Centrifugal force induced dynamics of a motorized high-speed spindle

Trend of the high-speed and high efficiency machining has pushed the continuous demand of higher spindle speed and power for the machining center application. Because the extremely high speed produces significant centrifugal force, it creates a need to predict the spindle dynamical characteristics at dynamic states. This work presents analysis results of the spindle dynamic of a motorized high speed spindle with angular ball contact bearings. For a machining center, two major subsystems determining the overall spindle stiffness are the shaft/bearing subsystem and the draw bar mechanism subsystem. Shaft/bearing stiffness as well as the natural frequency decreased at high speeds due to the bearing softening and gyroscopic effect. The bearing softening is the major reason of the reduced spindle stiffness, while the gyroscopic effect plays the secondary effect. Angular contact ball bearing softening at high speed is due to the reduced contact load and increased contact angle at the ball/inner-raceway contact interface caused by the centrifugal force. For the draw bar mechanism, analysis results show that the dynamic draw force at high speeds is significantly increased from that designed at the static state. Because the toolholder/spindle interface stiffness is proportional to the draw force, centrifugal force theoretically contributes a plus to the spindle stiffness at dynamic state. The dynamic draw force, however, is dependent on the friction loss inside the draw bar mechanism. Because of the low friction coefficient, the ball-type mechanism is superior to the wedge type mechanism.     

A comparative study on the dynamics of high speed spindles with respect to different preload mechanisms

This paper presents the effects of bearing preload mechanisms on the dynamic performance of high speed spindles. The comparisons of two main types of bearing preload????constant?? and ??rigid????mechanisms are provided using a mathematical model as well as experiments. Based on the Timoshenko beam element theory coupled with a nonlinear model of angular contact ball bearings, the dynamics of the spindle shaft, housing, and bearings system is modeled as a nonlinear function of preload mechanism and amplitude, spindle speed, and external cutting loads. The mathematical model of the spindle is experimentally validated by comparing the predicted and measured static displacements, mode shapes, frequency response functions, and natural frequencies under different conditions. The performance of spindles under rigid and constant force preload is investigated systematically using a mathematical model under various conditions. It is shown, among other things, that at high speeds and under cutting loads the rigid preload mechanism is more efficient in maintaining the dynamic stiffness of spindles than constant preload.     

高速主轴离心膨胀及对轴承动态特性的影响

以高速主轴系统为对象,将主轴转子和轴承内圈分别等效为等截面梁和空心圆盘,计算离心力作用下主轴转子和轴承内圈的径向弹性变形,并分析主轴转子与轴承连接状态随转速升高的变化趋势。考虑旋转部件的离心膨胀变形,建立高速主轴轴承动力学模型并进行试验验证。在此基础上,研究离心效应对主轴轴承径向预紧状态的影响,揭示高速主轴轴承动态特性随转速的变化规律。研究结果表明,离心力引起的径向膨胀变形使滚动体与轴承内、外圈之间的接触角减小,接触力增加。主轴轴承的轴向刚度和径向刚度均随转速的升高而降低。轴承内圈的离心膨胀变形对轴承轴向刚度的影响可以忽略不计,而能在一定程度上提高轴承的径向刚度。     

Rotor dynamics analysis and experiment study of the flywheel spin test system

The strength study of the flywheel is important to the flywheel energy storage. The motor and bearing are the key challenges for the high-speed flywheel spin test device in vacuum. By using a small stiffness pivot-jewel bearing and a spring squeeze film damper as the lower support of the flywheel, a simple spin system was designed at a low cost and is suitable for longtime operation. The auxiliary support at the top was not removed until the flywheel passed the first critical speed. The flywheel that kept its rigid state in sub-critical state was tested at the high speed without the top support. The dynamic model of the flywheel-bearing-damper was built by means of the Lagrangian equation to calculate critical speeds, mode shapes and modal damping ratios at different speeds. The lower damper??s effects on the modal damping ratios and forced vibration were discussed. The vibrations of the flywheel-bearing-damper system were measured at the different damping coefficients in the experiment. When the lower damper was adjusted to be overdamped, the flywheel ran up to 50000 r/min steadily, and the experimental result was in agreement with the theoretical assumption. The sub-critical rotor dynamics design and pivot-jewel bearing proved to be good solutions to the spin test for the composite flywheel.     

超高速磨削机床主轴系统模态分析

针对液体动静压轴承支撑的超高速磨削主轴系统工作的特殊性,在机床工作过程中,主轴高速旋转,动静压轴承的支撑刚度随转速动态变化.为了解主轴系统工作过程中的动态特性,应用Flunent软件求解液体动静压轴承的动态支撑刚 度,而后在此基础上利用有限元分析软件ANSYS建立超高速磨床主轴系统的三维有限元模型,并对其进行模态分析,得到了各阶固有频率和振型.通过设置不同转速下轴承的支撑刚度,获得主轴系统模态分析结果,并利用图解法求解出主轴系统的临界转速.分析结果表明主轴系统在高速旋转状态下,系统的结构刚度会发生变化,使主轴系统的固有频率改变,并且随着转速提高差异越显著.通过振动试验测试验证仿真分析的可靠性,经分析可知,试验与仿真的误差主要来源于支撑模型的简化.     

紧凑型高速电主轴拉刀机构静动态特性分析与优化

介绍了紧凑型高速电主轴的结构设计,建立了主轴-拉刀机构双转子系统模型,研究了电主轴拉刀机构的静动态特性,得到了工作状态下电主轴的静态位移、振型、固有频率以及关键点的响应位移。对主轴-拉刀材料、轴承预紧力、轴承组跨距、主轴-拉刀接触刚度以及主轴-刀柄接触刚度等参数进行优化设计。结果表明优化后电主轴的静动刚度均满足要求、固有频率提高、电主轴安全工作频率区间增大。电主轴模态测试结果证明了以上结果的可靠性。该研究为紧凑型高速电主轴的设计提供了理论基础。     

The use of vibration measurements for quality control of machine tool spindles

The assembly of machine tool spindles results in a degree of variability in the effective stiffness of the bearings. This may result in a poor machining performance if the bearing stiffnesses are below their specified design values. Alternatively, the life of the bearings may be reduced if the bearings stiffnesses are above the design values because of excessive preload. This paper describes a method of checking the spindle assembly by making vibration measurements. From these measurements it is possible to determine which bearings (if any) are not at their design stiffness. This then allows appropriate adjustments to be made to ensure the assembled spindle is close to the design specifications.     

HSK主轴/刀柄接口扭转刚度特性

主轴/刀柄接口性能直接影响零件的加工质量,HSK主轴/刀柄接口克服了传统7/24锥度工具接口在高速切削加工中存在的弊端。HSK工具系统接口的扭转刚度高于同规格的BT工具系统,而高速刀柄和主轴接口在工作中的扭转变形直接影响工具系统的使用性能。运用有限元方法分析了锥面接触和端面接触对接口扭转刚度以及过盈量、夹紧力、转速对扭转刚度的影响。研究结果为高速加工工具系统的设计与合理使用提供了依据。     

DDM Rotordynamic design sensitivity analysis of an APU turbogenerator having a spline shaft connection

An eigenvalue design sensitivity formulation of a general nonsymmetric-matrix rotor-bearing system is devised, using the DDM (direct differential method). Then, investigations on the design sensitivities of critical speeds are carried out for an APU turbogenerator with a spline shaft connection. Results show that the dependence of the rate of change of the critical speed on the stiffness changes of bearing models of spline shaft connection points is negligible, and thereby their modeling uncertainty does not present any problem. And the passing critical speeds up to the 4th critical speed are not sensitive to the design stiffness coefficients of four main bearings. Further, the dependence of the rate of change of the critical speed on the shaft-element length changes shows quantitatively that the spline shaft has some limited influence on the 4th critical speed but no influence on the 1st to 3rd critical speeds. With no adverse effect from the spline shaft, the APU system achieves a critical speed separation margin of more than 40% at a rated speed of 60,000 rpm.     

Dynamic and static characteristics of a wide speed range machine tool spindle

The static and dynamic stiffnesses of spindle-bearing systems are examined. It is shown that for most general purpose spindle designs spring or hydraulically preloaded bearing arrangements can produce more rigid spindles than comentational bearing arrangements. It is also argued that adjustable preload enables bearing damping to be matched to the spindle-bearing system to give maximum dynamic stiffness. The RHP Variload bearing arrangement is introduced.     

Modeling and performance evaluation of machining spindle with active magnetic bearings

Active magnetic bearings (AMBs) are increasingly employed in the machine tool industry to exploit their advantages over classical bearings such as high speed capability, rotation accuracy, high stiffness, and accurate displacement tracking capability. Furthermore, the possibility of on-line monitoring of the machining process (e.g., cutting force measurement, tool wear) makes AMB spindles very appealing to the High-Speed Machining (HSM) industry. Despite significant progress already reached in HSM technology, there remain numerous open challenges in modeling and control of magnetic bearings as applied to machining spindles. These include optimum control given AMB magnetic saturation levels, management of nonlinear effects, reduction of chatter, and rotor properties. This paper describes a five-degree-of-freedom, high-speed machining spindle supported on AMBs. The rotordynamic modeling and experimentally extracted transfer functions are presented and analyzed. The experimentally measured tool tip compliance is used to compare PID and mu-synthesis control schemes. The primary finding is that the achieved tool tip stiffness is substantially higher with the μ-synthesized controllers than with the best PID we were able to design.     

高速加工机床主轴支承系统的研究

介绍高速加工机床用电主轴的特性及应用现状,分析加工机床电主轴系统的理想结构、陶瓷球轴承、电磁浮轴承、液体动静压轴承的特性及其在高速主轴单元中的应用,并以高速数控随动曲轴磨床的主轴支承系统设计为例,说明如何选用设计合适的高速加工机床主轴支承系统。     

Dynamic design for motorized spindles based on an integrated model

With increasing popularity in high-speed machining for its high efficiency, motorized spindles have been widely utilized in modern production facilities. Due to the combination of tools and built-in motors, the dynamic characteristics of motorized spindles are more complex compared with conventional spindles, and it is becoming necessary for engineers to thoroughly realize the influences of the system parameters to the system dynamics with considering the multi-physics coupling property. This paper presents an integrated model to study the electro-thermo-mechanical dynamic behaviors of motorized spindles. The integrated model consists of four coupled submodels as follows: bearing, built-in motor, thermal, and shaft model. Based on the proposed model, a design flow chart is developed and six design parameters are identified. The integrated model is validated experimentally and a design sensitivity analysis of the six parameters is then conducted based on a 170MD15Y20 type spindle. The results show that the integrated model is capable of accurately predicting the dynamic characteristics of motorized spindles, and the sensitivities of the six design parameters to the nature frequencies of the spindle system are obtained with and without the influence of the multi-physics coupling property. The coupling relationship among the electrical, thermal, and mechanical behaviors of the spindle system becomes clear from the results.     

Analysis of the machining stability of a milling machine considering the effect of machine frame structure and spindle bearings: experimental and finite element approaches

Chatter vibration has been a troublesome problem for a machine tool toward the high precision and high-speed machining. Essentially, the machining performance is determined by the dynamic characteristics of the machine tool structure and dynamics of cutting process of spindle tool. Prediction of the dynamic behavior at spindle tool tip is therefore of importance for assessing the machining stability of a machine tool at design stage. This study was aimed to evaluate the machining stability of a vertical milling system under the interactive influence of the spindle unit and the machine frame structure. To this end, a realistic finite element model of a vertical milling tool was generated by incorporating the spindle-bearing model into the head stock mounted on machine frame. The influences of the dynamics of spindle-bearing system and the machine frame structure were investigated respectively. Current results show that the machine tool spindle system demonstrates different dynamic behaviors at different frequency ranges, which are also characterized as structural modes and spindle modes, respectively. In particular, the maximum compliance of spindle tool tip was found to occur at the bending vibrations of spindle shaft and vary with the preload amount of spindle bearing. The machining stabilities were predicted to different extent, depending on the exciting modes which could be related to the influences of machine frame and spindle unit.     

Suppression of thermal deformation of machine tool spindle using TiC-Fe composite

The minimization of error generation in machine tool spindle is important because high-speed and ultra-precision machining are extensively utilized in industrial fields. The thermal deformation of the machine tool spindle generated by the frictional heat between the outer and inner bearings can deteriorate the machining accuracy. In this study, a TiC−SUS431 composite was fabricated using the liquid pressing infiltration method to suppress thermal deformation, and its thermal properties were obtained by thermal characteristic tests. For the transient thermal analysis with finite element analysis, the parameters of the machine tool spindle-bearing model were selected, and the boundary conditions were calculated. The temperature and thermal deformation of the analysis model were compared by applying SCM415 and TiC−SUS431 to the material of the machine tool spindle and changing the rotation speed. From the analysis results, it was demonstrated that the TiC−SUS431 machine tool spindle can improve the machining accuracy by minimizing the spindle thermal deformation.

     

Big-Plus主轴/刀柄接口径向刚度分析

Big-Plus工具系统不仅与BT工具系统兼容,而且锥面和端面同时定位和夹紧,为高速数控机床重要通用部件之一。Big-Plus主轴/刀柄接口的精度、刚度、可靠性等直接影响被加工零件的质量和加工效率,主轴/刀柄在工况下的径向变形是影响整个工具系统刚度及其性能的重要指标。基于UG/Nastran软件,采用有限元分析方法分别分析了过盈量、夹紧力和转速对接口径向刚度的影响。     

Dynamic tilt characteristics of aerostatic rectangular double-pad thrust bearings with compound restrictors

Aerostatic rectangular double-pad thrust bearings with compound restrictors have often been used in linear guideway systems of ultra-precision machine tools and precision measuring equipments, because high bearing stiffness is easily achieved in these bearings. However, in actual devices, various dynamic loads as well as static loads are imposed on these aerostatic bearings. Therefore, in this paper, the dynamic stiffness and damping coefficient of this type of bearing for tilt motion of a shaft are investigated, both theoretically and experimentally. It was consequently found that the dynamic tilt characteristics of the aerostatic thrust bearings considered in this paper are greatly influenced not only by design parameters such as the groove position and the groove depth but also by the squeeze effect.     

Timoshenko beam-based stability and natural frequency analysis for heavy load mechanical spindles

The heavy load mechanical spindle is an important functional component in a 5-axis computer numerical control (CNC) machine tool, which is used to process large and complex free-form surfaces. It is necessary to obtain the natural frequency and analyze the spindle stability for improving the machining precision. In this paper, Timoshenko beam theory is introduced to model the mechanical spindle shaft, where the centrifugal force and gyroscopic effects are considered. Stability of the heavy load mechanical spindle shaft is analyzed, and the buckling load of the spindle shaft is obtained under different rotational speeds. The natural frequency of spindle is investigated in a freedom and restraint state, respectively. Comparing the proposed method with the simplified hollow cylinder and shaft prototype in the freedom state, the results show that they are highly correlated with experimental results. For the restraint state, the axial load, rotational speed, gyroscopic effect, and centrifugal force are discussed, and all of these parameters affect the natural frequency. The proposed modeling approach can be used for spindle design and optimization in a given machining process and can be easily extended to other spindle design.     

陶瓷轴承电主轴在高速精密磨床中的应用

高速精密磨削要求主轴达到很高的转速,同时对零件加工精度的要求也越来越高。而陶瓷轴承电主轴自身所具有的优点,满足了高速超高速精密加工主轴转速的要求。本文通过本实验室集成的开放式高速精密磨床,介绍了电主轴的PLC控制,并通过主轴振动实验说明了陶瓷电主轴在高速精密机床上应用的优越性。     

超精密加工机的机械设计

分析超精密加工技术的发展背景和发展动向，着重介绍超精密加工机的机械设计，包括整体设计、主轴和主轴轴承以及进给系统等几个重要部分的设计思想和要点。