高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定芒果中六种链格孢霉毒素残留

本文建立了高效液相色谱-串联质谱法快速检测芒果中链孢酚单甲醚、交链孢霉烯、细交链孢菌酮酸、格链孢酚、腾毒素和细格菌素6种链格孢霉毒素的方法。样品经改进的QuEChERS方法进一步完成萃取净化,以带皮全果和无皮果肉芒果样品为基质,在样品中加入适量的水,以1.5%甲酸-乙腈溶液为提取剂,无水MgSO₄为除水剂,NaCl盐析,振荡混匀,在9500 r/min下离心5 min,取上清液加水稀释过膜,以Waters ACQUITYTM UPLC BEH C₁₈柱(1.7 μm,2.1 mm×100 mm)分离,电喷雾正离子多反应模式监测。在本方法条件下,6种链格孢霉毒素在0.5~200 ng/mL的浓度范围内线性关系良好,R2>0.9925,在S/N=3时,检出限在0.6~3.0 μg/kg之间。在5、10、20 μg/kg三个加标水平下,6种链格孢霉毒素的回收率在82.5%~110.6%,相对标准偏差小于10%。该方法简单高效,可以用于芒果中6种链格孢霉毒素的测定。     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定食用植物油中典型链格孢霉毒素

建立超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定食用植物油中典型链格孢霉毒素残留。正交试验确定最优提取条件为4 mL甲醇-乙腈溶液（1∶1,V/V）涡旋萃取10 s。选取Waters BEH C18(100 mm×2.1 mm,1.7μm)色谱柱,乙腈和1 mmol/L碳酸铵溶液为流动相,梯度洗脱,采用电喷雾离子源负离子多反应监测模式测定。细交链格孢菌酮酸在0.02～0.2 mg/L质量浓度范围内线性关系良好,链格孢酚、交链孢烯、腾毒素、交链格孢酚单甲醚4种毒素在0.002～0.2 mg/L质量浓度范围内线性关系良好,R2≥0.998。验证了5种毒素在葵花籽油和大豆油基质下方法准确性和精密度,在0.002～0.2 mg/kg添加量下,5种毒素的平均回收率为98%～118%,相对标准偏差为2.9%～17.4%,定量限为0.002～0.02 mg/kg。该方法能够满足食用植物油中典型链格孢霉毒素分析要求。     

红枣及其制品链格孢毒素的QuEChERS-UPLC-MS/MS检测方法建立及其污染分析

为进一步掌握红枣中链格孢毒素的污染水平,本研究以市售红枣及其制品为研究对象,探索以QuChERS为核心的真菌毒素提取方法,建立超高效液相色谱-串联质谱的红枣5种链格孢毒素分析技术,并分析了红枣及其制品中链格孢毒素的污染水平。结果表明:采用QuChERS方法提取固体样品中链格孢毒素回收率在74.89%~98.04%;采用固相萃取法提取液体样品中链格孢毒素回收率在68.35%~99.63%,相对标准偏差均小于10%。对阿克苏、喀什、和田三个地区的骏枣原料中5种链格孢毒素进行测定,共检出细交链孢菌酮酸（TeA）、交链格孢酚（AOH）2种毒素,其中喀什地区红枣中TeA最高,达到5.12~10.76 μg/kg。在11种红枣制品中检出TeA、AOH、ALT 3种链格孢毒素,其中红枣酒中TeA达到127.08 μg/kg,仅紫晶枣中检出AOH,含量在34.76~98.61 μg/kg;在冻干枣片、香酥脆枣、紫晶枣中检出ALT,含量在2.04~399.64 μg/kg。本文建立的UPLC-MS/MS方法可满足不同形态红枣样品中链格孢毒素的测定要求,为红枣的食用安全提供理论依据。     

固相萃取-同位素稀释液相色谱-串联质谱法测定橄榄油中4种交链孢霉毒素含量及其分布状况

目的：建立固相萃取-同位素稀释液相色谱-串联质谱法测定橄榄油中4种交链孢霉毒素含量的方法并描述其在橄榄油中的分布状况。方法：将橄榄油混匀后取5 g(精确至0.001 g),经乙腈-磷酸二氢钠溶液混合溶液提取，固相萃取柱净化，收集净化液经水浴氮吹浓缩后，采用超高效液相色谱质谱仪测定，内标法定量。结果：交链孢菌酮酸(tenuazonic acid, TeA)在0～50 ng/mL、交链孢酚(alternariol, AOH)在0～20 ng/mL、腾毒素(tentoxin, TEN)在0～10 ng/mL、交链孢酚单甲醚(alternariol methyl ether, AME)在0～2 ng/mL范围内线性良好(R>0.99)。TeA、AOH、TEN、AME的检出限在0.20～2.00μg/kg范围之间。4种生物毒素加标回收率为92.25%～124.66%,精密度范围3.79%～10.58%,表明本方法样本检测量小、灵敏度高、准确度高、精密度高，重现性好，是检测橄榄油中交链孢霉毒素的理想方法。结论：橄榄油普遍受到交链孢霉毒素污染，检出率93.33%(28/30),AME毒素是橄榄...     

2016—2017年河南省小麦粉中4种交链孢毒素污染情况调查

目的 了解2016—2017年河南省市售小麦粉中4种交链孢毒素的污染情况。方法 采集2016—2017年河南省粮食主产区中9个地市的182份小麦粉样品,按照《国家食品污染和有害因素风险监测工作手册》方法进行检测,对检测数据采用卡方检验和相关性分析进行统计学分析。结果 9个地区的182份小麦粉样品中均检出4种交链孢毒素,其中交链孢酚(AOH)检出范围为0.50～14.21 μg/kg,检出率为10.4%(19/182);交链孢酚单甲醚(AME)检出范围为0.05～38.73 μg/kg,检出率为42.9%(78/182);交链孢菌酮酸(TeA)检出范围为0.50～134.23 μg/kg,检出率为91.2%(166/182);腾毒素(TEN)检出范围为0.05～17.42 μg/kg,检出率为45.6%(83/182)。结论 河南省省内流通环节(农贸市场和商店)小麦粉中均存在交链孢毒素的污染,但污染水平与文献报道相比,处于较低水平。     

小麦粉中细交链孢菌酮酸和腾毒素标准物质的研制

目的 研制小麦粉中细交链孢菌酮酸和腾毒素标准物质。方法 利用天然污染交链孢霉毒素的小麦样籽粒制备,按照规定的定值程序,形成符合国家相关要求的小麦粉中细交链孢菌酮酸和腾毒素标准物质。结果 研制成功2个不同浓度水平的小麦粉中细交链孢菌酮酸和腾毒素标准物质,并获批国家二级标准物质[标准号:GBW(E) 100547和GBW(E) 100548]。结论 该标准物质是目前国际上唯一的天然污染细交链孢菌酮酸和腾毒素的小麦粉标准物质,研制过程为我国开展粮食中新型真菌毒素基体标准物质的研制提供重要方法学借鉴。     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定小麦制品中4种交链孢霉毒素

目的建立测定4种小麦制品(挂面、馒头、面包和饼干)中4种交链孢霉毒素的超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法。方法 4种小麦制品加入NaCl后,经酸化乙腈提取,固相萃取柱(SPE)净化后,以HSS T3色谱柱(2.1 mm×100 mm,1.7μm)为分析柱,以0.15 mmol/L碳酸氢铵水溶液-甲醇为流动相进行梯度洗脱,以负离子电喷雾模式电离(ESI~-),多反应离子监测(MRM)方式进行定性及定量检测,外标法定量。结果在0.040～50μg/L的线性范围内,4种交链孢霉毒素的回归方程均呈良好的线性关系,相关系数(r)0.99。交链孢菌酮酸、交链孢酚、腾毒素和交链孢酚单甲醚的方法检出限分别为0.10、0.01、0.03和0.01μg/kg,3个加标水平的回收率为85.7%～102%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为0.8%～11.0%。应用该方法对流通环节的挂面、馒头、面包和饼干进行检测,4种交链孢霉毒素均有检出,其浓度为0.02～185.00μg/kg。结论该方法灵敏度高、简便,适用于小麦制品中多种交链孢霉毒素的同时测定。     

人工接种温州蜜柑后链格孢霉毒素的产生及分布规律

采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法结合Qu ECh ERS(quick,easy,cheap,effective,rugged,safe)前处理方法,研究温州蜜柑人工接种链格孢菌(Alternaria alternate)后,病斑部位全果、非病斑部位果皮和果肉中腾毒素(tentoxin,Ten)、链格孢酚(alternariol,AOH)、交链格孢酚单甲醚(alternariol monomethyl ether,AME)、交链孢烯(altenuene,ALT)和细交链格孢菌酮酸(tenuazonic acid,Te A)5种链格孢霉毒素的产生和分布规律。结果表明,病斑部位全果、非病斑部位果皮和果肉中的链格孢霉毒素含量随着病斑直径的扩大,不同链格孢霉毒素的变化趋势不同。Te A、Ten、AME和AOH在所有部位中均有检出,其中Te A检出含量最高,在病斑部位的含量范围为3.05×10~3~55.88×10~3μg/kg,在非病斑部位的含量范围为65.35~40.68×10~3μg/kg;Ten、AME和AOH在病斑部位的含量范围分别为69.16~373.94、22.63~1 395.82μg/kg和8.18~689.19μg/kg;非病斑部位的含量范围分别为0~67.56、0~195.96μg/kg和0~301.91μg/kg;ALT在非病斑部位果肉中未检出,但在非病斑部位的果皮和病斑部位的全果中均有检出,含量最高达16.61μg/kg。研究表明,由于柑橘感染链格孢菌后产生的毒素会从发病部位扩散到健康部位累积,因此,在鲜食加工和风险评估中应引起关注和重视。     

固相萃取-液相色谱-串联质谱法检测番茄酱中6种交链孢霉毒素

目的建立固相萃取-液相色谱-串联质谱法检测番茄酱中6种交链孢霉毒素的分析方法。方法番茄酱样品经提取液提取,固相萃取柱净化后,采用液相色谱-串联质谱测定交链孢霉毒素,外标法定量。结果番茄酱样品中交链孢霉毒素添加浓度在2.0～200.0μg/kg时,回收率在66.5%～113.5%之间。检测低限为2.0～50.0μg/kg,相对标准偏差(relative standard deviation, RSD)在2.5%～9.8%。结论该方法简单快速、灵敏度高、定量准确,适合用于番茄酱中6种交链孢霉毒素的检测。     

QuEChERS-UPLC-MS/MS测定焙烤食品中4种链格孢菌毒素

建立了超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定焙烤食品中4种链格孢菌毒素(腾毒素、链格孢菌酚、交链胞酚单甲醚、细交链胞菌酮酸)快速检测方法。样品经乙腈-0.1 mol/L盐酸溶液超声萃取,萃取液经QuEChERS净化处理,在RP18色谱柱(2.1 mm×100mm,1.7μm)上以乙腈和1 mmol/L碳酸氢铵为流动相梯度洗脱,采用电喷雾离子源、正负离子多反应监测模式检测,外标法定量。结果表明,4种待测物在相应的浓度范围内线性良好,相关系数均大于0.999;方法定量限(S/N≥10)为0.03～0.3μg/kg;进行3个水平的添加回收实验,平均回收率(n=6)为83.2%～105.3%;相对标准偏差(RSD,n=6)为1.2%～6.4%。应用本方法检测45个焙烤食品样品,4种真菌毒素均有检出。其中24份样品检出AME,含量为0.1～4.6μg/kg;6份样品检出AOH,含量为0.47～1.5μg/kg;27份样品检出Te A,含量为0.6～3.7μg/kg;9份样品检出TEN,含量为0.3～2.1μg/kg。     

Alternaria toxins in wheat during the 2004 to 2005 Argentinean harvest

The natural occurrence of Alternaria mycotoxins in Argentinean wheat from the zone 5 South during the 2004 to 2005 harvest was investigated in 64 wheat samples. All samples were highly contaminated with a wide range of fungal species. Alternaria was found as the main component of the mycota, with an infection percentage of 100%. Three mycotoxins produced by species of Alternaria were determined in wheat: alternariol, alternariol monomethyl ether, and tenuazonic acid. Alternariol was detected in 4 (6%) of 64 samples, with a range of 645 to 1,388 microg/kg (mean of 1,054 microg/kg); alternariol monomethyl ether, with a range of 566 to 7,451 microg/kg (mean of 2,118 microg/kg) in 15 (23%) of 64 samples; and tenuazonic acid in 12 (19%) of 64 samples, with a range of 1,001 to 8,814 microg/kg (mean, 2,313 microg/kg). Alternariol monomethyl ether was the predominant toxin, but tenuazonic acid was detected in higher concentrations. Alternariol was present in fewer samples and in lower levels than were the other toxins. Tenuazonic acid and alternariol monomethyl ether occurred together in four samples, while tenuazonic acid and alternariol co-occurred in one sample. This the first report of the natural occurrence of Alternaria mycotoxins in Argentinean wheat. Toxin levels were high, probably due to the heavy infection with Alternaria species found in the samples.     

Mycotoxin production by Alternaria strains isolated from Argentinean wheat

The toxigenic potential of Alternaria strains isolated from Argentinean wheat was investigated. A total of 123 strains were assayed for the production of tenuazonic acid (TA), alternariol (AOH) and alternariol monomethyl ether (AME). All but one of the isolates were able to produce at least one of the three mycotoxins. TA was produced by 72% of the strains (1-14782 mg/kg), AOH by 87% (4-622 mg/kg) and AME by 91% (7-2625 mg/kg). The average level of TA detected for all strains (1757 mg/kg) was higher than the average level of both alternariols (162 mg/kg for AOH and 620 mg/kg for AME). TA was the toxin produced at the highest concentration but in lower frequency. Most of the strains were able to synthesize more than one toxin: 74 isolates (60%) were positive for all three toxins, 30 (24%) for both AOH and AME, 5 (4%) for both TA and AME, and 2 (2%) for TA and AOH. The widespread occurrence of Alternaria in wheat and its ability to produce mycotoxins suggests the possible occurrence of its toxins in wheat naturally infected with this fungus.     

Contamination of fresh and dried tomato by Alternaria toxins in southern Italy

In the present investigation, fresh and dried tomato samples from markets and packinghouses located in Apulia region (southern Italy) were analysed for Alternaria toxins. All samples proved to be contaminated by tenuazonic acid (TeA); in particular, dried tomatoes were contaminated in the range 425–81,592 µg/kg, while fresh tomatoes were in the range 11–4560 µg/kg. The second most abundant toxin was alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), followed by tentoxin (TEN) and alternariol (AOH). Overall dried tomatoes were more contaminated than fresh ones, although this seemed not directly related to the presence of sodium chloride, utilized in the drying process. Five representative Alternaria isolates within those collected from samples proved to be one Alternaria arborescens (A215) and four Alternaria alternata. Within the latter species, one strain belonged to morphotype tenuissima (A216), and three to alternata (A214, A217 and A218). They were confirmed to produce TeA, AOH, and AME in vitro. This study demonstrates the possible risk for consumers’ health related to the consumption of contaminated fresh and dried tomatoes, and thus the need for suitable control strategies.     

Optimization of the Method of Detection of Metabolites Produced by the Alternaria Genus: Alternariol, Alternariol Monomethyl Ether, Altenuene, Altertoxin I and Tentoxin

ABSTRACT: A simple method has been developed in this work for the detection of alternariol (AOH), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), altenuene (ALT), altertoxin I (ATX-I), tenuazonic acid (TA), and tentoxin by means of thin-layer chromatography from cultures of several strains of Alternaria. Strains were incubated in 2% malt extract broth for 7 d at 25 °C. For extraction of metabolites, chloroform was used. The solvent system benzene/methanol/acetic acid (92:6:2) was chosen. TLC plates were observed under ultraviolet light (254/366 nm). Results show that A. alternata IMI 354942 produced AOH, AME, ALT, ATX-I, tentoxin, and TA; A. alternata IMI 354943, AOH, AME, and TA; A. triticina IMI 289962 tentoxin; and A. triticina IMI 289680 AME, ATX-I, and TA.     

Real-time PCR quantification of the AM-toxin gene and HPLC qualification of toxigenic metabolites from Alternaria species from apples

Some Alternaria species are able to produce plant pathogenic as well as toxic metabolites. In both agriculture and the food industry it is important know if toxigenic Alternaria are present to rapidly employ the correct corrective actions. The purpose of this work was to establish a real-time PCR method, which can detect and quantify apple pathogenic and toxigenic Alternaria. An AM-toxin I primer set, which could recognize Alternaria DNA only, was designed by using primers complementary to the AM-toxin I gene. The method could detect small amounts of DNA (4 pg) and still obtain a large dynamic range (4 decades) without interference from apple material. Eight Alternaria isolates were analyzed for the presence of AM-toxin I gene and their production of secondary metabolites. Then analyses showed that all eight isolates contained the AM toxin gene and were able to produce the plant pathogenic tentoxin in addition to AM toxin I. The analyses also showed the production of tenuazonic acid, alternariols, Altenuene, altenusin and/or altertoxin I in pure culture. Analyses of inoculated apples showed that both the AM-toxin gene and alternariol monomethyl ether could be detected. Morphological analyses suggested that the eight Alternaria strains, though they all carried the AM toxin genes, probably belong to different but closely related un-described Alternaria taxa in the A. tenuissima species-group based on morphological and chemical differences.     

番茄交链孢病原菌鉴定及产毒分析

目的 通过对番茄病果中链格孢病原菌的分离鉴定及产毒分析,为番茄采收后病害防控提供理论依据。方法 采集福建省5个县市番茄病果,通过切片和组织分离法从番茄病害部位分离纯化病原菌,结合形态学特征和分子生物学对病原菌进行鉴定。根据柯赫氏法则确定病原菌的致病性,并利用超高效液相串联质谱法对分离得到的交链格孢菌产毒能力进行检测分析。结果 在发病番茄病害部位共分离得到的 3株互隔链格孢菌株均具产毒能力,但毒素种类和产毒能力各有不同,其中NH06菌株产毒量最高,可产生细交链格孢酮酸(tenuazonic acid,TeA )、交链孢酚 (alternariol, AOH)、交链孢酚单甲醚(alternariol monomethyl ether, AME)、交链孢烯(altenuene,ALT )、腾毒素 (tentoxin,TEN ) 5种毒素,而NP002和NH07仅检出产生4种毒素。结论 福建省番茄种植产区内存在交链格孢菌的污染,且产毒种类多,因此,在番茄种植产区内病果的处理应引起关注和重视。     

AFLP variability, toxin production, and pathogenicity of Alternaria species from Argentinean tomato fruits and puree

Large amounts of tomato fruits and derived products are produced in Argentina and may be contaminated by Alternaria toxins. Limited information is available on the genetic variability, toxigenicity, and pathogenicity of Alternaria strains occurring on tomato. We analyzed 65 Alternaria strains isolated in Argentina from tomato fruits affected by black mould and from tomato puree, using amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs) technique. AFLP analysis resolved the set of strains in 3 main clusters (DICE similarity values of 58 and 60%) corresponding to A. alternata/tenuissima (44 strains), A. arborescens (15 strains) and to an unknown group (6 strains). Most of the representative strains, belonging to each AFLP cluster, when cultured on rice, produced tenuazonic acid (up to 46,760 mg/kg), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME, up to 1860 mg/kg), and alternariol (up to 70 mg/kg). The toxin profile related to the strains was not related to any AFLP cluster, except for AME which was produced at lower level by A. arborescens. Most of strains were pathogenic on two types of commonly cultivated tomato fruits. These findings provide new information on the variability within the Alternaria species complex associated with tomato disease.