Infiltration,runoff and soil loss in Andisols affected by forest fire (Canary Islands,Spain)

Depending on the severity of the fire, forest fires may modify infiltration and soil erosion processes. Rainfall simulations were used to determine the hydrological effects of fire on Andisols in a pine forest burned by a wildfire in 2007. Six burned zones with different fire severities were compared with unburned zones. Infiltration, runoff and soil loss were analysed on slopes of 10% and 30%. Forest floor and soil properties were evaluated. Unburned zones exhibited relatively low infiltration (23 and 16 mm h^?1 on 10% and 30% slope angles, respectively) and high average runoff/rainfall ratios (43% and 50% on 10% and 30% slope angles, respectively), which were associated with the extreme water repellency of the forest floor. Nonetheless, this layer seems to provide protection against raindrop impact and soil losses were found to be low (8 and 16 g m^?2 h^?1 for 10% and 30% slope angles, respectively). Soil cover, soil structure and water repellency were the main properties affected by the fire. The fire reduced forest floor and soil repellency, allowing rapid infiltration. Moreover, a significant decrease was noted in soil aggregate stabilities in the burned zones, which limited the infiltration rates. Consequently, no significant differences in infiltration and runoff were found between the burned and the unburned zones. The decrease in post‐fire soil cover and soil stability resulted in order‐of‐magnitude increases in erosion. Sediment rates were 15 and 31 g m^?2 h^?1 on the 10% and 30% slope angles, respectively, in zones affected by light fire severity. In the moderate fire severity zones, these values reached 65 and 260 g m^?2 h^?1 for the 10% and 30% slope angles, respectively. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Incidence, reflection and transmission angles in anisotropic media

IntroductionGenerallyspeaking,theinclusionofanisotropy(exceptdeclaration,anisotropyreferstohomogenousanisotropy)rendersthemathematicalformulationquitecomplicated.Snell'Slawisnotanexceptionandthecalculationofreflectionandtransmissionanglesisnotatrivialtask.ThegraphicalapproachestocalculatingreflectionandtransmissionanglesforanisotropicmediawerepresentedbyAuld(1973)andRokhlin,etal(1986).DaleyandHorn(1977,1979)andSlawinski(1996)deriveSnell'slawintheparticularcasesoftransverselyisotropicandelli…     

2005年2月15日新疆乌什6.2级地震前的测震学异常

研究了2005年2月15日乌什6.2级地震前3个月中在乌什附近形成的北西向小震条带.结果表明,条带中显著地震震级上升,其发震时间间隔缩短,且显著地震发震时引潮力矢量相互之间的交角较小,引潮力水平矢量相互之间的交角也较小,引潮力水平矢量方向接近于地震断层面走向.     

裂隙充填型天然气水合物的各向异性分析及饱和度估算——以印度东海岸NGHP01-10D井为例

沿裂隙发育的天然气水合物是印度深水盆地细粒沉积物中水合物的重要产出方式,水合物以结核状或脉状充填在高角度裂隙中.天然气水合物主要沿着构造主应力方向生成,由于裂隙的存在,含水合物的沉积物层呈现各向异性.利用孔隙介质中水合物呈均匀分布的速度模型计算的NGHP01-10D井水合物饱和度高达40%,而压力取芯表明水合物饱和度占孔隙空间的20%左右.为了研究水合物饱和度差异,基于层状介质的各向异性模型计算了裂隙充填型水合物的饱和度.在垂直井孔中,由于波入射角与裂隙倾角有关,考虑裂隙倾角变化,利用纵波和横波速度同时反演水合物饱和度和裂隙倾角.利用层状介质模型计算的水合物占孔隙空间的15%～25%,裂隙的倾角在60°～90°,多为高角度裂隙.在NGHP01-10D井中,纵横波速度联合计算的饱和度与压力取芯结果吻合更好.     

Physical property anisotropy of foliated fault rocks: Study from the Nobeoka Thrust,Shimanto Belt,southwest Japan

To investigate the physical property anisotropies of foliated fault rocks in subduction zones, the hanging wall phyllites and footwall cataclasites exhumed along the Nobeoka Thrust, a fossilized out‐of‐sequence‐thrust in the Shimanto Belt, Japan, was focused. Discrete physical property (electric resistivity, P‐ and S‐wave velocities, and porosity) measurements were conducted employing geologic coordinates (depth‐parallel direction, strike direction, and maximum dip direction of foliation), using the core samples obtained from the Nobeoka Thrust Drilling Project and compared the data to borehole geophysical logs. A higher sample P‐wave velocity (Vp), lower S‐wave velocity (Vs), higher Vp/Vs, and lower sample porosity and resistivity compared to the logs, are inferred to have been caused by the larger sampling scale of the logs and lower fluid saturation of the borehole. The phyllites and cataclasites exhibited substantial vertical and horizontal anisotropy of Vp (0.4–17.3 % and 2.7–13.8 %, respectively), Vs (0.5–56 % and 7.7–43 %, respectively), and resistivity (0.9–119 % and 2.0–65.9 %, respectively). The physical property anisotropies are primarily affected by the dip angles of foliation. The fault rocks that have gentler dip angles exhibit a higher Vp in the strike and maximum dip direction and a lower Vp in the depth‐parallel direction. In contrast, the fault rocks that have steeply dipping structures show a higher Vp in the strike and depth‐parallel directions with a lower velocity in the maximum dip direction. Resistivity anisotropy show a trend opposite to that of the Vp in relation to the dip angles. Our results show lower Vp anisotropy than those obtained in previous studies, which measured wave speeds perpendicular or parallel to foliation under confining pressure. This study highlights the significance of dip angles on vertical properties in geophysical surveys across foliated fault rocks.     

The seismogenic fault of the 2010 Efpalion moderate-size seismic sequence (western Corinth gulf,Central Greece)

The 2010 Efpalion seismic sequence with two main moderate earthquake events occurred in the northwestern part of the Corinth Gulf (Central Greece)—a region that has been intensely stretched due to an on-going N–S extensional stress regime. Previous studies assign these two events to activations of (a) two faults dipping to the north with low angles; (b) two faults dipping at high angles, the first dipping to the south, and the second to the north; and (c) two faults dipping at high angles, but the first dips to the north, and the second to the south. The recently proposed TR method for focal mechanisms that identifies the seismogenic fault of an earthquake sequence is applied on the available focal mechanisms of the sequence, and its results are interrelated with the geology of the region, and previous contradictory interpretations. The focal mechanisms constructed with MT inversion define a steep north-dipping normal fault, whereas those constructed with first motions of P-waves define the activation of two adjoining faults that dip with high angles to the SSE and south, respectively, and which are characterized by strain (slip) compatibility. The latter option fits well with the geology of the region that is dominated by a SE to S-dipping horse-tail splay fault zone which exists at the eastern tip of the Nafpaktos Mountain Front. The application of the TR method reveals that the usage itself of different methods for the construction of the focal mechanisms complicates the problem of correctly identifying the seismogenic fault.     

Inversion, error analysis, and validation of GPS/MET occultation data

The global positioning system meteorology (GPS/MET) experiment was the first practical demonstration of global navigation satellite system (GNSS)-based active limb sounding employing the radio occultation technique. This method measures, as principal observable and with millimetric accuracy, the excess phase path (relative to propagation in vacuum) of GNSS-transmitted radio waves caused by refraction during passage through the Earth’s neutral atmosphere and ionosphere in limb geometry. It shows great potential utility for weather and climate system studies in providing an unique combination of global coverage, high vertical resolution and accuracy, long-term stability, and all-weather capability. We first describe our GPS/MET data processing scheme from excess phases via bending angles to the neutral atmospheric parameters refractivity, density, pressure and temperature. Special emphasis is given to ionospheric correction methodology and the inversion of bending angles to refractivities, where we introduce a matrix inversion technique (instead of the usual integral inversion). The matrix technique is shown to lead to identical results as integral inversion but is more directly extendable to inversion by optimal estimation. The quality of GPS/MET-derived profiles is analyzed with an error estimation analysis employing a Monte Carlo technique. We consider statistical errors together with systematic errors due to upper-boundary initialization of the retrieval by a priori bending angles. Perfect initialization and properly smoothed statistical errors allow for better than 1 K temperature retrieval accuracy up to the stratopause. No initialization and statistical errors yield better than 1 K accuracy up to 30 km but less than 3 K accuracy above 40 km. Given imperfect initialization, biases ≫ 2 K propagate down to below 30 km height in unfavorable realistic cases. Furthermore, results of a statistical validation of GPS/MET profiles through comparison with atmospheric analyses of the European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) are presented. The comparisons indicate the high utility of the occultation data in that very good agreement of upper troposphere/lower stratosphere temperature (better than 1.5 K rms, ≪ 0.5 K bias) is found for a region (Europe+USA) where the ECMWF analyses are known to be good, but poorer agreement for a region (Southern Pacific) where the analyses are known to be degraded.     

Variations of the Photospheric Magnetic Field Following the Eruptive Event on June 7, 2011

Field variations in the region of the eruptive event on June 7, 2011 are studied based on vector measurements of the photospheric magnetic field by the SDO/HMI instrument. Variations of the modulus (B), the radial (B_r) and the transverse (B_t) components of the magnetic induction, and the inclination angle (α) of the field lines to the radial direction from the center of the Sun are analyzed. It is found that, in the part of the flare region near the polarity inversion line (PIL) after the onset of the flare, the magnitude and the transverse component of the magnetic induction as well as the angles α abruptly increase. During the slow rise of filament near its channel, the inclination angles of the field lines decrease. It is shown that diverging flare ribbons are above the regions of the photosphere with local maxima of the field modulus and with deep minima of the inclination angles of the field lines at all stages of their existence over their entire length with the exception of small areas. It is established that the azimuth decreases after the onset of the flare near the PIL of the photospheric magnetic field, which means an increase in the shear. On the contrary, at a distance from the PIL there is a slight decrease in the shear.

     

Slope stability and valley formation in glacial outwash deposits,North Norfolk

Dry valleys and gullies in fluvioglacial sands and gravels in North Norfolk are fossil forms. Interpretation of their origin demands detailed morphological analysis, but the inevitable ambiguities of form require additional information on the sedimentology of the deposits and associated regolith. Soil mechanical data and stability analysis predict the observed modal slope angles, assuming the water table to be at or near the surface. This suggests that valley formation involved impeded drainage, and slope processes such as shallow slab slides and solifluction over permafrost. The debris was subsequently evacuated from the valleys by meltwater. The stability analysis also explains the different modal slope angles observed at two locations. Slope angle frequency distributions are composite, however, and include data from varying locations up-valley. Up-valley variations in slope angle are seen to reflect variations in the nature of the regolith and consequent changes in soil mechanical properties, as well as changes in valley relief. The up-valley trends in the nature of the regolith are commensurate with a model of headward valley erosion, with a ‘younger’, less weathered regolith at the present valley head.     

Stone movement through snow creep, 1963–75 mount twynam,snowy mountains,Australia

On the backwall of Twynam East Cirque selected stones moving through snow creep were marked and their movements from 1963 to 1975 measured. Their annual movements varied markedly between 1963 and 1970 but thereafter little. The percentage of stones failing to move varied reciprocally with snow thickness over a snow course in a comparable site near Spencers Creek. The annual mean movement, ranging from 7·6 to 36·3 cm, correlated strongly with Spencers Creek snow thickness. Frequent occurrence of annual movements of intermediate value characterise the process. Snow surface maps with 2m contours for 1964, 1974 and 1975 permitted determination of snow slope at the stone positions and of snow thickness by subtraction of ground heights. A 2 m contour ground surface map was also the basis for hillslope angles at stone positions. Basal area and area transverse to snow movement were calculated from measurements of the three principal axes of the stones. The vertical angles and directions of their abrasion tracks were measured. Rank correlation of stone movements with hillslope and snow slope was usually not significant but with track angle was so in most years. Track angle and direction are controlled partly by hillslope and partly by local rock geometry. Movements correlated inversely with stone basal area on which frictional drag depends. Correlation with stone transverse area was weak and inverse; this may be due to snow tending to move round larger stones. In most years there was significant correlation with snow thickness and basal stress (calculated from snow thickness and snow slope). However, the amount of ‘explanation’ associated with all the independent variables was small and the experiments revealed an importance of surface roughness at various scales in controlling stone movement which was much greater than expected from direct observation.     

Seismic behavior of outrigger truss-wall shear connections using multiple steel angles

An experimental investigation on the seismic behavior of a type of outrigger truss-reinforced concrete wall shear connection using multiple steel angles is presented. Six large-scale shear connection models, which involved a portion of reinforced concrete wall and a shear tab welded onto a steel endplate with three steel angles, were constructed and tested under combined actions of cyclic axial load and eccentric shear. The effects of embedment lengths of steel angles, wall boundary elements, types of anchor plates, and thicknesses of endplates were investigated. The test results indicate that properly detailed connections exhibit desirable seismic behavior and fail due to the ductile fracture of steel angles. Wall boundary elements provide beneficial confinement to the concrete surrounding steel angles and thus increase the strength and stiffness of connections. Connections using whole anchor plates are prone to suffer concrete pry-out failure while connections with thin endplates have a relatively low strength and fail due to large inelastic deformations of the endplates. The current design equations proposed by Chinese Standard 04G362 and Code GB50011 significantly underestimate the capacities of the connection models. A revised design method to account for the influence of previously mentioned test parameters was developed.     

Primary fractures within a tuff cone, North Menan Butte, Idaho, U.S.A.

North Menan Butte is a tuff cone near Idaho Falls, Idaho. It is a result of the eruption of basaltic magma through shallow water-saturated river alluvium of the Snake River. The cone is characterized by primary fractures that can be classified into four groups on the basis of their physical properties and their orientations relative to the symmetry elements of the cone. Type I fractures are short, closely spaced and usually confined to individual beds. They strike approximately at right angles to cone radii and always dip toward the rim of the tuff cone. Bed segments separated by these fractures have undergone rotation, resulting in normal displacements. Type II fractures have similar attitudes but are more continuous, less frequent, and show no shear displacement. Type III fractures also strike at right angles to cone radii, but they dip away from the cone rim. They cut across several beds and reveal inconsistent senses of shear displacement. Type IV fractures are radial, steeply dipping and tend to be the most continuous of all fracture types. Type I fractures were the earliest to develop; age relationships otherwise are uncertain. Examples of all four types of fractures are exposed on the inner and outer eroded slopes of the cone.Evidence from the cone indicates that the fractures developed in an unconsolidated aggregate of tuff with low cohesion; therefore, analysis of fracture genesis should be constrained by principles of soil mechanics. Type I fractures originated as tension fractures related to early downslope mass movement. Later movement on Type I fractures accompanied the development of Type III shear fractures and possible bedding plane displacements, all caused by overloading the crest of the cone by late-stage eruptive products. The origin of Type II fractures is unknown; shrinkage due to desiccation or large-scale creep are possible explanations. The radial Type IV fractures may be a consequence of desiccation shrinkage or possibly of subcone processes such as magma doming or radial hydraulic fracturing.     

Variations of <Emphasis Type="Italic">F</Emphasis><Subscript>2</Subscript> layer parameters during the September 16, 2004, earthquake in northeastern Asia

The results of ionosphere sounding in Yakutsk during the September 16, 2004, earthquake that occurred in east Yakutia are presented. Variations in the critical frequency and height of F ₂-layer and the radio reflection arrival angles illustrating the dynamics of the ionospheric disturbance are shown.     

转换波AVO近似及其在PP/PS联合反演中的应用(英文)

多分量勘探相比常规纵波勘探而言有许多的优势,PP/PS联合AVO分析和反演是强而有效的储层识别方法。在本文中,我们推导了更精确的转换波AVO反射系数公式;并在入射角小于30度时进行了进一步简化,其对于转换波AVO分析和反演而言更加简单有效。基于该近似,我们进行了PP/PS联合AVO反演。实际资料的实例表明,反演得到的纵横波速度比可很好地识别岩性及油气。反演得到的流体因子和泊松比等其他属性在储层处也显示出明显异常,效果显著。     

Application of common reflection angle migration for imaging deformation structures in an inner accretionary wedge,Nankai Trough,Japan

To better image deformation structures within the inner accretionary wedge of the Nankai Trough, Japan, we apply common reflection angle migration to a legacy two-dimensional seismic data set acquired with a 6 km streamer cable. In this region, many seismic surveys have been conducted to study the seismogenic zone related to plate subduction. However, the details of the accreted sediments beneath the Kumano forearc basin are still unclear due to the poor quality of seismic images caused by multiple reflections, highly attenuated signals, and possibly complex geological structures. Generating common image gathers in the subsurface local angle domain rather than the surface offset domain is more advantageous for imaging geological structures that involve complex wave paths and poor illumination. By applying this method, previously unseen structures are revealed in the thick accreted sediments. The newly imaged geometric features of reflectors, such as the folds in the shallow part of the section and the deep reflectors with stepwise discontinuities, imply deformation structures with multiple thrust faults. The reflections within the deep accreted sediments (approximately 5 km) are mainly mapped to far angles (30°–50°) in the common reflection angles, which correspond to the recorded offset distances greater than 4.5 km. This result indicates that the far offset/angle information is critical to image the deformation structures at depth. The new depth image from the common reflection angle migration provides seismic evidence of multiple thrust faults and their relationship with the megathrust fault that is essential for understanding the structure and evolution of the Nankai Trough seismogenic zone.     

2012年6月30日新疆新源-和静MS6.6 地震发震构造初步研究

2012年6月30日新疆维吾尔自治区新源-和静县交界发生M_S6.6地震,该地震是2010年青海玉树7.1级地震和2013年4月20日四川芦山7.0级地震之间中国大陆发生的最大的地震.本文基于新疆数字地震台网记录的此次地震序列震相资料,分别用绝对和相对定位方法联合对其进行重新定位,重新定位后余震展布为NW向,主震位置为43.429°N,84.755°E,深度为21.8 km.基于新疆地震台网记录6.6级地震波形数据,本文用CAP方法反演了震源机制解和震源深度.结果显示：M_S6.6地震震源机制解：节面Ⅰ走向39°,倾角46°,滑动角12°,节面Ⅱ走向301°,倾角81°,滑动角135°;震源深度为21 km,与利用地震震相到时确定的主震震源深度基本一致.主震震源机制解的节面Ⅱ与伊犁盆地北缘断裂走向和倾角基本一致,综合精确定位余震展布和伊犁盆地北缘断裂性质分析认为,新源-和静M_S6.6地震发震构造是伊犁盆地北缘断裂,震源深度为21 km左右,是一个高角的内陆倾滑地震.     

Miocene rhyolitic welded tuff infilling a funnel-shaped eruption conduit Shiotani, southeast of Matsue, SW Japan

 At Shiotani, SW Japan, rhyolitic welded tuff forms a steep-sided funnel-shaped body, confined by Paleogene granitic rocks to an elliptical area 1–1.5 km across. The Shiotani welded tuff is pervasively welded and foliated concordantly with the contact that dips inward at angles of 70–90°. In contrast, nearby contemporary volcaniclastic deposits are non-welded and gently inclined. Near the contact with the granite, the tuff is plastically deformed and shows lineations that plunge inward at angles of 40–65°. Lithic and crystal clasts in the rheomorphic outer part are rotated in a plane normal to the foliations and parallel to the lineations indicating downward flow of the welded tuff. The geometry and internal structures suggest that the Shiotani welded tuff was emplaced and welded in a funnel-shaped eruption conduit. Upon collapse of a plinian or phreatoplinian eruption column, the majority of the conduit-filling pyroclasts probably fell back en masse into the conduit. Heat and steam from underlying magma and diffusion of interstitial volatiles into the glass perhaps reduced the viscosity of juvenile pyroclasts and facilitated welding in the conduit, especially at deep levels. The hot welded pyroclasts then flowed down the conduit wall during welding compaction and retreat of the magma. These processes resulted in increased welding toward the contacts and welding foliations concordant with the steep wall. Emplacement of nearby correlative volcaniclastic mass-flow deposits in a shelf to upper bathyal environment suggests a possibility that, when active, the Shiotani conduit was under the sea. Welding compaction would occur even under the sea provided that the steam generated in the upper part of the conduit fill prevented water access. Received: 28 February 1996 / Accepted: 5 May 1997     

川滇地块的震源力学机制、运动速率和活动方式

用 4 4 2次中强地震的震源机制解分析了川滇次级地块应力场的优势方向。使用 771次 3级左右地震的滑动角λ参数统计确定震源断层的错动方式 ,并用中强地震P波初动解的N轴仰角的统计分布结果得到的震源断层错动或滑动型式去佐证。拟合中强地震的矩张量速率式 ,计算了川滇次级地块各地震构造区的年均滑动速率 ,并进行比较。根据 1980— 2 0 0 1年川青地块、雅江地块和滇中地块边界断裂带跨断层短水准、短基线定期复测结果 ,分析了水平和垂向年均形变速率。川滇地块间的运动是不均匀的。川青地块的运动方向为SEE。雅江地块压应力场优势方向为SSE ,相对川青地块的运动速率更大。滇中地块承袭雅江地块的运动方向 ,略偏东。密支那滇西地块压应力场有 2组优势方向 ,存在向NE方向的推挤和SSE方向的逃逸 ,活动速率大     

基于多参量的模拟退火全局优化傅里叶有限差分算子

傅里叶有限差分法(FFD)能够处理复杂地质构造中的波传播问题,但对陡倾角成像仍有明显的误差.优化参数的方法能够在保持计算效率的前提下进一步提高陡倾角的成像精度.本文在有理近似的基础上,将FFD算子展开式中的常系数由两个拓展为四个,然后采用模拟退火算法对这四个参数进行全局优化.本方法除了考虑速度对比度以外,还考虑了频率和延拓步长等参量的影响.理论误差分析和脉冲响应测试均表明该方法能极大地提高FFD算子的精确传播角度.二维SEG/EAGE盐丘模型实验表明本文方法对陡倾角以及盐下构造的成像精度明显高于未优化的FFD法.将本文的方法与交替方向加插值的方法结合应用于三维脉冲响应测试更进一步证实了本文方法的有效性.