骨盆骨折尿道损伤后狭窄患者阴茎勃起功能障碍相关性因素的临床研究

目的 研究男性骨盆骨折尿道损伤导致的尿道狭窄与阴茎勃起功能障碍(ED)的相关因素.方法对41例骨盆骨折尿道损伤导致尿道狭窄患者进行IIEF-5量表调查,所有患者接受血管活性药物注射下阴茎血流彩超(PPUD)等检测,并进行统计学分析.结果 所有41例患者在受伤后均发生了ED,所有患者受伤前后的IIEF-5评分差异有统计学意义,P＜0.001.不同年龄段患者受伤前后IIEF-5评分比较,P≤0.001;而不同年龄段患者受伤后IIEF-5评分组间比较,P＞0.05.不同部位损伤患者受伤前后IIEF-5评分比较,P＜ 0.001;而不同部位损伤患者受伤后的IIEF-5评分组间比较,P＞0.05.尿道狭窄段长度不同的患者组间比较,差异具有统计学意义;狭窄段较长的患者比狭窄段较短的患者,发生ED概率更高.根据患者PPUD检查结果,约一半患者的ED属于动脉性,部分患者属于静脉性,其他的可能原因为神经性,心理性,混合性或者原因不明.结论 骨盆骨折尿道损伤导致尿道狭窄可使患者勃起功能明显受损,其勃起功能与尿道狭窄长度密切相关,与年龄,尿道狭窄部位等相关性不强.     

夜间勃起功能监测结果与血管内皮功能的相关性研究

目的探讨夜间勃起功能监测(nocturnal penile tumescence,NPT)结果与血管内皮功能(vascular endothelial function)的相关性。方法本前瞻性研究从2010年1月至2011年6月入组30例健康志愿者设为A组(健康对照组),入组40例NPT正常的勃起功能障碍(erectile dysfunction,ED)患者设为B组(NPT正常ED组),入组40例NPT异常的ED患者设为C组(NPT异常ED组)。入组时3组受试者血清总睾酮均9.9nmol/L,并排除代谢综合征(metabolic syndrome,MS)诊断。入组时3组受试者腰围、体质指数(BMI指数)、空腹血糖(FPG)、平均动脉压(MAP)、三酰甘油(TG)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL)、总胆固醇(CHOL)、血清总睾酮(TT)及肱动脉血流介导的血管扩张功能(flow mediated dilation,FMD)两两组间差异均无统计学意义(P0.05),B、C两组IIEF-5评分差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。4年后随访,再次测定IIEF-5评分及FMD值,并比较。结果 4年后随访时失访,A组2例,B组5例,C组8例。4年后随访,A、B两组除IIEF-5评分外,其他指标差异均无统计学意义(P0.05);A、C两组比较,MAP、FPG、HDL、IIEF-5评分及FMD值差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);B、C两组比较,MAP、HDL、IIEF-5评分及FMD值差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 NPT结果可在一定程度上反映血管内皮功能状态,可能比FMD值更为敏感,因简单无创,可作为早期预警血管内皮功能障碍的参考指标之一。     

后尿道创伤及修复手术致男性性功能障碍和疗效观察

目的 探讨骨盆骨折合并后尿道损伤及其修复手术对性功能的影响和枸橼酸西地那非治疗的效果.方法 41例骨盆骨折合并后尿道损伤导致尿道狭窄的患者,采用IIEF-5评分表对其勃起功能状况进行自我评分,测定时间分别为回顾创伤前,创伤后(入院时),尿道修复手术后拔管后2周以及口服枸橼酸西地那非治疗3个月后4个时间点;血管活性药物注射下阴茎Doppler超声(PPUD)检测阴茎海绵体血流动力学,区分动脉性、静脉性和非血管性ED.尿道修复手术后给予西地那非口服治疗,每次100mg,每周3次,连续3个月.结果 所有患者创伤后均存在不同程度的勃起功能障碍,其发生率为95.1%,所有患者在受伤前后的IIEF-5评分比较,差异有统计学意义;尿道修复手术后IIEF-5评分有轻度下降,但术前和术后比较差异无统计学意义;西地那非治疗后IIEF-5评分明显提高,差异有统计学意义:手术后患者ED的程度与狭窄部位无明显关系.ED患者手术后IIEF-5评分与狭窄长度有一定的关系,长度越长,评分越低,但差异并没有统计学意义.采用西地那非治疗有效率为81.0%:疗效与年龄无关;但与ED程度有关,即ED程度越轻,疗效越好.治疗后IIEF-5评分呈非血管性＞动脉性＞静脉性,但差异无统计学意义.总副反应发生率19.5%,所有患者均能耐受,完成服药治疗过程.结论 尿道损伤往往伴有性功能的创伤,而尿道修复手术对性功能也可能有一定的影响,其中包括诸多因素,如:患者年龄和狭窄长度等.西地那非对不同程度和不同类型的性功能障碍均有治疗作用,且方便和安全.     

尿道狭窄3种术式手术前后勃起功能状态的临床研究

目的:对3种术式治疗尿道狭窄患者手术前后勃起功能状态进行研究。方法:分别采用3种术式对126例尿道狭窄男性患者进行治疗。35例患者接受尿道狭窄部位阴茎皮瓣重建术,52例患者接受尿道端端吻合术,39例患者接受内窥镜下尿道内切开术。通过电话随访、面访方式,采用国际勃起功能指数问卷(IIEF-5)评分对每组患者术前、术后勃起功能的总体情况进行评价,同时利用夜间阴茎胀大实验(NPT)对患者进行诊断。结果:行尿道狭窄部位阴茎皮瓣重建术组IIEF-5评分术前与术后分别为(17.1±2.6)分和(13.5±4.5)分;行尿道端端吻合术组IIEF-5评分术前与术后分别为(17.1±3.0)分和(11.1±4.8)分;行尿道内切开术组IIEF-5评分术前与术后分别为(17.6±2.2)分和(14.5±4.4)分。与术前相比,3组患者术后IIEF-5评分均显著下降,其差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。上述3种术式术后勃起功能障碍发生率分别为8.57%(3/35)、26.92%(14/52)、10.26%(4/39),尿道端端吻合术显著高于其他2种术式(P均0.05)。结论:3种术式治疗尿道狭窄术后IIEF-5评分均有所下降,与尿道端端吻合术相比,尿道狭窄部位阴茎皮瓣重建术与尿道内切开术术后勃起功能障碍的发生率较低,应注重对适宜术式的选择以确保对患者性功能的有效保护。     

比较两种前列腺电切术对良性前列腺增生患者术后性功能的影响

目的比较两种前列腺电切术对良性前列腺增生(BPH)患者术后性功能的影响。方法根据不同术式将84例BPH患者分为2组,各42例。A组行经尿道前列腺电切术(TURP),B组行经尿道双极等离子前列腺电切术(PKRP)。比较2组患者治疗前后的前列腺功能、阴茎勃起功能障碍发生率及射精情况。结果 2组治疗后的国际前列腺症状评分表(IPSS)及国际勃起功能指数评分表(IIEF-5)的评分均低于治疗前,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),但IPSS评分差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。B组治疗后的IIEF-5评分高于A组,勃起功能障碍发生率和逆行射精率低于A组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。术后6个月2组逆行射精率差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 PKRP治疗BPH,对术后性功能影响小,患者生活质量高。     

每日小剂量他达拉非治疗骨盆骨折尿道断裂后勃起功能障碍的疗效观察

目的:评价每日小剂量他达拉非治疗骨盆骨折尿道断裂(PFUD)后勃起功能障碍(ED)的疗效。方法:2008年1月至2011年12月共有46例骨盆骨折尿道断裂后ED患者纳入观察。患者年龄25～51(33.9±7.2)岁,受伤时间3～72(19.6±12.7)个月。所有患者自诉受伤前的性功能正常。患者在未服用5型磷酸二酯酶抑制剂的情况下进行夜间勃起周径和硬度测量(NPTR)。根据NPTR检测结果将患者分为有夜间勃起异常组和无夜间勃起组。对所有患者给予每晚他达拉非10 mg治疗3个月,采用IIEF-5评分、性生活日记问题2和问题3评价治疗效果。结果:38例(82.6%)患者完成检查和治疗,8例失访。NPTR检测证实夜间勃起异常26例(68.4%),无夜间勃起12例(31.6%)。他达拉非治疗3个月后,夜间勃起异常组患者IIEF-5改善明显高于无夜间勃起组(P<0.05),夜间勃起异常组患者对SEP2和SEP3回答"是"的比例明显高于无夜间勃起组(76.9%vs41.7%,65.4%vs 25.0%,P<0.05)。结论:每日小剂量他达拉非可有效改善PFUD后ED患者的勃起功能,有夜间勃起的患者治疗效果更明显。     

超长段尿道狭窄术后勃起功能状况评估

目的探讨自体组织替代治疗男性超长段尿道狭窄对勃起功能的影响。方法回顾性分析2003年1月—2007年1月间23例不同自体组织替代治疗患者的临床资料,并进行IIEF-5评分、QOL评分及最大尿流率的术前与术后随方观察。结果所有患者术后3月、6月随访时的QOL评分、最大尿流率较术前均有明显改善(P<0.01):而IIEF-5的平均评分无明显改变(P>0.05)。狭窄部位累及至后尿道时,患者勃起功能有减弱趋势(P<0.05),同期比较中术后3月、6月随访时狭窄部位累及至后尿道患者的IIEF-5平均值要显著低于单纯前尿道狭窄的患者(P<0.05)。狭窄累及后尿道患者多元线性回归分析中,年龄、受伤时间以及尿道狭窄段的长度与替代术后IIEF-5评分呈现多元线性相关。结论自体组织替代治疗男性超长段尿道狭窄对勃起功能影响不明显:狭窄段累及后尿道时则可能对患者勃起功能产生一定的影响。患者年龄、受伤时间对勃起功能起到协同影响作用。     

尿道端端吻合术对外伤性尿道狭窄患者勃起功能影响的临床研究

目的：研究尿道端端吻合术对外伤性尿道狭窄患者勃起功能的影响。方法：对41例采用尿道端端吻合术治疗的骨盆骨折导致尿道损伤（PFUDD）相关尿道狭窄患者手术前后两个阶段进行血管活性药物注射后阴茎血流彩色多普勒超声波（PPuD）检查和国际勃起功能指数-5（IIEF-5）问卷调查,并对数据进行统计学分析。结果：所有41例患者手术前后的IIEF-5评分无显著差异,且勃起功能无明显变化者占大多数,约为56％。各年龄组、狭窄长度组及狭窄部位组患者手术前后的IIEF-5评分均无显著差异,但术后勃起功能提高组、不变组和降低组3组间的狭窄长度差异有统计学意义（2．16±1．49vs2．28±0．88vs3．50±1．53,P=0．0134）,且差异主要存在于降低组与提高组或不变组之间（P=0.0129,o．0165）。轻度及中低度ED组患者术后IIEF-5评分出现明显下降（13．86±1．88VS11．43±3．37,P=0．0202）,而中度及重度ED组患者则无明显变化。非血管性ED组患者手术前后的IIEF-5评分差异有统计学意义（14．88±1．81VS10．88±4．02,P=0．0103）,动脉性和静脉性ED组患者手术前后评分则无明显差别。结论：尿道端端吻合术对PFUDD等外伤相关尿道狭窄患者的勃起功能没有显著影响,患者术后勃起功能的变化情况与狭窄长度、术前性功能状态等有关,而与患者年龄、狭窄部位等没有明确的关系。     

尿道外伤患者勃起功能障碍相关因素的临床研究

目的研究尿道外伤患者勃起功能障碍相关因素。方法对40例外伤所致尿道损伤患者采用IIEF-5量表、夜间阴茎勃起监测、血管活性药物注射下阴茎血流彩超检查并进行统计学分析。结果40例中,11例存在明显勃起障碍,3例有血管病变依据。所有患者受伤前后IIEF-5评分有显著性差异(P<0．05);耻骨联合有分离病人较不分离者在IIEF-5评分变化上幅度更大(P<0．05);两组患者在背深动脉收缩期流速上显示出统计学差异(P<0．05)。后尿道损伤患者在阴茎勃起长度变化、周径变化以及勃起持续时间上较前尿道损伤患者明显变小,且ED概率更高。背深静脉流速>5 cm／s患者的比率在两组人群中有显著性差异(P<0．05)。而静脉流速>5cm／s人群主要集中在30-40岁。结论尿道外伤患者发生勃起功能障碍与损伤部位尤其是耻骨联合分离与否、前后尿道损伤位置、神经受损受伤年龄相关,与心理因素也有一定关系。     

后尿道损伤后勃起功能障碍患者的IIEF-5评分与客观诊断指标的比较研究

目的探讨后尿道损伤患者在勃起功能障碍(ED)诊断过程中客观性检查指标与国际勃起功能障碍问卷表5(IIEF-5)评分的比较联系、差异及其意义。方法本组纳入2013年12月至2014年6月骨盆骨折后尿道狭窄(闭锁)患者44例,患者年龄22~50岁,平均32.5岁。伤后时间3月至10年,平均10.5个月。患者在我院术前在未服用或停用PDE-5抑制剂的情况下进行静脉血睾酮、雌二醇、催乳素、卵泡刺激素、黄体生成素检测,IIEF-5评分、夜间勃起监测(NPT,Rigiscan系统,连续检测2个晚上),如必要时进一步阴茎血流彩色多普勒超声(penile color doppler ultrasound,PCDU)检查。结果术前检查血睾酮、雌二醇、催乳素、卵泡刺激素、黄体生成素均在正常范围内。本组患者术前IIEF-5评分为10.96±3.42;NPT检测夜间勃起次数(2.06±0.97)次,PCDU检查动脉血流收缩期峰速(PSV)(23.18±17.15)cm/s。经IIEF-5评分诊断,本组ED诊断率为42/44(95.45%),其中重度ED 5例,中度ED 18例,中低度ED 16例,轻度ED 3例。通过NPT检测明确诊断器质性ED 40例,PCDU检查为血管性ED 34例,其中动脉性ED 10例,静脉性ED 6例,动静脉混合性ED 18例。结论 IIEF-5评分为主的主观性评分及PCDU、NPT为主的客观性诊断,其两项对于尿道损伤所致ED诊断都有一定的准确性,主观性评分用于此类患者可粗略评价ED情况,但不能区分ED的具体情况。而客观性诊断指标可进一步明确ED程度及性质,在临床上对于尿道外伤后ED的诊断,IIEF-5量表的使用有一定局限性。     

Open pelvic fractures

We reviewed 32 patients with open pelvic fractures treated over a 5-year period. Eleven patients had isolated fractures of the ilium and in 21 patients pelvic ring disruption was associated with a perineal laceration. Three patients died from massive haemorrhage soon after admission and one patient from severe sepsis.

Early pelvic stabilization and meticulous attention to the soft tissue injury proved invaluable in the management of open unstable pelvic fractures.     

Pediatric pelvic fractures

Pediatric pelvic fractures account for only 1% to 2% of fractures seen by orthopaedic surgeons who treat children. They are typically associated with high-energy trauma, requiring a comprehensive workup for concomitant life-threatening injuries. Anteroposterior radiographs and rapid-sequence computed tomography are the standards of diagnostic testing to identify the fracture and recognize associated injuries. Treatment is individualized based on patient age, fracture classification, stability of the pelvic ring, extent of concomitant injuries, and hemodynamic stability of the patient. Most pelvic injuries in children are treated nonsurgically, with protected weight bearing and gradual return to activity. Open reduction and internal fixation is required for acetabular fractures with >2 mm of fracture displacement and for any intra-articular or triradiate cartilage fracture displacement >2 mm. To prevent limb-length discrepancies, external fixation is necessary for pelvic ring displacement >2 cm. Fractures involving immature triradiate cartilage may lead to growth disturbance of the acetabulum, resulting in acetabular dysplasia, hip subluxation, or hip joint incongruity. Osteonecrosis of the femoral head may develop after acetabular fractures associated with hip dislocation. Other complications include myositis ossificans and neurologic deficits secondary to sciatic, femoral, and/or lumbosacral plexus nerve injuries.     

Haemodynamically unstable pelvic fractures

Bleeding pelvic fractures that result in haemodynamic instability have a reported mortality rate as high as 40%. Because of the extreme force needed to disrupt the pelvic ring, associated injuries are common and mortality is usually from uncontrolled haemorrhage from extra-pelvic sources. Identifying and controlling all sources of bleeding is a complex challenge and is best managed by a multi-disciplinary team, which include trauma surgeons, orthopaedic surgeons and interventional radiologists. Once the pelvis is identified as the major source of haemorrhage, component therapy reconstituting whole blood should be used and the pelvic region wrapped circumferentially with a sheet or pelvic binder. Patients at risk for arterial bleeding who continue to show haemodynamic instability despite resuscitative efforts should undergo immediate arteriography and embolisation of bleeding pelvic vessels. If this is unavailable or delayed, or the patient has other injuries (i.e., head, chest, intra-abdominal, long bone), external fixation and pelvic packing, performed concomitantly with other life-saving procedures, may be used to further reduce pelvic venous bleeding. If however, the patient remains haemodynamically labile without apparent source of blood loss, transcatheter angiographic embolisation should be attempted to locate and stop pelvic arterial bleeding. Institutional practice guidelines have been shown to reduce mortality and should be developed by all centres treating pelvic fractures.     

Hemorrhage and pelvic fractures

Hemorrhage is the major cause of death in pelvic fractures. In closed pelvic fractures the bleeding is usually self-limited. In the small number of patients with continuing hemorrhage there may be disruption of a major iliac vessel, which will require immediate exploration and repair. In a few patients continuing hemorrhage is due to disruption of a branch of the hypogastric artery, which may be identified by angiography and controlled by embolization. A management protocol is suggested for these patients.     

Pediatric pelvic ring fractures

Pelvic fractures are uncommon in children, yet they rank second to those of the skull in terms of complications. Thirty-six pediatric patients who sustained pelvic fractures were retrospectively studied, and a recent follow-up examination was conducted in 29 of the patients. All fractures were classified using Torode and Zieg's system, and the severity of injury was classified using the Modified Injury Severity Score (MISS). Associated injuries occurred in 67% of the patients, with long-term morbidity or mortality in 30%. The high probability of associated injuries must be appreciated, as even minimal bony injury may be associated with life-threatening visceral injuries and morbidity.     

Low-energy osteoporotic pelvic fractures

The vast majority of pelvic fractures in geriatric patients are classified as stable injuries. The current treatment strategies of these fractures involve pain management and mobilization. Pain-related immobility may pose a serious hazard to patients with severe preexisting comorbidities. There is paucity of literature on the outcome and mortality after osteoporotic pelvic fractures in the elderly. This review aims to provide an overview of epidemiology, injury mechanism, fracture patterns, management and outcome after osteoporotic pelvic fractures.     

Contemporary management of pelvic fractures

BACKGROUND: Pelvic fractures occur when there is high kinetic energy transfer to the patient such as would be expected in motor vehicle crashes, auto-pedestrian collisions, motorcycle crashes, falls, and crush injuries. High-force impact implies an increased risk for associated injuries to accompany the pelvic fracture, as well as significant mortality and morbidity risks. Choosing the optimum course of diagnosis and treatment for these patients can be challenging. The purpose of this review is to supply a contemporary view of the diagnosis and therapy of patients with this important group of injuries. METHODS: A comprehensive review of the medical literature, focusing on publications produced in the last 10 years, was undertaken. The principal sources were found in surgical, orthopedic, and radiographic journals. CONCLUSIONS: The central challenge for the clinician evaluating and managing a patient with a pelvic fracture is to determine the most immediate threat to life and control this threat. Treatment approaches will vary depending on whether the main threat arises from pelvic fracture hemorrhage, associated injuries, or both simultaneously. Functional outcomes in the long-term depend on the quality of the rigid fixation of the fracture, as well as associated pelvic neural and visceral injuries.