Surface and Internal Lipids of Calotropis gigantea L. Leaves

The surface and internal lipids of Calotropis gigantea L. (Ascelepiadaceae) leaves analysed. The surface lipids (0.8%, dry wt.) consisted of hydrocarbons (22.2%), ester waxes (20.7%), aldehydes (7.9%), triacylglycerols (4.6%), fatty acids (20.0%), sterols (13.2%), diacylglycerols (3.3%), monoacylglycerols (2.9%) and unidentified components (5.2%). The internal lipids (8.3%, dry wt.) contained 52.8, 21.7 and 25.5% non-polar, glyco- and phospholipids, respectively. The internal non-polar lipids were made up of pigments (13.5%), hydrocarbons (6.4%), ester waxes (6.2%), fatty acids (6.7%), sterols (5.7%), diacylglycerols (2.5%) and monoacylglycerols (2.3%). The glycolipids comprised esterified sterylglycosides (2.4%), monogalactosyldiglycerides (8.4%), sterylglycosides (1.7%), cerebrosides (2.3%). digalactosyldiglycerides (4.2%) and sulfoquinovosyldiglycerides (2.7%). The phospholipids were composed of cardiolipin (2.8%), phosphatidylglycerol (5.6%), phosphatidylethanolamine (4.0%), phosphatidylinositol (3.6%), phosphatidylcholine (8.3%) and phosphatidylserine (1.2%). All the internal lipid classes had high contents of linolenic, palmitic and linoleic acid whereas the surface lipids contained palmitic and stearic acids as major components.     

Variations in fat content and lipid class composition in ten different mango varieties

The kernels of 10 different mango varieties were extracted. The physico-chemical characteristics and lipid class composition of fats were studied. The fat content of mango kernels grown under the soil and climatic conditions of Bangladesh varied from 7.1% to 10%, depending on the variety. The total lipid extracts were fractionated into lipid classes by a combination of column and thin layer chromatography (TLC). The hydrocarbon and sterol esters varied from 0.3% to 0.7%, triglycerides from 55.6% to 91.5%, partial glycerides from 2.3% to 4% and free sterol from 0.3% to 0.6%. Free fatty acids amounted to 3.0–37% as oleic; glycolipids were 0.6–1.2% and phospholipids 0.11–0.8%. The fatty acid composition of triglyceride (TG) fractions was analyzed by gas liquid chromatography (GLC). Palmitic acid varied from 7.9 molar % to 10.0 molar %, stearic from 38.2% to 40.2%, oleic from 41.1% to 43.8%, linoleic from 6.0% to 7.6%, linolenic from 0.6% to 1.0% and arachidic acid from 1.7% to 2.6%. TLC revealed the presence of lyso-phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidic acid in the phospholipid fraction.     

Indian stillingia oil and tallow

Summary The stillingia oil and tallow from the seeds ofSapium sebiferum Roxb., have been studied for their component fatty acids and component glycerides. The fatty acids composition was determined by Twitchell's lead-salt-alcohol method followed by systematic fractionation of the methyl esters under high vacuum. The glyceridic composition of the stillingia oil has been examined by permanganate-oxidation and bromination methods whereas the composition of the glycerides of the stillingia tallow was arrived at by using the low-temperature crystallization technique. The component fatty acids of the stillingia oil have been found to consist of caprylic (1.5%), capric (1.0%), myristic (0.97%), palmitic (2.8%), stearic (1.0%), oleic (9.4%), linoleic (53.4%), and linolenic (30.0%); the latter two are the major constituents. The glycerides of the oil were found to consist of disaturated-mono-linolein (7.9%), mono-saturated-dilinolein (7.9%), mono-oleo-di-linolein (6.1%), monolinoleno-di-linolein (45.7%), mono-linoleo-di-linolenin (10.7%), mono-oleo-di-linolenin (3.3%), and oleo-linoleo-linolenin (18.4%). The fatty acids composition of the stillingia tallow was found to be lauric (0.3%), myristic (4.2%), palmitic (62.3%), stearic (5.9%), and oleic (27.4%). The component glycerides were found to be trisaturated (31.2%), disaturated monounsaturated (64.0%) and monsaturated, diunsaturated (4.8%).     

2002年世界化学工业

2002年世界经济开始缓慢恢复,带动化学工业出现微增势头。全球化工销售额为18470亿欧元,比2001年增长0.48％。欧盟、美国和亚洲的化工销售额分别占全球销售额的28.6％、26.4％和29.6％。中国和日本的化工销售额分别占全球销售额的6.8％和11.0％。2002年世界五大化工生产国为美国、日本、德国、中国和法国,美国化工生产指数降低0.1％,英国降低0.8％,日本、意大利、德国、西班牙、加拿大和荷兰分别增长0.1％、10.3％、2.9％、3.0％、5.4％和6.0％。     

42%甲草·乙·莠悬乳剂的气相色谱分析

采用气相色谱法,在CP-7906毛细管柱上以正十九烷作内标,用FID检测器测定甲草胺、乙草胺和莠去津的含量。3种有效成分在同一条件下测定,甲草胺、乙草胺和莠去津的标准偏差分别为0.13%、0.10%、0.12%;变异系数分别为0.59%、1.09%、1.10%;平均回收率分别为100.9%、101.9%、100.1%;线性相关系数分别为0.9998、0.9999、0.9998。     

36%敌·三唑乳油的气相色谱法测定

采用程序升温的气相色谱法,以邻苯二甲酸二乙酯为内标,测定36%敌·三唑乳油中的敌百虫和三唑磷的含量。敌百虫和三唑磷的分析标准偏差和变异系数分别为0 13、1 38%和0 09、0 42%,回收率分别为97 2%～102 6%和97 5%～100 8%,线性相关系数分别为0 99977,0 99925。     

Orange juice residues as dietary fiber source for foods

Food snacks using powdered residues from the orange juice industry as a source of dietary fiber were formulated. Six formulations utilizing powdered orange residues with three different moisture levels (25%, 15% and 10%) were elaborated. There were used two basic blends. The first one was 33.3% of orange dry powder, 33.3% of honey, 16.6% of roasted peanut, 16.6% of raisins; the second one was 28.6% of orange powder, 35.7% of honey, 17.85% of roasted peanut, 17.85% of raisins. Snacks had spherical shape with 2.5 cm diameter and a weight close to 10g. The snack moisture was between 12.6 and 17.4%, and their aw between 0.65 and 0.71. The snack chemical composition, on dry matter basis, was 1.6 and 1.9% of ash; 12.3 and 15.2% of lipids; 6.1 and 7.1% of proteins; and 56.2 to 59.6% of carbohydrates; the caloric contribution (calculated) was between 326.8 and 342.9 kcal/100g. The powdered orange residue had 64% of total dietary fiber, 54% of insoluble dietary fiber and 10% of soluble dietary fiber. In the snack the fiber amount fluctuated between 20 and 26% of total dietary fiber; 18 and 22% of insoluble dietary fiber, and 3.0 and 4.5% of soluble dietary fiber. The snack with the higher content of orange residue presented the higher content of dietary fiber. The snacks were well accepted by a sensory panel, without showing differences among treatments.     

20%氟啶虫酰胺SC配方的研制

通过试验优化得到20%氟啶虫酰胺悬浮剂的最佳配方。20%氟啶虫酰胺悬浮剂配方为:氟啶虫酰胺20%、CF20S 2.0%、500LQ 1.0%、A788 1.0%、IP 1.0%、丙二醇4.0%、黄原胶0.2%、硅酸镁铝1.0%、防腐剂0.1%、有机硅消泡剂0.2%,水补足至100%。该悬浮剂热贮和冷贮后无分层、析晶及结块等现象,分解率和悬浮率均合格,产品其它指标符合悬浮剂的要求。室内生测和田间试验结果表明,该悬浮剂对苹果树蚜虫具有较好的速效性和持效性。     

20%吡虫啉·氯氰菊酯悬浮乳剂的研制

对20%吡虫啉.氯氰菊酯悬浮乳剂的配方和贮存稳定性进行了研究。结果表明,较佳配方组成:吡虫啉10.0%,氯氰菊酯10.0%,亚甲基双萘磺酸盐1.5%,苯乙烯苯酚甲醛树脂聚氧乙烯醚磷酸酯盐2.5%,S-1505.0%,十二烷基苯磺酸钙2.5%,烷基酚聚氧乙烯(10)醚1.5%,壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚改性磷酸脂1.5%,三苯乙基苯酚聚氧丙烯聚氧乙烯嵌段聚合物0.5%,硅酸镁铝2%,黄原胶0.3%,乙二醇3%,正辛醇0.5%,水59.2%,产品悬浮率90%以上,热贮[(54±2)℃,14 d]分解率小于5%,各项指标符合悬浮乳剂的要求。     

阳极溶出伏安法同时测定海水中铜、铅、镉、锌

采用微分脉冲阳极溶出伏安法同时测定了海水中Cu、Pb、Cd、Zn4种痕量元素,在选定最佳实验条件下,通过标准加入法对海水的Cu、Pb、Cd、Zn进行分析,其相对标准偏差分别为5.6%、4.6%、1.80%、1.98%,而回收率分别为98.0%～105.6%、95.3%～106.5%、90.0%～107.4%和90.8%～103.5%,测定结果令人满意。     

小球藻对奶牛场沼液处理能力及生物质生产的探究

为资源化处理奶牛场沼液、探究小球藻Chlorella vulgaris NIES-227对奶牛场沼液的处理能力以及生物质利用潜力,在柱式光生物反应器中利用小球藻处理沼液占比分别为25%、50%、75%和 100% 4种不同浓度的未灭菌污水。研究结果显示,各浓度污水中总氮、总磷和COD的去除率分别为36.0%～92.5%、42.8%～100%和6.9%～32.2%。在沼液占比为25%的污水中氮磷的去除率最高,氨氮、总氮和总磷的去除效率分别可达99.9%、91.0%和100%。微藻在低浓度沼液（25%～50%）中生长状态良好,在沼液占比为50%的污水中可获得最高生物质产率393.6 mg/(L·d)。但是在高浓度沼液（75%～100%）中微藻生长受到一定抑制,导致氮磷的去除效果变差。培养期间细菌的数量增长显著,促进了COD的去除。各浓度沼液生物质中总脂、总糖和蛋白质含量分别为13.2%～32.2%、12.3%～27.6%和16.2%～30.9%。实验数据表明,低浓度沼液能产生更多高能量组分的生物质,适合用作生物燃料的开发;高浓度沼液能产生含较多蛋白质的生物质,更适合用作动物饲料。     

肺炎克雷伯氏菌培养工艺的研究

本文研究了肺炎克雷伯氏菌的培养工艺，得到了实验范围内最佳的培养基组成和培养条件；葡萄糖1％（质量分数，下同），大豆胨1．5％，牛肉浸膏0．2％，酵母粉0．2％，蛋白胨0．5％，氯化钠0．5％，K2HPO4 0．35％，KH2PO4 0．15％。2％接种量，转速160r/min和20％的摇瓶装填量是适宜的。     

枳实中有效成分的综合提取工艺研究

以川产枳实为原料,对其中有效成分辛弗林、橙皮苷、柚皮苷、新橙皮苷、柠檬苦素、果胶、挥发油、枳实黄酮、枳实高蛋白饲料等进行了清洁化同步高效提取分离,得到一条清洁化同步高效提取工艺路线。辛弗林、橙皮苷、柚皮苷、新橙皮苷、柠檬苦素、果胶、挥发油、枳实黄酮、枳实高蛋白饲料的得率分别为0.5%、25.2%、3.2%、1.1%、0.1%、15.2%、1.4%、10.8%、62%,质量分数分别为98.4%、96.4%、99.4%、98.8%、99.2%、93%、75%、80%、25.2%。     

30%苯醚甲·丙环唑乳油的气相色谱分析

采用5%OV-101色谱柱固定相,以邻苯二甲酸二正辛酯为内标物,用FID检测器对30%苯醚甲·丙环唑乳油定量分析。苯醚甲环唑、丙环唑的标准偏差分别为0.095、0.062,变异系数分别为0.62%、0.41%,苯醚甲环唑的回收率为99.26%～101.28%,丙环唑的回收率为98.72%～101.55%。该方法方便、快捷、准确。     

18%二甲戊灵·异恶草松可湿性粉剂防除移栽稻田杂草药效试验研究

采用田间小区试验方法,研究了18%二甲戊灵·异恶草松可湿性粉剂防除稻田杂草药效试验。结果表明在水稻移栽5～7d,缓苗后施用剂量为有效成份0.1755～0.351kg/hm2,对稗草的防效幅度为95.8%～100%,对各种阔叶杂草的防效幅度为80.0%～100%,对莎草科杂草的防效幅度为86.7%～100%,对各种杂草的鲜重抑制效果为93.6%～99.9%。杀草谱广,持效期长,而且对水稻生长发育无不良影响,增产幅度为18.8%～37.5%。     

Chemical Composition and Characteristics of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Commiphora wightii</Emphasis> (Arnott) Bhandari Seed Oil

The seeds of Commiphora wightii (Arnott) Bhandari contain 9.8 ± 0.7% oil. The fatty acid composition and chemical properties of the extracted oil were determined. Gas liquid chromatography of the methyl esters of the fatty acids shows the presence of 46.62% saturated fatty acids and 51.40% unsaturated fatty acids. The fatty acid composition is as follows: capric acid 3.50%, myristic acid 14.51%, palmitic acid 6.68%, stearic acid 4.70%, arachidic acid 3.18%, behenic acid 14.05%, myristoleic acid 1.34%, palmitoleic acid 12.07%, oleic acid 14.15%, eicosenoic acid 0.11%, linoleic acid 22.34% and alpha linoleic acid 1.37%.     

Chemical composition and characteristics ofMoringa peregrina seeds and seeds oil

TheMoringa peregrina kernel contains 1.8% moisture, 54.3% oil, 22.1% protein, 3.6% fiber, 15.3% carbohydrate and 2.5% ash. The composition and characteristics of the extracted oil were determined. Gas liquid chromatography of methyl esters of the fatty acids shows the presence of 14.7% saturated fatty acids and 84.7% unsaturated fatty acids. The fatty acid composition is as follows: palmitic 9.3%, palmitoleic 2.4%, stearic 3.5%, oleic 78.0%, linoleic 0.6%, linolenic 1.6%, arachidic 1.8% and behenic 2.6%.     

Characteristics of Canavalia proteins

The purpose of this work was the isolation and characterization of grain protein from five Venezuelan Genotypes (U-02, Yaracuy, Valle De La Pascua, Originally Tovar) of Jack Bean (Canavalia ensiformis). The average protein content from these genotypes was 31.37%, it ranged between 28.44% and 33.05%. The protein isolation was performed by solubility extraction procedures, showed: 84.57% of albumins, globulins and non proteic nitrogen and 15.43% of alcohol insoluble reduced glutelin (AIG). The content of anti-nutritional factors (canavanine and hemagglutination title) found in protein fractions were respectively: Albumins 1.96%, +4; globulins 0.17%, +5 and AIG 0.22%, +1. It was observed that protein fractions of genotype Tovar had the lowest canavanine values (0.79%, 0.02% and 0.00% respectively). The globulins gave the highest in vitro protein digestibility (65.20%) followed by Albumins (58.90%) and AIG (37.28%).     

中药植物战骨总黄酮的提取

用传统索氏提取法及现代提取方法——微波萃取法、超声波萃取法、内部汽化法4种不同的提取方法对战骨中的总黄酮进行了提取工艺研究。采用上述4种方法对战骨中总黄酮进行提取,并进行了后3种方法的L9(34)正交设计性实验。测定了以上4种方法的战骨提取液的总黄酮含量及回收率,并将后3种方法与索氏提取法进行比较。结果表明,微波萃取法、超声波萃取法、内部汽化法的最优方案的收率分别为2.07%,1.90%,1.78%,平均回收率分别为100.60%,105.12%,99.92%,相对标准偏差分别为1.40%,1.47%,1.16%。索氏提取法提取的收率为0.95%。现代方法的收率均高于传统索氏提取法。     

Complex Fertilizer Production from the Residue in Producing Furfural Using Straw：Study on the Additives and Reaction Conditions

1 INTRODUCTION Furfural is an important raw material in chemical industry, and its production is increasing annually. In the process of producing furfural, a large amount of waste residue is formed and must be treated safely and economically, because the waste residue contains much acid and its disposal is rather inconvenient. Current available treatments are (1) used as boiler fuel directly, which saves fuel coal but leads to severe problem of corrosion; (2) used as paper pulp material[1]…