氟化钙对单晶硅片磨削用树脂结合剂金刚石砂轮磨削性能的影响

在单晶硅片磨削用树脂结合剂金刚石砂轮中分别添加不同体积分数的固体润滑剂氟化钙(CaF₂),评估其对砂轮表面结构、砂轮磨损量、磨床主轴电流的影响,并测量和计算单晶硅片的表面粗糙度和表面损伤层厚度。结果显示:随CaF₂用量增加,磨床主轴电流、砂轮磨损量、单晶硅片的表面粗糙度值和表面损伤层厚度均下降;当CaF₂体积分数为25%时,主轴电流降至约6.4 A,砂轮磨损量降到每片0.448 6 μm,单晶硅片的表面粗糙度R_a、R_y和R_z分别为0.056 μm、0.382 μm和0.396 μm,表面损伤层厚0.559 6 μm。加入CaF₂固体润滑剂可有效改善树脂金刚石砂轮的性能,提高单晶硅片表面的加工质量,且CaF₂体积分数为25%时效果最佳。      

Rapid growth of ZnO hexagonal prism crystals by direct microwave heating

ZnO hexagonal prism crystals were synthesized from ZnO powders by microwave heating in a short time (within 20 min) without any metal catalyst or transport agent.Zinc oxide raw materials were made by evaporating from the high-temperature zone in an enclosure atmosphere and crystals were grown on the self-source substrate.The inherent asymmetry in microwave heating provides the temperature gradient for crystal growth.Substrate and temperature distribution in the oven show significant effects on the growth of the ZnO crystal.The morphologies demonstrate that these samples are pure hexagonal prism crystals with maximum 80 μm in diameter and 600 μm in length,which possess a well faceted end and side surface.X-ray diffraction (XRD) reveals that these samples are pure crystals.The photoluminescence (PL) exhibits strong ultraviolet emission at room temperature,indicating potential applications for short-wave light-emitting photonic devices.     

Cu—10％Fe合金微观组织中的晶体生长

研究了快速凝固时Cu—10％Fe合金的晶体生长行为。重点讨论了富Fe枝晶形成初期的一些重要特征,也分析了富Cu基体、富Cu第二相、富Cu沉淀相和富Fe沉淀粒子的形成过程。当晶粒的当量直径小于1μm时,界面能是影响晶粒形貌的主要因素,富Fe晶粒在界面能的作用下晶粒的轮廓基本都呈球形。富Fe晶粒尺寸由5微米向10μm的长大过程是晶粒由六面体向树枝晶发展的关键阶段,晶粒当量直径约10μm时,富Fe晶粒已具有了枝晶的雏形,晶粒棱、角处的凸起将形成枝晶的一次分枝。在其一次分枝生长初期,分枝的侧面并不平直,而是向液相中呈圆弧形凸出。一次分枝的长度与其跟部直径之比是判断分枝跟部有、无缩颈出现的重要参数,当该比值大于3时,将会存在缩颈现象。缩颈现象是溶质富集对枝晶侧向生长的影响结果,溶质富集主要影响枝晶的侧向生长而对枝晶顶端的生长速度影响不大。     

Spherical silicon solar cell with reflector cup fabricated by decompression dropping method

A spherical Si solar cell with a reflector cup was successfully fabricated by a dropping method at decompression state. In the dropping method, melted Si droplets were instilled at decompression state (0.5× 105Pa) to reduce crystal growth rate, dominating crystal quality such as dislocation density in crystal grains. Spherical Si solar cells were fabricated using the spherical Si crystals with a diameter of 1 mm and then mounted on a reflector cup. The current-voltage measurement of the solar cell shows an energy conversion efficiency of 11.1% (short-circuit current density ( Jsc ):24.7 mA·cm-2,open-circuit voltage: 601 mV, fill factor:74.6%). Minority carrier diffusion length determined by surface photovoltage method was 98 μm. This value can be enhanced by the improvement of crystal quality of spherical Si crystals. These results demonstrate that spherical Si crystals fabricated by the dropping method has a great potential for substrate material of high-efficiency and low-cost solar cells.     

Microstructure and crystallographic characteristics of nanocrystalline copper prepared from acetate solutions by electrodeposition technique

Methane sulphonic acid is an alternative electrolyte for conventional sulphuric acid for copper deposition. The electrodeposition of copper from eco-friendly acetate-based electrolytes consisting of copper acetate, sodium acetate and methane sulphonic acid was dealt. Thamine hydrochloride (THC), saccharin and 4-amino-3-hydroxynaphthalene 1-suphonic acid were used as additives in depositing electrolytes. The cathode current efficiency was calculated using the Faraday's law. Metal distrbution ratio of the solutions was determined using Haring–Blum cell. These additives impact the surface morphology of deposited copper films by downgrading, the grain size was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffiraction technique. XRD pattern acquired for electrodeposited copper film shows polycrystalline and face centered cubic structure (FCC). The crystal size of the copper film was calculated using the Debye–Scherrer's equation. The crystal size revealed that deposits produced from additive containing electrolytes exhibited the lowest grain size. Texture coefficient analysis studies revealed that all copper film deposits are polycrystalline and the crystals are preferentially oriented and parallel to the surface. A uniform and pin-hole free surface morphology and grain refining were brought about by the additives.     

利用冷冻干燥原位构筑仿生型纳米羟基磷灰石、壳聚糖多孔支架材料

在目前仿生制备骨缺损修复材料研究的基础上,利用冷冻干燥技术结合原位复合方法在成分仿生的基础上进行结构仿生制备骨缺损修复材料.充分利用壳聚糖的溶解、沉析和羟基磷灰石形成特性,在室温下实现了纳米羟基磷灰石在多孔支架中的纳米分散.研究结果表明,利用冷冻干燥原位构筑的多孔支架材料拥有很好的相互贯穿多孔连通结构,孔径分布为100～136 μm,孔隙率达到96.1%.此外,原位形成的纳米羟基磷灰石(95 nm)对于多孔支架还起到了纳米增强作用,支架表现出良好的力学性能,可以根据不同缺损形状实现随意赋行.体外生物活性测试表明,该支架材料具有很好的生物活性,是一种优越的潜在骨缺损修复支架材料.     

钨单晶纳米压痕尺寸效应研究

利用纳米压痕仪和扫描探针显微镜对高纯钨单晶的载荷-位移曲线、弹性模量、压痕形貌、纳米硬度-加载深度以及弹性回复率的变化情况进行了研究。结果表明,W(111)晶面在加载和卸载过程中分别经历了弹性变形和塑性变形阶段,荷载-位移曲线未出现不连续现象,表明在加载过程中压痕内部未产生裂纹或脆性断裂;钨单晶的残余压痕表现出堆积形貌,表明钨单晶有较低的加工应变硬化趋势;采用连续刚度法测量了钨单晶的纳米压痕硬度以及弹性模量,结果表明,钨单晶纳米压痕硬度和弹性模量存在尺寸效应,即随着加载深度的增加,单晶的纳米压痕硬度和弹性模量减小;采用 Nix-Gao 模型对钨单晶的纳米压痕力学特征和进行了分析,计算了钨单晶的微观特征长度（h^*）为1490nm,无压痕尺寸效应时的纳米硬度值（H_0）为6.79GPa,尺寸效应因子（m）为0.18,即压入深度小于1490nm时,钨单晶具有明显的尺寸效应,当压入深度超过1490nm时,尺寸效应将减弱。当压入深度超过2450nm时,钨单晶的纳米尺寸效应将消失。     

Controlled crystallization of hydroxyapatite under hexadecylamine self-assembled monolayer

1　INTRODUCTIONCrystalnucleationandgrowthatorganicinter facesoftenhaveanimportantroleinbiologicalminer alizationandmayalsobeinvolvedinsomegeologicalcementation processes .Recently ,crystalgrowthatsyntheticorganicinterfaceshasbecomeanactiveareaofresearchbecauseoftherelevancetounderstandingbiomineralizationaswellastobringingnewideasandmoreimpetustothedesignofnovelmaterialswithoutresortingtohightemperaturetreatment (suchashy drothermaltreatmentandsintering) ,whichiscom monlyusedinceramicandgl…     

Coating of hydroxyapatite films on metal substrates by seeded hydrothermal deposition

Hydroxyapatite (HAP) was successfully coated on various metal substrates by a novel seeded hydrothermal deposition method. A nanoscale HAP seed layer was first formed by a short electrochemical synthesis. The seed layer promotes HAP crystal growth onto the surface during a subsequent hydrothermal crystallization step. The surface morphology and microstructure of the HAP coatings can be regulated by varying the reaction temperature, solution pH, calcium-to-phosphorus molar ratio in the starting solution, and hydrothermal deposition time. The new method has advantages over many other reported HAP deposition techniques in that it produces highly crystalline, crack-free, adherent films of uniform thickness. In all the films, the HAP crystals are preferentially oriented with the c-axis normal to the substrate. The as-developed HAP coatings are attractive for applications in the area of bioactive surface modification of metallic implants where the microstructure of the film is advantageous for promoting bone growth.     

白榴石增强的牙科饰面瓷研究现状

回顾了白榴石微晶玻璃在制备方法、热稳定性和力学性能3个方面的研究进展。与传统的玻璃析晶法相比,先制备白榴石晶体,然后将其与低软化点玻璃混合烧结,这种方法在控制白榴石晶体尺寸方面更具优势。烤瓷温度和时间会影响微晶玻璃中自榴石晶体的含量,进而影响微晶玻璃的热膨胀系数,因此需要严格控制。微晶玻璃中白榴石晶体的直径应该小于4μm,这样可以将微晶玻璃中微裂纹的影响减少到最小。作者制备的一种白榴石微晶玻璃在950℃保温60min后析晶完成,并且白榴石晶体的尺寸在1μm左右。     

变参数微细电解加工变截面孔的实验研究

为提高微细电解加工高深宽比变截面孔的形状精度,通过仿真分析加工过程中不同的参数变化时间间隔对变截面孔形状精度的影响,设计并实现了一种变参数加工控制方法。在1 mm厚的18CrNi8工件上进行变参数微细电解加工实验,加工出孔径200~320μm(深宽比约为5)的变截面孔。结果表明:参数变化时间间隔为1 s时,形状平均误差为9μm,相比于其他时间间隔,其平均误差减小约85%,较好地满足了设计要求,也验证了该变参数加工控制方法的有效性。     

磁控溅射和多弧离子镀制备Cr涂层Zr-4合金的微观结构和抗高温氧化性能

为了对比研究磁控溅射和多弧离子镀两种工艺制备的Cr涂层Zr-4合金微观结构和抗高温氧化性能,分别采用直流磁控溅射和多弧离子镀制备了Cr涂层Zr-4合金样品,在空气气氛中开展高温氧化试验研究。结果表明,磁控溅射制备的Cr涂层Zr-4合金样品表面光滑,Cr涂层沿着(211)晶面择优生长,而多弧离子镀制备的Cr涂层Zr-4合金样品表面存在大量的滴液,Cr涂层沿着(110)晶面择优生长。高温氧化试验结果显示,磁控溅射制备的Cr涂层Zr-4合金样品的氧化质量增加约为多弧离子镀的一半,氧化后的微观结构显示磁控溅射制备的样品还有约4 μm厚的残留Cr涂层,且O原子仅仅大量扩散到距表面约8 μm处,而多弧离子镀制备的样品表面Cr涂层全部被氧化,且O原子大量扩散到距样品表面约1 mm深处的Zr-4合金基体中。因此,磁控溅射制备的Cr涂层Zr-4合金具有更好的抗高温氧化性能。     

热丝化学气相沉积法制备优质微米亚微米级单晶金刚石的研究

利用热丝化学气相沉积法（HFCVD）,在硅片衬底上进行微米级（〉1μm）及亚微米级（〈1μm）单晶金刚石的沉积研究。微米级金刚石是以高温高压法（HPHT）制备的1μm金刚石颗粒为籽晶,通过甩胶布晶的方法,在衬底上均匀分布晶种,并通过合理控制沉积工艺参数,在衬底上形成晶形完好的单晶金刚石。在沉积2 h后,可消除原HPHT籽晶缺陷,沉积6 h后,生长出晶形良好的立方八面体金刚石颗粒（约4μm）;对于亚微米级单晶金刚石,是直接在衬底上进行合成,通过调控沉积参数（如衬底预处理方法,偏流大小,沉积时间）对单晶金刚石的分布密度和颗粒度进行控制,经过2 h的沉积,最终获得了0.7μm的二十面体单晶金刚石。     

Synthesis of ZnO whiskers via hydrothermal decomposition route

ZnO whiskers with a length of 30-40μm and a diameter of about 1μm were synthesized by co-precipitation of ZnSO 4 and Na2CO3 solution at room temperature followed by hydrothermal treatment of the as-prepared Zn5(CO3)2(OH)6 precursor at 160 ℃for 6 h.The increase of the initial solution pH promotes the hydrothermal conversion of the particulate Zn5(CO3)2(OH)6 to ZnO whiskers.The presence of minor amount of EDTA in the hydrothermal solution promotes the one dimensional growth of ZnO whiskers,leading to the formation of ZnO whiskers with a length of 50-60μm and a diameter of 1-2μm.     

多形性SrSO_4纳米粉体的制备与生长机制

采用化学沉淀法制备出具有不同形貌(片状、柱状和等轴状等)的纳米SrSO_4粉体.采用扫描电镜和X射线衍射仪等对粉体的结构、形貌及生长机制进行了研究.片状SrSO_4粉体厚度约100 nm,片长约200 nm;柱状粉体横向长度为80～150 nm,纵向长度为700～800 nm;等轴状粉体粒径约80 nm.衍射强度对比表明,低能面(002)与(210)晶面相对生长的快慢导致了片状和柱状SrSO_4晶体的形成;而反应物浓度的降低、EDTA的络合以及PEG的分散等环境因素的改变降低了晶体生长驱动力,导致球状SrSO_4晶体的形成.     

Indentation size effect of germanium single crystal with different crystal orientations

In order to study the indentation size effect (ISE) of germanium single crystals, nano-indentation experiments were carried out on the (100), (110) and (111) plane-orientated germanium single crystals. The true hardness of each crystal plane of germanium single crystals was calculated based on the Meyer equation, proportional sample resistance (PSR) model and Nix—Gao model, and the indentation size effect (ISE) factor of each crystal plane was calculated. Results show that, the germanium single crystals experience elastic deformation, plastic deformation and brittle fracture during the loading process, and the three crystal planes all show obvious ISE phenomenon. All three models can effectively describe the ISE of germanium single crystals, and the calculated value of Nix—Gao model is the most accurate. Compared with the other two crystal planes, Ge (110) has the highest size effect factor m and the highest hardness, which indicates that Ge (110) has the worst plasticity.     

3D-characterisation of microstructure evolution during annealing of a deformed aluminum single crystal

The microstructure within a 3D volume of a deformed Al single crystal is studied by a novel diffraction method before and after annealing for 5 min at 300 °C. The 99.996% pure single crystal of the S-orientation was channel die deformed to a strain of ϵ=1.5, producing a cell-block structure with distances of about 1 μm between dislocation boundaries. By means of micro-focused hard X-rays from a synchrotron the orientations within a volume of 0.2×0.2×2 mm³ were mapped non-destructively. Cells or cell-blocks with orientations far from those of the principal poles can be identified individually with a resolving limit of 0.6 μm. The diffraction pattern related to these parts of the orientation distribution show little correlation between the as-deformed and annealed states. They indicate the emergence of recovered cells and/or nuclei with orientations not present in the deformed state.     

Formation mechanism of novel two-dimensional single crystalline dendritic copper plates in an aqueous environment

This paper reports on the creation of a unique form of single crystalline two-dimensional (2-D) copper microdendritic plates and proposes a new crystal growth mechanism in an aqueous environment. The crystals are formed via reduction of CuSO₄ with starch in aqueous solution. The 2-D crystals are typically ∼300 nm thick and ∼50 μm wide, and consist of rhombic petals of (1 1 1) planar orientation. The plates are found to nucleate at the centre in polyhedral shapes and grow outwards along zigzag growth paths along the directions. Formation of such a crystal morphology is attributed to three different growth controlling criteria. The formation of polyhedral crystalline nuclei is controlled by the Gibbs–Wulff theorem, driven by the need to minimize the total surface energy for nucleation; growth of the crystal to form a 2-D rosette morphology is controlled by the planar expansion kinetics of low surface energy crystallographic planes; the zigzag dendritic growth pattern is dictated by the Cu²⁺ concentration gradient at the crystal growth fronts in the solution.     

大规模合成近乎单分散的镍三维纳米结构及其催化性能研究

以聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)为包覆剂,通过一种改进的水热法合成近乎单分散的镍三维纳米结构.利用粉末X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)和场发射扫描电镜(FE-SEM)对所得产物进行表征.结果表明,立方相的镍晶体是由中心放射状生长的纳米矛头组成的花状三维纳米结构,其尺寸约为1.5 μm.这些纳米矛头具有均一的形状:其根部为(120±20) nm,顶部为(15±5) nm,长度为(400±50) nm,厚度为(10±2) nm.对比实验表明,镍三维纳米材料的花状形貌受到反应时间、温度和表面活性剂协同效应的控制.良好的催化性能表明,这种镍三维纳米结构将来很可能成为一种优异的催化剂.     

Thermal decomposition and mechanical properties of hydroxyapatite ceramic

Pure hydroxyapatite(HAP)ceramic and HAP composite ceramic with B2O3 were prepared by isostatic press forming and pressureless sintering.The relationships between thermal decomposition ratio and mechanical properties for pure HAP ceramic and the composite ceramic were investigated by means of FTIR,X-ray diffraction and three-point bending method.The results indicate that the decomposition ratio of pure HAP ceramic increases with ascending the sintering temperature and nearly reaches 80%at 1 350℃.For the HAP ...