Friction and Wear Behavior of Copper Matrix Composites Reinforced with SiC and Graphite Particles

The objective of this paper is to investigate the friction behavior and wear mechanism of copper matrix composites reinforced with SiC and graphite particles. The results indicate that a graphite-rich mechanically mixed layer (MML) formed on the tribo-surface was responsible for the good tribological properties of the hybrid composites at low normal loads. When graphite content was high enough for delamination wear to take place at high load, wear resistance deteriorated. A continuous supply of graphite to the tribo-surface is an important precondition for the formation of a graphite-rich MML and the benefit of its anti-friction properties for the copper hybrid composites.     

Wear Behavior of Composites Based on ZA-27 Alloy Reinforced by Al<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript> Particles Under Dry Sliding Condition

In present study, the effect of Al₂O₃ particle reinforcement on the sliding behavior of ZA-27 alloy composites was investigated. The composites with 3, 5, and 10 wt% of Al₂O₃ particles were produced by the compocasting procedure. Tribological properties of unreinforced alloy and composite were studied, using block-on-disk tribometer under unlubricated sliding conditions at different specific loads and sliding speeds. The worn surfaces of samples were examined by the scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The test results revealed that those composite specimens exhibited significantly lower wear rate than the ZA-27 matrix alloy specimens in all combinations of applied loads and sliding speeds. The difference in the wear resistance of composite with respect to the matrix alloy, increased with the increase of the applied load/sliding speed and Al₂O₃ particle content. The highest degree of improvement of the ZA-27 alloy tribological behavior corresponded with change of the Al₂O₃ particles content from 3 to 5 wt%. At low sliding speed, moderate lower wear rate of the composites over that of the matrix alloy was noticed. This has been attributed to micro cracking tendency of the composites. Significantly reduced wear rate, experienced by the composite over that of the matrix alloy at the higher sliding speeds and loads, could be explained due to enhanced compatibility of matrix alloy with dispersoid phase and greater thermal stability of the composite in view of the presence of the dispersoid. Level of wear rate of tested ZA-27/Al₂O₃ samples pointed to the process of mild wear, which was primarily controlled by the formation and destruction of mechanical mixed layers (MMLs).     

Geometrical Aspects of the Tribological Properties of Graphite Fiber Reinforced Polyimide Composites

A Latin-square statistical experimental test design was used to evaluate the effect of temperature, load, and sliding speed on the tribological properties of graphite fiber reinforced polyimide (GFRPI) composite specimens. Hemispherically tipped composite riders were slid against 440C HT stainless steel disks. Comparisons were made to previous studies in which hemispherically tipped 400C HT stainless steel riders were slid against GFRPI composite disks and to studies in which GFRPI was used as a liner in plain spherical bearings. The results indicate that sliding surface geometry is especially important, in that different geometrics can give completely different friction and wear results. Load, temperature, and sliding distance were found to influence the friction and wear results but sliding speed was found to have little effect. Experiments on GFRPI riders with 10 weight percent additions of graphite fluoride showed that this addition had no effect on friction and wear.     

Tribological Behavior of Cu Matrix Composites Containing Graphite and Tungsten Disulfide

Copper matrix composites containing graphite and tungsten disulfide were prepared and tested under the loads of 1–5 N to investigate their friction and wear behaviors. The microstructure, worn surfaces, and cross section of worn subsurfaces were observed, and the lubricating films formed on the worn surfaces were analyzed. It is found that the Cu–24 vol% WS₂ composite presents a higher mechanical performance and lower wear rate compared to the Cu–24 vol% graphite composite with same volume fraction of solid lubricant. This could be attributed to the high-strength chemical bonding of the interface between WS₂ and the copper matrix. The high-strength interfacial bonding also helps prevent plastic deformation and the formation of cracks at the worn subsurfaces of the composites. The amount of lubricant on the outmost worn surfaces is significantly higher than that in the composite. The lubricating film of WS₂ with relatively high thickness provides a low friction coefficient to the composites.     

石墨填充聚四氟乙烯基复合材料的摩擦学性能

为了研制PTFE基粘弹-摩擦型阻尼材料,采用机械共混-冷压成型-烧结的工艺制备了石墨、聚苯硫醚、聚醚醚酮混合填充PTFE基复合材料,利用环-块式磨损试验机,在干摩擦条件下考察了复合材料的摩擦学性能,并用扫描电镜观察了磨损表面形貌,研究了复合材料的磨损机制。结果表明:PTFE含量不同的复合材料,随石墨填充量的增大,摩擦因数和磨损率的变化趋势不同,磨损主要由犁削、粘着和疲劳剥落中的一种或几种引起;适当配比的PTFE基复合材料具有较好的摩擦阻尼性能,能够满足粘弹-摩擦阻尼材料的要求。     

Analysis of Tribological Performance of Cu Hybrid Composites Reinforced with Graphite and TiC Using Factorial Techniques

In this study, a copper hybrid metal matrix composite reinforced with graphite (5, 10, and 15 vol%) and TiC (5, 10, and 15 vol%) was processed by a powder metallurgy route. Optical micrographs confirm the uniform distribution of reinforcements in the copper matrix. The hardness of the composites decreased with the addition of graphite. However, the addition of TiC into the copper matrix increased the hardness of the composites due to its high hardness. The influence of graphite percentages, load, sliding speed, and sliding distance on the wear of the as-sintered hybrid composites was studied based on the design of experiments. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to study the effect of the parameters on the wear weight loss of the hybrid composites. The weight loss due to wear of the hybrid composites decreases from 0.1345 to 0.0830 g as the volume percentage of graphite increases from 5 to 15%. Results indicated that the normal load has greater static influence of 43.85%, sliding distance has an influence of 29.84%, percentage of graphite has an influence of 15.17%, and sliding speed has an influence of 1.83% on the weight loss of copper hybrid composites due to sliding wear. The worn-out surfaces were analyzed using electron microscopy, which reveals that the addition of both hard ceramic reinforcement TiC and soft solid lubricant graphite significantly improves the tribological performance of the copper composites.     

SiC和石墨颗粒混杂增强铜基复合材料的摩擦磨损性能

采用粉末冶金方法制备了SiC和石墨混杂增强铜基复合材料,研究了该复合材料在不同载荷条件下的摩擦磨损性能,并通过观察磨损表面形貌,研究其磨损机理。结果表明:在摩擦过程中,SiC颗粒作为载荷的主要承载单元,起到了较好的硬质承载支点的作用,石墨颗粒则发挥了较好的自润滑减摩效果,二者协同作用明显提高了铜基复合材料的耐磨性;该复合材料的磨损机理主要以磨粒磨损为主。     

聚四氟乙烯填充高岭土基矿物聚合物复合材料的摩擦学性能

研究了PTFE填充量对高岭土基矿物聚合物复合材料的力学性能和摩擦磨损性能的影响,利用XRD、SEM分析了材料的微观结构和磨损表面形貌。结果表明:填充PTFE对矿物聚合物材料的力学性能会有一定程度的降低,但可以有效改善复合材料的摩擦磨损性能,当PTFE体积分数为30%时,摩擦因数和磨损率均达到最低,分别为0.429和1.22×10-5mm3/N·m;当PTFE含量较高时,磨损机理除了磨粒磨损外还有对偶件的粘着转移。     

石墨/MoS2/SiO2、纤维混合增强PVDF复合材料摩擦性能

采用共混-热压-烧结工艺制备一种碳纤维（CF）、芳纶纤维（AF）混合增强的高耐磨聚偏氟乙烯（PVDF）复合材料,并研究石墨、MoS2和纳米SiO2对PVDF复合材料的力学性能和摩擦学性能的影响,利用显微镜、附带有能谱仪（EDS）的扫描电镜（SEM）、红外光谱仪(FT-IR)对摩擦表面形貌和转移膜元素组成和分布进行分析,探讨摩擦磨损机制。结果表明：复合材料的硬度和弹性模量随着纤维、石墨、纳米SiO2等的加入而增大,耐磨性明显提高;添加的CF、AF、石墨和SiO2体积分数分别为2%、8%、5%和0.5%时,PVDF复合材料摩擦性能最优,干摩擦下摩擦因数低至0.33,磨损率低至1.12×10-6 mm3/（N· m）。复合材料中石墨、CF、SiO2在摩擦过程中发生了复杂的物理和化学反应,形成的转移膜均匀性和强度对PVDF复合材料摩擦性能有重要影响,为开发高耐磨PVDF复合材料提供了新思路。     

宏观石墨颗粒增强铜基形状记忆合金复合材料的阻尼行为

采用空气加压渗流技术制备了宏观石墨颗粒增强铜基形状记忆合金复合材料,利用多功能内耗仪研究了其阻尼行为及阻尼机制。结果表明:复合材料的阻尼性能比基体合金的大大提高,其内耗随石墨颗粒体积分数的增加、石墨颗粒粒径的减小和应变振幅的增大而增大;基体和石墨颗粒的本征阻尼、位错阻尼和颗粒/基体界面阻尼是复合材料的主要阻尼机制。     

表面改性钛合金与增强型聚四氟乙烯在海水中的摩擦学行为

为改善海水环境中钛合金与增强型聚四氟乙烯摩擦副对磨时的摩擦学性能,采用离子渗氮、微弧氧化技术对Ti6Al4V钛合金表面进行改性处理。对比研究了Ti6Al4V合金基材与改性层在模拟海水环境中分别与两种增强型聚四氟乙烯配副材料对磨的摩擦学行为。结果表明:在海水介质环境中,Ti6Al4V钛合金及其表面渗氮、微弧氧化处理试样与两种增强型聚四氟乙烯配副对磨时摩擦系数均较低;Ti6Al4V钛合金基体不耐磨,且造成两种增强型聚四氟乙烯配副的严重磨损。上述两种表面处理均有效改善了钛合金表面的耐磨性能,其中表面离子渗氮处理钛合金耐磨性能更优,同时降低了增强型聚四氟乙烯配副的磨损程度,而微弧氧化处理则使增强型聚四氟乙烯配副的磨损加重。相同试验条件下,玻璃纤维增强聚四氟乙烯比锡青铜增强聚四氟乙烯的耐磨性能优。采用离子渗氮钛合金与玻璃纤维增强聚四氟乙烯组成配副材料应用于海水环境中服役的水压传动摩擦学元件有明显的优势。     

Effect of Particle Size on Tribological Behavior of Rice Husk Ash–Reinforced Aluminum Alloy (AlSi10Mg) Matrix Composites

Rice husk ash of three different particle size ranges (50–75, 75–100 and 100–150 μm) a 3, 6, 9, and 12% by weight is reinforced with an aluminum alloy (AlSi10Mg) using the liquid metallurgy method. The dry sliding wear behavior of the composites in the cast conditions is examined using the pin-on-disc tribotesting machine for three different loads (20, 30, and 40 N) with three different sliding velocities (2, 3, and 4 m/s). The results reveal that the composite reinforced with the coarse rice husk ash particles exhibits superior wear resistance compared to the fine rice husk ash particles. The wear rate of the composite decreased with an increase in the weight percentage of rice husk ash particles for all size ranges. Finally, the wear mechanism was investigated with the worn surface using a scanning electron microscope.     

脉冲电流对ZA-27合金凝固组织的影响

研究了脉冲电流对ZA-27合金凝固组织的影响。结果表明，在金属液凝固过程中对其施加脉冲电流，能够使合金的凝固组织得到改善，晶粒得到细化，枝晶间距减小。其主要原因是脉冲电流产生的脉冲压力对晶核的形成和长大产生了影响。     

混杂填料改性UHMWPE复合材料的摩擦学性能

采用热压成型工艺制备铜粉、石墨粉、碳纤维混杂改性的UHMWPE复合材料,采用WDW-20电子万能实验机测量其力学性能,采用MM-2000试验机考察其摩擦学性能,用扫描电子显微镜观察复合材料磨损表面形貌能。结果表明:混杂填料的加入增加复合材料的硬度和弹性模量,降低复合材料的抗剪强度、抗拉强度;混杂填料对复合材料的摩擦因数影响很大,填充比例适当时能有效改善复合材料的耐磨损性能;改性后复合材料的磨损机制主要表现为磨料磨损、疲劳磨损和塑性变形;15%Cu+2%Gr+6%CF复合材料具有良好的摩擦学性能。     

Tribological Behavior of Carbon-Nanotube-Filled PTFE Composites

Carbon nanotube/polytetrafluoroethylene (CNT/PTFE) composites with different volume fractions were prepared and their friction and wear properties were investigated using a ring-on-block under dry conditions. It was found that CNTs signifi-cantly increased the wear resistance of PTFE composites and decreased their coefficient of friction. PTFE composites with 15–20 vol.% CNTs exhibited very high wear resistance. The significant improvements in the tribological properties of CNT/PTFE composites are attributed to the super-strong mechanical properties and the very high aspect ratio of CNTs. The CNTs greatly reinforce the structure of the PTFE-based composites and thereby greatly reduce the adhesive and plough wear of CNT/PTFE composites. The CNTs are released from the composite during sliding and transferred to the interface of the friction couples. They thus serve as spacers, preventing direct contact between the mating surfaces and thereby reducing both wear rate and friction coefficient.     

热处理对石墨填充高岭土基矿物聚合物复合材料摩擦学性能的影响

对20%石墨填充高岭土基矿物聚合物复合材料在不同温度下进行热处理,利用扫描电镜、X射线衍射和红外光谱等表征手段及显微硬度实验、三点弯曲实验,研究了材料的微观结构、机械性能及摩擦学性能与热处理温度之间的关系。结果表明,随热处理温度的提高,材料的微观结构发生较大变化,材料的显微硬度和弯曲强度均呈现先下降后又缓慢上升的趋势;材料经300℃和600℃的高温处理后仍具有较好的摩擦学性能,处理温度较低时,材料的磨损形式以磨粒磨损和粘着磨损为主;处理温度较高时,磨损形式以磨粒磨损和疲劳磨损为主。     

Tribological Behavior of UHMWPE Reinforced with Graphene Oxide Nanosheets

In this article, a series of graphene oxide (GO)/ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) composites are successfully fabricated through an optimized toluene-assisted mixing followed by hot-pressing. The mechanical and tribological properties of pure UHMWPE and the GO/UHMWPE composites are investigated using a micro-hardness tester and a high speed reciprocating friction testing machine. Also, the wear surfaces of GO/UHMWPE composites are observed by a scanning electron microscope (SEM), to analyze the tribological behavior of the GO/UHMWPE composites. The results show that, when the content of GO nanosheets is up to 1.0 wt%, both the hardness and wear resistance of the composites are improved significantly, while the friction coefficient increases lightly. After adding GO, the tribological behavior of the GO/UHMWPE composites transforms from fatigue wear to abrasive wear associated with the generation of a transfer layer on the contact surface, which efficiently reduced the wear rate of the GO/UHMWPE composites.     

保温电磁搅拌对ZA-27合金凝固组织的影响

采用金相检验方法研究了保温电磁搅拌对ZA-27合金的凝固组织的影响，在电磁搅拌作用下，ZA-27合金晶粒明显细化，随着搅拌电流和强度的增加，枝晶细化更好，但当电流超过一定强度后，细化效果却不明显。在保温凝固过程中进行电磁搅拌时，晶粒细化效果更明显，其原因是在凝固过程中晶粒发生了部分重熔和大量晶粒游离。保温搅拌温度对搅拌效果影响有一临界值Tc，偏离Tc，电磁搅拌的效果将变差。     

石墨及纤维填充聚四氟乙烯复合材料的摩擦学研究

研究了在碳纤维(CF)和玻璃纤维(GF)混杂纤维改性PTFE复合材料中添加石墨(Gr)的力学性能和摩擦磨损性能,探讨纤维及石墨的润滑协同效应.结果表明,纤维填料的加入使得复合材料的拉伸强度和伸长率有所降低,但大大提高了复合材料的硬度,石墨的加入能够降低摩擦因数,提高耐磨损性能.14? 9%GF 2%Gr复合材料具有较好的摩擦磨损性能,磨损表面(SEM)形貌较光滑,改变了纯PTFE的磨损机制,高载荷下耐磨损性能更突出.3种填料在PTFE基体中起到了很好的协同作用,综合性能较优异,具有一定的应用价值.     

二硫化钼填充高岭土基矿物聚合物复合材料的摩擦学性能研究

研究了MoS2填充量对高岭土基矿物聚合物复合材料的力学性能和摩擦磨损性能的影响,利用XRD、SEM分析了材料的微观结构和磨损表面形貌。结果表明,填充MoS2后矿物聚合物材料的力学性能会有一定程度的降低,但其摩擦磨损性能可以得到有效改善,当MoS2体积分数为30%时,摩擦因数和磨损率均达到最低,分别为0.423和1.23×10-4mm3/(N.m)。研究发现,当二硫化钼含量较低时,磨损机制主要是磨粒磨损;当二硫化钼含量较高时,磨损机制是磨粒磨损和粘着磨损。