沙门氏菌中与萘啶酮酸和环丙沙星抗性相关基因及突变的检测分析

目的：研究与萘啶酮酸和环丙沙星抗性相关基因在分离于陕西、新疆和广东等9 省（市）食源性沙门氏菌中的分布及其与菌株耐药表型间的相关性。方法：使用玻片凝集法鉴定沙门氏菌的血清型,琼脂稀释法测定沙门氏菌的药敏性,聚合酶链式反应法测定9 种耐药基因。结果：814 株沙门氏菌共涵盖83 种血清型,其中鼠伤寒沙门氏菌（Salmonella typhimurium,24.08%）、肠炎沙门氏菌（S. enteritidis,19.41%）、印第安纳沙门氏菌（S. indiana,13.27%）和德比沙门氏菌（S. derby,5.16%）等血清型比较常见。553 株（67.94%）和219 株（26.90%）沙门氏菌分别对萘啶酮酸和环丙沙星耐药。814 株沙门氏菌中,oqxB阳性菌株的平均检出率（31.82%）显著高于qnrA（24.94%）、oqxA（24.57%）、qnrB（24.45%）、qnrS（10.32%）和qepA（3.07%）阳性菌株检出率（P＜0.05）,与aac(6’)-Ib阳性菌株的检出率（27.52%）间无显著性差异。7 种耐药基因在5 种最常见血清型、不同采样地来源、不同地域来源以及不同样品来源菌株中的检出率间存在一定差异。gyrA中共检出221 个氨基酸突变点,以Ser83Phe/Asp87Gly双突变（21.27%）最为常见,其次分别为Ser83Phe（16.29%）、Asp87Gly（13.57%）、Ser83Tyr（12.22%）、Asp87Tyr（11.31%）、Asp87Asn（10.41%）、Ser83Phe/Asp87Asn双突变（9.95%）、Ser83Tyr/Asp87Gly双突变（2.71%）、Asp87Val（0.90%）、Gly75Phe（0.45%）、Asp87Asn/Ile89Val双突变（0.45%）和Asp87Asn/Val90Gly双突变（0.45%）;parC中共检出217 个突变点,以Ser80Arg（64.49%）突变最为常见,其次分别为Thr57Ser（35.05%）和Ser80Arg/Gly72Phe双突变（0.47%）。结论：陕西等9 省（市）食源性沙门氏菌血清型种类繁多,对萘啶酮酸和环丙沙星耐药较为普遍,oqxA、oqxB、qepA、qnrA、qnrB、qnrS和aac(6’)-Ib基因比较流行,在gyrA和parC中检出多种变异,这些基因的存在和抗生素靶位变异可能是导致沙门氏菌耐药的重要原因。     

鸡肉源沙门氏菌对(氟)喹诺酮类抗生素的耐药性及相关基因

目的:研究分离于广东、广西、福建和上海4省(市)零售鸡肉源沙门氏菌对萘啶酮酸和部分氟喹诺酮类抗生素的药敏性及相关耐药基因,以更好地了解耐药性的产生和传播途径,确保食品安全。方法:使用临床和实验室标准协会推荐的琼脂稀释法测定沙门氏菌的药敏性,用PCR、基因序列测定和基因库在线比对方法确定耐药沙门氏菌中与(氟)喹诺酮类抗生素耐药相关的gyr A亚基中喹诺酮类抗性决定区,par C亚基中的氨基酸突变状况以及qnr质粒携带的与喹诺酮类抗生素耐药相关基因。结果:358株沙门氏菌中,59.78%的菌株对萘啶酮酸产生抗性,对环丙沙星、左氧氟沙星和加替沙星耐药的菌株比例分别为22.91%,17.88%和16.20%。214株萘啶酮酸抗性菌中,qnr A,qnr B,qnr S和aac(6′)-Ib-cr基因的检出率分别为11.68%,18.22%,3.27%和24.77%。82株环丙沙星抗性菌中,从gyr A和par C基因中共检出135个氨基酸突变点,其中从gyr A基因中检出65个突变点,从par C基因中检出70个突变点。gyr A基因中以Asp87Asn突变最为常见(47.69%;31/82),其次分别为Asp87Gly(38.46%,25/82),Asp87Tyr(4.62%,3/82),Ser83Phe和Asp87Asn双突变(3.80%,1/82),Asp87Asn和Ile89Val双突变(3.80%,1/82),Asp87Asn和Val90Gly双突变(3.80%,1/82)。par C基因中Ser80Arg突变最为常见(90.00%,63/82),其次分别为Met118Ile-Arg119Leu-Thr121Ser三突变(4.29%,1/82),Ser80Arg和Tyr120Phe双突变(2.86%,1/82),Ser80Ile(1.43%,1/82)和Ala81Val(1.43%;1/82)。结论:4省市中鸡肉源沙门氏菌对萘啶酮酸和部分氟喹诺酮类抗生素耐药严重,其中解旋酶和拓扑异构酶基因突变以及沙门氏菌携带的qnr A,qnr B,qnr S和aac(6′)-Ib-cr基因是沙门氏菌耐药的重要原因。     

Salmonella hadar对喹诺酮类药物耐药性及其耐药基因分析

目的：研究新疆乌鲁木齐市部分农贸市场内检出的21 株Salmonella hadar对2 种喹诺酮类抗生素的药敏性及相关耐药基因,更好地了解耐药性的产生和传播途径,确保食品安全。方法：用琼脂稀释法测定Salmonella hadar的药敏性,用聚合酶链式反应和测定基因序列的方法确定耐药沙门氏菌中与喹诺酮类抗生素耐药性相关的喹诺酮类抗性决定区突变基因以及质粒携带的耐药基因。结果：21 株Salmonella hadar对萘啶酮酸的耐药率达100%,对环丙沙星表现为敏感;qnrB、qnrA、qnrS基因的检出率分别为52.30%、4.76%、4.76%;21 株Salmonella hadar均为gyrA和parC基因同时突变,gyrA基因的突变类型是Ser83Phe,parC基因的突变类型是Thr57Ser。结论：新疆乌鲁木齐Salmonella hadar对喹诺酮类药物的耐药状况应当予以关注,其耐药决定区突变基因及质粒携带的耐药基因在一定程度上会影响Salmonella hadar的耐药机制。     

2019—2020年汉中市食源性食品中ST198型肯塔基沙门菌的耐药性研究

目的 ST198型肯塔基沙门耐药性极强,本研究通过对食源性食品中ST198型肯塔基沙门菌的分子流行病学及耐药特性研究,旨在为防控此菌在食源性及其与人类之间的传播提供科学依据。方法 对2019年7月至2020年5月从陕西省汉中市7家不同超市采集的冷冻整鸡和猪肉馅进行肯塔基沙门菌分离鉴定、血清型分型、药物敏感试验及全基因组测序。结果 158份冷冻整鸡和163份猪肉馅中共分离鉴定出127株沙门菌,其中从6家超市共分离到14株ST198型肯塔基沙门菌。药物敏感试验试验显示,14株ST198型肯塔基沙门菌均为多重耐药菌,所有菌株均同时对5类及以上抗菌药物耐药;对左氧氟沙星、多西环素、卡那霉素、链霉素、四环素、萘啶酸、环丙沙星耐药率均达到100%;对头孢唑啉、氨苄西林、头孢噻肟、庆大霉素、氨曲南、头孢吡肟耐药率也达到92.86%;这些菌株仅仅对亚胺培南、美罗培南、多粘菌素完全敏感。其中产ESBLs阳性菌株检出率为92.86%。耐药基因检测显示,14株ST198型肯塔基沙门菌均同时发生染色体上喹诺酮耐药决定区(QRDR)gyrA和parC双突变,突变类型有Asp87Asn(85.71%),Asp87Gly(14.29%),Ser83Phe(100%),Thr57Ser(100%),Ser80Ile(100%)。ESBLs基因以blaCTX-M-55和blaTEM-141为主,78.57%的菌株同时携带这2种基因,14.29%的菌株携带blaCTX-M-14b。78.57%的菌株携带大环内酯类耐药基因mph(A)。系统发育树结果显示,ST198型肯塔基沙门菌在汉中市6家不同的超市间存在相同克隆分子菌株。结论 陕西省汉中市ST198型肯塔基沙门菌主要从冷冻整鸡中分离,对喹诺酮类和三代头孢菌素以及替代药物阿奇霉素耐药严重,ESBLs阳性率和喹诺酮耐药决定区发生突变率高。此菌在汉中市不同超市间有一定传播关系,可能存在交叉污染和上一级污染来源的传播。     

沙门菌传代中(氟)喹诺酮类抗生素筛选株药敏性及相关基因突变和表达

目的研究在不同浓度(氟)喹诺酮类抗生素存在条件下,沙门菌在传代时得到的筛选株中与耐药性相关部分基因的变异和表达水平变化规律及其与耐药性间的关联性。方法使用含有一定浓度(氟)喹诺酮类抗生素的肉汤培养基对沙门菌进行培养,在含有相同浓度同类抗生素的平板上划线筛选突变株,微量肉汤稀释法测定筛选株的药敏性,聚合酶链式反应(PCR)结合DNA测序确定喹诺酮耐药决定区(quinolone resistance-determining region,QRDR)基因突变,实时荧光定量PCR(real-time qPCR)法检测外排泵AcrAB-TolC编码基因表达水平。结果沙门菌(ATCC 14028s)在含有不同代、不同浓度(氟)喹诺酮类抗生素的LB培养基中培养、筛选后,筛选株对抗生素耐受性均有不同程度增加。萘啶酮酸第5～7代筛选株gyrA突变,发生Asp87Tyr变异;环丙沙星第4～7代筛选株gyrA突变,发生Asp87Asn变异;加替沙星、左氧氟沙星和德拉沙星第1～7代筛选株gyrA中均未检出核苷酸突变。随着抗生素浓度增加,各抗生素相应筛选株中外排泵AcrAB-TolC编码基因表达水平较原始菌株增加,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),第7代菌株acrAB-tolC表达量间差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。(氟)喹诺酮类抗生素对不同代筛选株的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)与其对沙门菌(ATCC 14028s)的MIC值比值、gyrA突变、acrAB-tolC表达水平与抗生素作用浓度和筛选代数间呈正相关。结论在(氟)喹诺酮类抗生素作用下,沙门菌可通过QRDR基因突变及增加acrAB-tolC表达适应抗生素胁迫环境;新一代(氟)喹诺酮类抗生素作用于沙门菌时,菌株QRDR靶位点突变概率降低;多次重复作用后,菌株acrAB-tolC表达量虽然增加,但表达量间差异无统计学意义(P0.05),避免了因突变导致耐药性的进一步增强。     

肠炎沙门氏菌和哈瓦那沙门氏菌的耐药性及耐药基因分析

为了保障食品安全,更好的了解耐药性的产生及传播的途径,研究了新疆乌鲁木齐市部分农贸市场内检出的17株肠炎沙门氏菌和11株哈瓦那沙门氏菌的药敏性及相关耐药基因。用琼脂稀释法测定沙门氏菌的药敏性,用聚合酶链式反应和测定基因序列的方法确定耐药沙门氏菌中与喹诺酮类药物相关的抗性决定区突变基因以及质粒携带的耐药基因。17株肠炎沙门氏菌对环丙沙星和头孢西丁表现为100%敏感,对萘定酮酸的耐药率为94.1%,头孢曲松的耐药率为17.6%,qnr B检出率为64.7%,17株肠炎沙门氏菌发生Gyr A基因突变,主要突变类型为Asp87Tyr;11株哈瓦那沙门氏菌对甲氧芐啶、氯霉素、磺胺二甲异唑、磺胺甲基异恶唑/甲氧苄啶、萘啶酮酸、头孢西丁的耐药率为100%、63.6%、36.4%、18.2%、9.1%和9.1%,氨苄西林、阿莫西林/克拉维酸敏感率为100%,qnr B,qnr S的检出率均为9.1%,11株哈瓦那沙门氏菌Par C基因突变类型为Thr57ser。新疆乌鲁木齐肠炎沙门氏菌和哈瓦那沙门氏菌耐药情况比较严重,对抗生素的耐药状况应当予以关注,其喹诺酮类药物耐药决定区突变基因及质粒携带的耐药基因在一定程度上会影响肠炎沙门氏菌和哈瓦那沙门氏菌的耐药机制。     

乌鲁木齐牛羊肉源沙门氏菌对喹诺酮类药物的耐药状况及相关基因分析

目的:研究牛羊肉源沙门氏菌对15种抗生素的药敏性以及对喹诺酮类药物的相关耐药基因,更好地了解沙门氏菌耐药性的产生和传播途径,为预防与控制沙门氏菌疾病提供基础信息。方法:用琼脂稀释法测定沙门氏菌的药敏性,用聚合酶链式反应和基因序列测定法确定耐药沙门氏菌中与喹诺酮类抗生素耐药相关的喹诺酮类抗性决定区基因突变及质粒携带的耐药基因。结果:30株沙门氏菌中对甲氧苄啶、氯霉素、萘啶酮酸、四环素、磺胺异甲二唑、链霉素、甲氧嘧啶/磺胺异恶唑、阿莫西林、氨苄西林的耐药率分别为100%、86.7%、66.7%、60.0%、50.0%、33.3%、26.7%、6.7%、6.7%,对环丙沙星、头孢曲松、庆大霉素、卡那霉素、头孢西丁、阿米卡星均表现为敏感;qnr B、qnr A、qnr S、aac(6′)-Ib-cr基因的检出率分别为5.0%、45.0%、0%、5.0%;30株沙门氏菌发生gyr A基因突变的菌株数为14株,主要突变类型是Ser83Phe,发生par C基因突变的菌株数为25株,主要突变类型是Thr57Ser。结论:乌鲁木齐牛羊肉源沙门氏菌的耐药情况较为严重,对喹诺酮类药物的耐药状况应当予以关注,其耐药突变基因及质粒携带的耐药基因在一定程度上是导致沙门氏菌耐药的重要原因。     

产CTX-M-55型超广谱β-内酰胺酶大肠埃希菌全基因组序列耐药和毒力特征研究

目的基于全基因组序列,对2株食源性产CTX-M-55型超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)大肠埃希菌的耐药和毒力分子机制进行研究。方法采用微量肉汤稀释法对大肠埃希菌食品分离株进行药敏试验,设计产ESBLs基因引物并通过聚合酶链式反应(PCR)扩增筛选出2株产CTX-M-55型ESBLs大肠埃希菌(编号为EC001和EC002)进行全基因组测序,并进行序列型(ST)、质粒复制子类型、血清型、耐药基因和毒力因子识别。结果 2株大肠埃希菌均为头孢类和喹诺酮类抗生素双重耐药ESBLs菌株;全基因组序列分析结果显示,2株菌的血清型均为肠道致病性大肠埃希菌(EPEC)O119∶H8,ST型分别为ST21(EC001)和ST342(EC002),EC001菌株含有Inc FII、IncX1、IncY、Col156和IncI2 5个不相容群质粒,EC002菌株含有IncFII和IncX1 2个不相容群质粒,2株菌株染色体中均携带bla_(CTX-M-55)和bla_(TEM-141)2种ESBLs基因。此外,EC001菌株还携带sul2/3、tet(A)/(B)、dfrA12、strA/B、aph(3')-IIa、cml/cmlA1、floR和oqxA/B耐药相关基因,其染色体喹诺酮耐药决定区gyr A基因存在2个突变位点(S83L,D87H)、parC基因存在1个突变位点(S80I),多粘菌素耐药相关基因pmr E基因存在3个突变位点(D73Y,M185T,S225T);而EC002菌株携带fosA和qnrS1耐药相关基因。2株菌均携带致黏附与脱落(A/E)损伤的肠细胞脱落位点(LEE)毒力岛基因esc、esp、eae A和tir,且EC001菌株还携带增强菌株在血清中存活能力的iss基因。结论对2株食源性产CTX-M-55型ESBLs大肠埃希菌进行全基因组测序以及耐药和毒力的分子机制的研究,其结果可为后续开展大肠埃希菌耐药和毒力表型预测、指导食用畜禽养殖过程中抗生素合理使用及耐药菌株防控提供依据。     

北京地区肉类中沙门氏菌全基因组分型及耐药分析

目的对我国北京地区肉类产品中沙门氏菌进行分离鉴定,基于全基因组测序结果,分析其耐药基因分布情况及亲缘关系。方法以38株沙门氏菌为研究对象,对不同来源的沙门氏菌进行全基因组分析,然后通过测定菌株对15种抗生素的最小抑菌浓度,结合全基因组测序结果分析不同来源的沙门氏菌的耐药特性及多重耐药状况。结果对38株沙门氏菌进行15种抗生素耐药性检测,其中34.2%为多重耐药株,68.4%的沙门氏菌对喹诺酮萘啶酸耐药,42.1%分离株对氨苄西林耐药。基于全基因组测序结果,对38株沙门氏菌进行分型为12种型别,其中88.2%的肠炎沙门氏菌与标准菌株ATCC9184亲缘关系较近。结论全基因组耐药基因和毒力基因与耐药表型有一定的关联,为监控北京地区的沙门氏菌耐药基因和毒力基因的传播方式提供理论基础。     

甘肃耐氨基糖苷类结核分枝杆菌样本相关基因位点的研究

目的了解耐氨基糖苷类结核分枝杆菌临床分离株rrs与rpsl基因突变特征及其与耐药的关系。方法对86株活动性肺结核患者痰标本分离的结核分枝杆菌进行菌型鉴定及结核分枝杆菌药敏试验,利用二代测序技术全基因组测序获得rrs与rpsl基因序列,并对序列比对分析。结果 86株多耐药样本中24个样本在rpsl发生了点突变,临床样本药敏结果显示24个点突变样本,其中9个样本突变类型为A263G,15个样本的突变类型为A128G,这些突变位点与链霉素、卡那霉素、阿米卡星、耐卷曲霉耐药相关。同时发现10个样本在rrs基因发生了点突变,1株突变类型为G5T,2株突变类型为A513C,其中1株突变类型为C517T, 2株突变类型为T1030C, 1株突变类型为A1401G, 2株突变类型为C1456T, 1株突变类型为G1481T,这些突变位点与链霉素、卡那霉素、阿米卡星、耐卷曲霉耐药相关。结论结核分枝杆菌对氨基糖苷类耐药与rrs和rpsl基因突变有关,突变类型rpsl A128G、rpsl A263G、rrs C517T、rrs A513C与链霉素耐药相关,突变类型rrs A1401G、rrs G1484T与链霉素、卡那霉素、阿米卡星、卷曲霉素交叉耐药相关。突变类型rrs C1456T与链霉素耐药相关,突变类型尚未见相关文献报道,为新的突变位点。为进一步研究耐药机制以及耐药结核病的快速检测提供了依据。     

Isolation and characterization of multidrug-resistant Klebsiella spp. isolated from shrimp imported from Thailand

A study was undertaken to isolate and characterize tetracycline and nalidixic acid-resistant Klebsiella spp. in farm-raised, imported shrimp sold in the United States. Sixty-seven multiple antibiotic-resistant Klebsiella spp. strains were isolated from imported shrimp samples. Using morphological and biochemical methods, fifty-three strains were tentatively identified as Klebsiella pneumoniae and fourteen as K. oxytoca. Although all isolates were resistant to tetracycline, only 8 were resistant to nalidixic acid. These 8 isolates were further screened by PCR for quinolone resistance genes (qnrA, B, S, gyrA, B and parC). PCR protocols failed to amplify any qnr genes. The purified PCR amplicons of gyrA, gyrB and parC were sequenced and analyzed for point mutations that confer resistance to fluoroquinolone antibiotics. Analysis of the sequences of the gyrA amplicons from nalidixic acid-resistant Klebsiella spp. indicated two point mutations in gyrA at positions 83 (Ser→Phe) and 87 (Asp→Ala). Sequence analysis of the parC amplicons indicated an amino acid change at position 80 (Ser→Ile). No mutations were detected in gyrB. Template DNA from all isolates was screened for tetracycline resistance genes (tetA-E). Oligonucleotide primers specifically targeting a 305-bp region of tetB and a 477-bp region of tetD successfully amplified sequences from 91.0 and 44.0% of the isolates, respectively. None of the isolates contained tetA, tetC or tetE genes. Plasmids (2.0-16.0kb) were found in 23 of the 67 isolates. XbaI-PFGE identified 32 distinct macro restriction patterns (mrps) among the 61 multiple drug-resistant Klebsiella spp. that were typable. Our results indicate that imported shrimp is a reservoir for multidrug resistant Klebsiella spp. and potential health risks posed by such strains should not be underestimated.     

Characterization of the quinolone resistance mechanism in foodborne Salmonella isolates with high nalidixic acid resistance

Sixteen Salmonella strains resistant to nalidixic acid isolated from kimbab, the most popular ready-to-eat (RTE) food in Korea, and chicken meat were selected for this study. The resistant strains were shown to have high minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) against nalidixic acid (512 ~ 4096 μg/mL). Among them, 4 Salmonella enterica serovar Haardt isolates showed multi-drug resistance (MDR) patterns with reduced susceptibility to fluoroquinolone (0.5 μg/mL of ciprofloxacin MICs). The mechanisms of quinolone resistance in the nalidixic acid resistant strains were characterized by PCR and sequence analysis. The presence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes and amino acid changes in the quinolone resistance determining region (QRDR) were investigated by PCR-based detection and sequencing, and the efflux pump inhibition test was also done using phe-arg-β-naphthylamide (PAβN). Although PMQR genes were not detected in any of the tested strains, the QRDR mutations were found in this study: single mutation in gyrA (Asp87Tyr, Asp87Gly, and Asp87Asn), double mutations in gyrA (Ser83Thr) and parC (Thr57Ser), and single mutation in parC (Thr57Ser). MICs of nalidixic acid were reduced by 2- to 32-folds by the efflux pump inhibitor, PAβN. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was carried out to confirm the epidemiological relationship between the nalidixic acid resistant strains. The PFGE patterns were classified into 6 groups at cutoff level of 70 ~ 100% correlation on the dendrogram. Some strains of serotype Haardt and Enteritidis showed several values of genomic identity in accordance with strains, sources, and isolation year. We suggest that point mutation on QRDR and efflux pump systems involved in antimicrobials had independent effects on drug-resistance regardless of bacterial genomic variation.     

Characterization of nalidixic acid-resistant and fluoroquinolone-reduced susceptible Salmonella Typhimurium in swine

From 2001 to 2008, a total of 27 isolates of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium were obtained from 930 swine. All 27 isolates were resistant to streptomycin and tetracycline. Seventeen isolates were multidrug resistant to more than three antimicrobial agents. Seven of these multidrug-resistant isolates were pentaresistant to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, tetracycline, and nalidixic acid. Among 27 isolates, 14 isolates (51.8 %) were nalidixic acid resistant (MIC, ≥128 μg/ml) and had reduced susceptibility to various quinolones (MIC, 0.125 to 2 μg/ml). When quinolone resistance-determining regions in the gyrA and gyrB genes of these isolates were sequenced, 13 isolates had Asp87→Tyr mutations and 1 isolate had Asp87→Gly mutation in the quinolone resistance-determining region of gyrA, whereas no mutation was found in gyrB. Genes for qnrA, qnrB, and qnrS were not detected by PCR with specific primers. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis of genomic DNA digested with Xba I showed two patterns suggesting a clonal spread of Salmonella Typhimurium in swine in Korea.     

Characterization of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella isolated from imported foods

Two-hundred eight Salmonella isolates recovered from over 5,000 imported foods entering the United States in 2001 were tested for antimicrobial susceptibilities and further characterized for quinolone resistance mechanisms, integron carriage, and genetic relatedness. Salmonella Weltevreden (20%), Salmonella Newport (6%), Salmonella Lexington (5%), and Salmonella Thompson (4%) were the four most common serotypes recovered. Twenty-three (11%) isolates were resistant to at least one antimicrobial, and seven (3.4%) to three or more antimicrobials. Resistance was most often observed to tetracycline (9%), followed by sulfamethoxazole (5%), streptomycin (4%), nalidixic acid (3%), and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (2%). One Salmonella Schwarzengrund isolate recovered from squid imported from Taiwan exhibited resistance to eight antimicrobials, including ampicillin, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, kanamycin, nalidixic acid, sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. Six isolates (Salmonella Bareilly, Salmonella Derby, Salmonella Ohio and three Salmonella Schwarzengrund) contained class 1 integrons, which carried several resistance genes including dhfrI/dhfrXII, aadA, pse-1, and sat1, conferring resistance to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, streptomycin, ampicillin, and streptothricin, respectively. Five of six nalidixic acid-resistant isolates possessed DNA point mutations at either Ser83 or Asp87 in DNA gyrase. One ciprofloxacin-resistant isolate possessed double mutations in DNA gyrase at positions Ser83 and Asp87 as well as a single mutation at Ser80 in parC. The top three serotypes identified, Salmonella Weltevreden (n = 41), Salmonella Newport (n = 13), and Salmonella Lexington (n = 11), were further characterized for genetic relatedness by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Fifty-five distinct pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns were observed among the 65 isolates, indicating extensive genetic diversity among these Salmonella serotypes contaminating imported foods.     

Antimicrobial resistance types and genes in Salmonella enterica infantis isolates from retail raw chicken meat and broiler chickens on farms

Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotype Infantis isolates from retail raw chicken meat (n = 98) and broiler chickens on farms (n = 70) were examined for antimicrobial susceptibility and antimicrobial resistance genes. A total of 15 antimicrobial resistance types, 14 in meat and 10 in broiler isolates, were identified, and 9 of the 15 types were indistinguishable between meat and broiler isolates. Resistance to both oxytetracycline and dihydrostreptomycin accounted for 94.0% of the resistance types in meat and broiler isolates, and each type harbored aadA1 within 1.0 kb of class 1 integron and tetA. Of nalidixic acid resistance types, point mutations at 87Asp (GAC) to Tyr (TAC) in the quinolone resistance-determining region of gyrA was detected in 10 of 13 meat isolates and at 87Asp to Asn (AAC) in four of seven broiler isolates. These findings suggest that the antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella Infantis in retail chicken meat predominantly originates from broiler chickens.