深基坑隔断墙保护邻近建筑物的效果与工程应用分析

隔断墙是深基坑工程实践中开始应用的一种主动保护邻近建筑物的措施，但目前对其设计参数的确定缺乏有效的理论指导，可验证其效果的实测资料也甚少。以杭州某深大基坑为背景，利用有限元分析软件ABAQUS，考虑施工工况、墙土接触，建立三维有限元模型，土体采用修正剑桥模型，对隔断墙的效果进行了深入研究，并通过工程实例计算结果和实测值的对比进行验证。研究结果表明，隔断墙可明显降低坑外地表最大沉降，减小地表沉降槽的面积，并显著减小邻近建筑物的横向角变量，对减弱开挖引起建筑物损害效果明显。隔断墙减小基坑侧壁中点附近的最大沉降和不均匀沉降的效果比基坑角部更明显。隔断墙可明显减小围护墙水平位移，越靠近隔断墙，地基浅层土体水平位移减少越明显。在隔断墙深度范围围护墙外侧土压力比未设隔断墙情况偏小，隔断墙对围护墙有“遮拦”作用，对基底土体隆起基本没有影响。     

SMW工法围护软粘土深基坑开挖蠕变特性分析

基于有限差分理论,通过对FLAC3D软件自带蠕变CVISC模型进行适当修正后得到组合粘弹塑性KV-M-C模型,采用该模型对SMW工法围护软粘土基坑不同开挖工况下坑底回弹、基坑周围地表沉降、钢支撑内力及围护墙的变形情况等进行了蠕变数值计算,结果表明:随着基坑开挖深度的增大,坑底位移及基坑周边地表沉降将越大,围护墙体最大侧向位移在第二道支撑与基坑底部之间;将蠕变计算结果与弹塑性计算结果进行对比分析表明,基坑底鼓及周边地表沉降的位移分布规律基本相似,但考虑土体蠕变特性后基坑底鼓、地表沉降及钢支撑轴力的数值都明显偏大.     

杭州深厚软 黏 土中某深大基坑的性状研究

介绍了杭州深厚软黏土中深度为14.85～17.35 m、采用密排连续排桩作为围护墙的大型多层支撑基坑工程监测实例。实测内容包括基坑施工过程中围护墙与土体水平位移、周围地面沉降、内支撑轴力、土压力和孔隙水压力等。研究表明：软黏土中大型基坑的水平位移明显大于狭窄基坑,基础底板施工期间基坑的“蠕变”现象明显,开挖深度、空间效应、隔断墙的设置、坑壁临近既有地下室等均是影响基坑水平位移的重要因素;坑外横向地表沉降呈抛物线型分布,沉降影响范围约为开挖深度的2.5倍, 最大沉降位于坑外约0.67倍挖深处,最大沉降与最大水平位移关系约为 ,坑外纵向沉降大致呈马鞍形,沉降最大值位于基坑中部附近,纵向沉降影响范围大于基坑开挖范围;多层支撑支护结构中各层支撑的轴力随开挖和拆撑工况的变化而动态调整,第2层支撑轴力明显大于其它2层支撑;深厚软黏土中多支撑支护结构的土压力分布在支撑深度范围表现出“土拱”效应;随开挖的进行坑外土体的孔压逐渐减小,由于开挖卸荷产生了负超静孔压。     

基坑群间有限土压力及支护结构相互作用研究

随着地下空间开发的不断深入,城市密集区基坑群不断涌现,相邻基坑同步开挖时基坑间留有有限宽度土条的现象越来越普遍。采用微分体受力平衡的方法,基于极限平衡理论,利用力的平衡方程和微分方程,推导出两个相邻围护结构间有限土体土压力的计算公式。结合火车东站与有限元数值模拟研究发现,随着基坑开挖深度的增加,围护墙的侧向位移和桩身弯矩不断增大,基坑东西两侧围护墙分别在50.0 m和31.0 m深度处桩身弯矩达到最大值,在33.0 m深度处侧向位移达到最大值。A、B基坑的同时开挖,使坑间地表沉降产生叠加效应。土方开挖完成,地连墙上部大约15.0 m深度范围内的坑间有限土体土压力呈现被动土压力特征。     

软土地层中深基坑SMW工法施工数值分析

考虑某市妇女活动中心大楼地质条件及周边环境特点,通过方案优选提出了基坑SMW工法的施工方案;基于有限差分理论,采用FLAC3D计算软件对基坑不同开挖工况下基坑坑底回弹、基坑周围地表沉降、钢支撑内力及SMW围护结构的侧移变形进行了模拟计算,结果表明:基坑开挖过程中坑底出现明显的回弹变形,基坑周边由于地表附加荷载的影响出现一定的沉降,支护墙侧向水平位移随开挖深度的增加而增大,布设横向钢支撑后墙体的侧移得到有效控制,钢支撑轴力随开挖深度的增大而增大。采用SMW工法进行施工,坑底回弹变形、支护结构内力及支护墙侧移量都在安全控制范围以内,由此表明采用SMW工法进行支护设计是合理可靠的。     

围护墙后开挖对基坑变形影响的数值分析

以西江引水盾构一标盾构吊出井和阀门井深基坑工程为分析对象,考虑土体的小应变刚度特性,建立三维有限元分析模型,探讨围护墙后开挖对基坑的变形影响。通过计算结果和实测数据的对比分析,表明部分围护墙后开挖卸载,造成支撑两端产生不平衡力,使开挖一侧的墙体回弹而减小水平位移,而对侧墙体水平位移继续增大,墙后土体沉降也随之增大。墙后的局部开挖卸载还能引起支撑两端墙体最大位移向相反方向移动,产生错动趋势。而开挖卸载的同时在墙后适当增加支撑可调整墙体的位移增量,有助于减少对基坑的扰动。所获得的结论对于既有基坑墙后开挖工程的设计和施工具有重要的参考价值。     

深基坑开挖与内支撑调节对邻近沉井影响规律试验研究

为了探明基坑开挖以及内支撑伸缩调控下基坑与邻近沉井受力特性变化规律,采用室内“基坑-沉井”模型试验,研究了沉井侧壁土压力、内力、周边地表沉降、墙背土压力等变化规律。结果表明：基坑开挖过程中,墙背土压力减小,沉井侧壁水平弯矩由正转负,最大弯矩值位置随开挖深度的增大逐渐下移,周边地表沉降呈三角形分布;内支撑伸缩调节时,当前支撑深度附近墙背土压力受到的影响最明显,调节第3道支撑时局部土压力变化率最大,调节第4道支撑时局部土压力值达到最大值;多道支撑同时调节综合影响范围大于单支撑调节;支撑伸缩可能造成沉井发生一定转动,对靠近基坑侧沉井侧壁土压力影响大于远离基坑一侧;伸长内支撑可以一定程度减小基坑围护结构和邻近沉井位移,但是会导致沉井局部弯矩和土压力急剧增大,工程中应加强土压力和结构变形监测。     

南宁地铁3号线长堽路车站基坑变形特征研究

以南宁地铁3号线长堽路站基坑为工程背景,整理、分析现场施工过程监测数据,总结围护结构水平位移、周边地表变形、支撑轴力实测数据规律,探讨基坑在不同开挖深度下围护结构及坑边地表变形规律及特征。采用有限元Midas软件,建立基坑开挖模拟模型,对其分步开挖进行了数值模拟,并将计算结果与实测数据进行对比分析,进一步总结分析狭长型基坑在不同开挖深度下整体变形特征。研究表明,长堽路站基坑随着开挖深度增加,围护桩水平位移增大,最大值位置逐渐向下部移动,最大部位位于第二层开挖线与第三层开挖线之间;整体上基坑长边及短边围护结构水平位移由基坑中部向两端逐渐减小;随着基坑开挖深度不断增加,坑边地表沉降量不断增大,基坑周附近8 m范围内沉降变形最大,随着与基坑距离逐渐增大沉降量逐渐减小。基坑周边沉降影响范围约为15 m,基坑长边及短边地表沉降量均由中部向两端减小。     

软黏土地层基坑开挖对旁侧隧道影响离心模型试验研究

为研究软黏土地层基坑开挖对旁侧隧道的影响,开展了相似比为1∶120的离心模型试验。试验获得了基坑开挖引起的地层不排水抗剪强度、土体孔隙水压力、隧道周围地层水平向土压力、地表沉降、隧道沉降和弯矩响应规律。试验结果表明:①基坑底暴露导致坑底和隧道周围土体超孔压长时间演变,并伴随着隧道周围地层水平向土压力大小和分布形式的持续变化;②基于竖向有效应力衰减程度的土体扰动度评价方法,发现位于坑底下方0.3倍和0.7倍开挖深度处的土体扰动度分别达到了0.33,0.21;③因既有隧道的约束作用,围护墙外侧地表沉降主要位于Peck(1969年)预测的地表沉降Ⅱ区;④基坑开挖完成后,地表沉降、隧道沉降和弯矩持续发展,开挖完成815 d后隧道总沉降达到了开挖期间沉降的1.6倍。固结和蠕变变形是开挖卸载后隧道变形和内力持续发展的主要原因,实际工程中应尽量减少坑底暴露时间。     

过江隧道超深基坑开挖与监测分析

以皖江第一隧工作井深基坑为工程背景,对深基坑在开挖过程中的地下连续墙水平位移、立柱与地连墙顶沉降、支撑轴力、地表沉降以及在临江水位汛期时各项监测数据进行分析。研究结果表明:地下地连墙水平位移随着开挖量逐渐增大,而随着汛期灌水反压的进行逐渐减小;立柱的沉降随着灌水反压由沉降逐状态渐变为隆起状态,地连墙随着开挖进行沉降逐渐减小,在灌水反压阶段趋于稳定;在基坑开挖周围10m范围内地表沉降量最大,地表沉降量随着开挖深度增加而增大,不随灌水反压进行而变化;灌水反压措施能够较好地控制基坑在汛期期间结构的变形,保持基坑的稳定性,为解决临江深基坑开挖稳定性问题提供合理有效的依据。     

长江漫滩高承压水地基地连墙承载特性现场试验研究

 针对长江漫滩高承压水地基,以南京青奥轴线-梅子洲过江通道基坑为依托工程,开展格栅地连墙和普通地连墙承载特性的现场试验研究,分别测试研究其墙顶水平位移、墙体深层水平位移、地表沉降、支撑轴力等随基坑开挖及时间的变化规律。主要结论如下：(1) 墙顶水平位移在支撑设置后均有回弹变形趋势,变形受支撑架设、预加轴力及拆除影响较大;(2) 2种墙体深层水平位移随深度均呈“胀肚型”变化趋势,两者最大侧移均发生在埋深中上部区域;(3) 格栅地连墙在基坑开挖初期,地表先小幅隆起,普通地连墙无隆起现象,且沉降明显偏大,两者随距墙体距离增大沉降逐步变小,且不同距离处差异沉降在基坑开挖后期均有增大趋势。     

Displacement control in tunnels excavated by the NATM: 3-D numerical simulations

The high cost of urban space has significantly increased the demand for tunnels in big urban centres. In such areas, settlements induced by the tunnel excavation may cause serious damage to nearby structures. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate effective means of controlling tunnel-induced settlements. In many countries, tunnels in soils and rocks are constructed using the New Austrian Tunnelling Method (NATM). This is mainly due to its flexibility to adapted to different ground conditions and use of simple equipments. Tunnel designs by NATM are generally based on empirical methods taking into account local experiences. The method is said to be observational and the construction process may be changed according to the observed response of the earth mass, acquired by means of proper instrumentation. Induced displacements are empirically controlled by adjusting the speed of excavation, distance between tunnel face and support, partial-face excavation and closure of invert. The relative importance of these techniques in the final displacements is analysed in this paper using 3-D numerical analyses with the Finite Element Method.     

Simulation of Conventional and Inverted Braced Excavations Using Subloading tij Model

Different construction sequences may be used in braced excavations. In the conventional or “ordinary method”, temporary retaining walls are initially placed and struts are used to brace them as the excavation proceeds downwards. In an “alternative method”, sometimes called “inverted excavation”, the tunnel walls are used to retain the surrounding earth, while the roof slab helps to brace the excavation. Laboratory model tests were devised to simulate these construction procedures. The tests were carried out under two-dimensional conditions, using aluminum rods to represent the soil mass. The walls were constructed with aluminum plates fully instrumented with strain gauges in both sides to measure the bending strains of the wall. Cylindrical bars with and without springs were used to brace the excavation in the ordinary method; while an instrumented aluminum block was used as the top slab in the alternative method. As excavation proceeded, all data relative to surface settlements, wall deflections and bending moments, as well as axial strut loads was carefully recorded. Later the laboratory tests were simulated with finite element analyses using the recently proposed subloading t_ij model (Nakai and Hinokio, 2004). The numerical results were compared with the experimental data obtained during the models tests for both construction methods. The overall recorded behavior in terms of displacements, deflection, bending moment and axial load could be reproduced with striking accuracy both qualitatively and quantitatively. This shows the capability of the model to represent the complex behavior of granular materials even under the low stress range used in the model tests. The results of model tests and numerical analyses show that the alternative method is viable and effective in controlling induced surface settlements, provided that the tunnel walls are constructed with an appropriate thickness.     

Protection of cement-soil reinforced regions for adjacent running tunnels during pit excavation

In pit excavation,cement is introduced into ground by deep mixing method to form an improved soil raft below final formation level to diminish deflection of retaining wall and effect on surrounding structure.Owning to complicated site conditions and improper workmanship,there are always some regions left untreated in the embedded improved soil raft.In this work,Several schemes of cement-soil mixed piles arrangement are modeled in order to discuss the effect of different cement-soil reinforced regions on protection for adjacent running tunnels.Finite element results show that:when lateral regions above tunnels are not enhanced by cement-soil mixed piles,effect of enlarging vertical enhanced regions around tunnels on diminishing lateral displacement of tunnel is really small;enhancing the lateral regions next to retaining wall is more effective in reducing the deflection of tunnel and retaining wall;uplifting of tunnel under the middle pit mainly depends on lateral reinforced regions and lateral displacements of retaining wall;as cement-soil mixed piles near retaining wall in east pit are removed during east pit excavation,effect of cement-soil mixed piles in east pit on reducing the final wall deflection can be neglected;upward shaft resistances are exerted along left side of diaphragm wall during excavation,which helps to reduce the wall deflection;positive effect of single-head cement-soil mixed piles in east pit is to decreasing the uplifting of soil inside east pit.Double-head cement-soil mixed piles arranged in"T"shape decrease the effect of east pit excavation on tunnels under middle pit apparently.     

Ground movement induced by parallel EPB tunnels in silty soils

When constructing tunnels with poor geotechnical conditions in densely populated urban areas, there are many challenges including intolerable ground movement, face failure, and potential damage to adjacent structures (i.e., tunnels, piles, and pipelines). Earth pressure balanced (EPB) shields have been widely used to solve these problems. However, tunnel excavation causes release of in situ soil stress, which results in the soil movement. This paper focuses on field measurements of parallel tunnels using EPB shields in silty soils. Specifications on the ground profile, construction procedure, and field monitoring of pore pressure in the soils, ground subsidence, subsurface settlement, and horizontal displacement are reported. During shield advancement, the pore pressures in the soils showed the zigzag-shape distribution along the distance. The settlements indicated upheaval-subsiding behavior in the longitudinal direction. The soil settlement decreased from the crown of the excavation face to the ground surface and to the invert of the excavation face in the transverse direction. Outward horizontal displacements of soils adjacent to the tunnels and inward horizontal displacements of the soils near the ground surface were also observed before the tail injection. The second tunnel excavated rendered a slight squeezing effect on the first tunnel. These satisfactory measurements indicate the effectiveness of the EPB technique in reducing potential damage to adjacent structures.     

3D Effects on Earth Pressure and Displacements During Tunnel Excavations

Three-dimensional model tests of tunnel excavation and the corresponding numerical analyses were carried out to investigate the influence of tunnel excavation on surface settlement and earth pressure surrounding a tunnel. Numerical analyses were performed with the finite element method using elastoplastic subloading t_ij model. Two types of apparatuses were used in the model tests, namely-trap door apparatus and pulling out tunnel apparatus. The minimum excavation length along the excavation direction is 8 em in the trap door apparatus. However, the process of real tunnel excavation is more continuous. For simulating real tunnel excavation in 3D, a new apparatus was developed, which is called as the pulling out tunnel apparatus. This apparatus can simulate tunnel excavation in sequential way. Both experiments and analyses were conducted with various ground depths for simulating the influence of soil cover on tunnel excavations. Surface settlements are measured at the transverse cross-section of the ground. Earth pressures at the top of the tunnel in the trap door apparatus are measured. However, in the tests performed with the pulling out tunnel apparatus, earth pressures are measured adjacent to the tunnel cross section. In this paper, the effects of 3D excavation on surface settlements and earth pressures are discussed. It is revealed that arching is formed in both transverse and longitudinal directions of tunnel excavation. Numerical results show very good agreement with the results of the model tests. In the three-dimensional analyses performed in a sequential way, earth pressure is almost zero at the excavation front, irrespective of the soil cover. In 2D analyses and 3D analyses using the trap door apparatus, the earth pressure at the excavation front does not vanish, as observed in 3D sequential analyses.     

基槽开挖引起沉管隧道竖井变型的模型试验研究

根据拟建中的长江沉管隧道竖井场址的地质情况及其设计参数,推导了大型竖井一侧进行深开挖时竖井稳定性的模型试验相似关系.通过模型试验,获得了不同基础埋深和水位变化时,竖井倾斜、位移、沉降、土压力等关系数据.分析研究了竖井的不同基础埋深对稳定性影响,试验成果解决了大型深埋竖井一侧要进行深开挖时的有关设计难题,亦可为地下深埋结构一侧大开挖时的设计和稳定性分析提供参考.     

遮拦叠交效应下地铁盾构掘进引起地层沉降分析

 地铁隧道施工诱发的土体沉降以及临近地下构筑物变形是我国城市轨道交通施工安全控制和风险评估中较为关心的一类施工问题。目前,针对该领域地层沉降的简化理论研究还仅仅针对自由位移场,没有考虑临近既有构筑物的遮拦效应影响。依托上海在建地铁施工工程实践,采用简化理论方法、三维有限元数值模拟方法以及现场监测方法,分析考虑运营隧道遮拦效应影响的土压平衡盾构施工引起的周围土体沉降规律,并与自由位移场条件下盾构施工引起的地层变形进行对比分析;在此基础上,给出地铁盾构复杂叠交穿越引起的临近地铁隧道的变形规律。研究表明,本文提出的简化理论方法和三维有限元数值模拟方法可以较好地模拟遮拦叠交效应下地铁盾构掘进引起的地层沉降变形;临近既有建(构)筑物施工,盾构施工引起的周围土体沉降较大程度地受到遮拦效应影响,与自由位移场条件下的计算结果对比存在较大差别。最后,结合盾构施工监测数据,提出复杂遮拦叠交效应下的盾构叠交施工变形控制技术措施。成果可为合理制定施工场地存在复杂建(构)筑物工况条件的地铁隧道开挖对周围环境保护措施提供一定的理论依据。     

软土地区紧邻地铁隧道深基坑支护设计与实践

以上海竹园2-16-1地块项目深基坑工程为背景,介绍了邻近地铁的软土深基坑变形控制方法及其效果。根据基坑工程的特点,设计时采取了多种地铁保护专项技术措施,包括基坑分区实施方案、支护体系、钢支撑轴力补偿系统、坑内被动区加固、承压水控制措施等。结果表明:基坑各分区地下连续墙最大侧向位移小于上海软土地区基坑地下连续墙最大侧移的统计平均值0.42%H(H为基坑最大开挖深度),特别是靠近地铁侧的地下连续墙最大侧向位移接近上海软土地区基坑地下墙最大侧移的统计下限值0.1%H; 地铁侧坑外承压水位总体保持在比较平稳的水平,最大水位变化仅为0.72 m; 邻近的地铁隧道上行线和下行线的累计最大沉降量分别为8.2 mm和5.1 mm,均小于地铁下沉量允许值(20 mm),且隧道曲率半径满足控制值要求; 本基坑采用的系统变形控制措施有效地保障了邻近地铁的安全,其设计和施工方法可以为软土地区同类基坑工程设计提供参考。     

坭洲水道桥圆形地连墙支护体系监测与分析

对虎门二桥坭洲水道桥直径90 m、深29 m东锚碇工程进行了监测,实测得到开挖过程中地连墙墙后土压力、墙体径向位移、竖向弯矩等。同时,设计并实施了地连墙槽段接缝的单元体试验,探讨了圆形地连墙环向刚度折减系数的取值方法,并结合轴对称弹性地基梁法对监测数据进行了对比分析。计算与实测分析结果表明,圆形地连墙支护体系墙体最大位移值为开挖深度的0.018%,远小于工程预警值,说明其可有效控制基坑变形;施工过程中土体开挖及内衬施工对地连墙应力影响最大,是相应深度地连墙应力达到峰值的主要原因,其影响范围为上下两倍当层开挖深度;圆形地连墙墙后土体具有空间效应,实测土压力值小于主动土压力理论计算值;由计算对比可知,考虑环向效应及环向刚度折减的弹性地基梁法可较好地反映圆形地连墙支护体系的受力变形特性。