) and clinical factors modify discrimination and mood response to odors. Brief lavender odor presentation may serve as a nonphotic method for altering mood in young depressed and nondepressed adults particularly during the fall, a time of heightened discriminability.     

Micturition and the mind: psychological factors in the aetiology and treatment of urinary symptoms in women.

The mental state of 211 women attending a urodynamic clinic was assessed using questionnaires. Patients with genuine stress incontinence had scores comparable with other patients with longstanding physical complaints. Patients with sensory urgency were more anxious than those with genuine stress incontinence. Patients with detrusor instability were as anxious as patients with sensory urgency and in addition had higher scores on the hysteria scale. A subset of patients (roughly a quarter of the total) was identified, comprising members of all three diagnostic groups, for whom urinary symptoms rendered life intolerable. These patients were as anxious, depressed, and phobic as psychiatric inpatients, emphasising the serious psychological morbidity experienced by patients with urinary symptoms. Fifty patients with detrusor instability or sensory urgency entered a randomised trial comparing psychotherapy, bladder drill, and propantheline. The psychotherapy group significantly improved on measures of urgency, incontinence, and nocturia, though not on frequency. Bladder training was an effective treatment for frequency and patients became less anxious and depressed. There was a modest improvement in frequency of micturition in patients given propantheline. Frequency may be a learnt disorder which responds to the direct symptom oriented approach of bladder training. Patients with urgency and nocturia predominating might derive more benefit from psychotherapy.     

Olfactory Discrimination and Transient Mood Change in Young Men and Women: Variation by Season,Mood State,and Time of Day

Odor performance varies by clinical state and gender, though little is known about its variation by season or time of day. Many odors, including lavender, induce transient mood changes. This study explored discrimination differences between various lavender oil blends and their effects on transient mood in the morning and evening in depressed and nondepressed adults. We also determined seasonal influences on these measures. A total of 169 subjects, 98 women and 71 men (mean age ± SD, 19.3 ± 1.6 y) participated, with different subjects studied at different times of the year. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) classified subjects as depressed (score ≥10; N = 57) or nondepressed (score <10; N = 112). In the discrimination test, subjects compared pairs of two different lavender oil blends or a control. Transient change in mood was assessed by the Profile of Mood States (POMS) after each trial of five lavender blends interspersed by three control odors. Tests were conducted in the morning (08:00–10:00 h) and evening (18:00–20:00 h). In all subjects, discrimination was significantly better for some odor pairs than for others, thus demonstrating test specificity. Discrimination was better overall in the fall than winter/spring and better in depressed than nondepressed subjects for specific odor pairs. No significant gender or time-of-day differences in discriminability were detected. There were, however, significant group differences in transient mood profiles. Current depressed state affected mood response, with lavender increasing anger in depressed subjects only. In addition, depressed subjects and men, whether or not depressed, exhibited diurnal mood variation, with better mood in the evening; the former group also showed more evening energy. All subjects were more confused in the morning than evening. Season also affected transient mood; winter/spring-tested subjects reported more vigor than fall-tested subjects. In addition, summer-tested subjects showed more tension in the morning, whereas fall-tested subjects showed the opposite pattern in the evening. In all subjects, lavender increased fatigue, tension, confusion, and total mood disturbance, and it decreased vigor. The study showed that both chronobiological (seasonal and time-of-day) and clinical factors modify discrimination and mood response to odors. Brief lavender odor presentation may serve as a nonphotic method for altering mood in young depressed and nondepressed adults particularly during the fall, a time of heightened discriminability.