宰后成熟过程中羊肉食用品质及蛋白稳定性的变化研究

研究陕北横山羊肉宰后48 h内,不同部位肉块嫩度、持水性等相关指标的变化规律。分别在宰后4、8、12、24、48 h取背最长肌(HQ)和腹部肌肉(LQ),测定了剪切力、汁液流失率和蒸煮损失率、肌浆蛋白和肌原纤维蛋白的溶解度、肌原纤维蛋白降解聚合情况。随着宰后时间延长,两类肉样剪切力在4~8 h显著增大(p0.05),12 h之后显著减小(p0.05);肉样汁液流失率、蒸煮损失率和肌浆蛋白溶解度均显著增加(p0.05);肉样肌原纤维蛋白溶解度4~12 h显著减小(p0.05)而12 h之后逐渐增加(p0.05)。在宰后过程中,HQ肉样剪切力、汁液流失率和蒸煮损失率显著小于LQ肉样(p0.05),肌浆蛋白溶解度显著高于LQ组(p0.05);在宰后12 h内,HQ肉样肌原纤维蛋白溶解度显著低于LQ组(p0.05),但20 h之后反超且显著高于LQ组(p0.05)。两类肉样肌原纤维蛋白的SDS-PAGE电泳结果与溶解度变化趋势一致。宰后2 d内,横山羊肉的嫩度逐渐趋于嫩化,持水性减弱,稳定性减弱;背最长肌羊肉较低品质肉的嫩度和持水性较优、蛋白稳定性较差。     

缺氧诱导因子对滩羊肉宰后初期能量水平及肉色的影响

为研究缺氧诱导因子（hypoxia-inducible factor 1，HIF-1）对滩羊肉宰后成熟48 h内糖酵解关键酶、能量水平、pH值及肉色的影响，本实验以4 ℃成熟2、6、12、24、48 h的滩羊背最长肌为研究对象，测定不同成熟期HIF-1表达量，磷酸丙糖异构酶（triose-phosphate isomerase，TPI）活力，能量物质三磷酸腺苷（adenosine triphosphate，ATP）、二磷酸腺苷（adenosine diphosphate，ADP）、单磷酸腺苷（adenosine monophosphate，AMP）水平，肌肉pH值及肉色的变化，并对HIF-1表达量与TPI活力，ATP、ADP、AMP含量，pH值及肉色进行相关性分析。结果表明，宰后2～24 h内HIF-1表达量迅速升至最高值，24 h后有所下降；TPI活力于宰后6 h升至最高，随后逐渐降低；宰后48 h内能量物质ATP、ADP、AMP水平均随成熟时间延长逐渐降低；宰后48 h内pH值显著降低（P＜0.05）；肉色指标L*、a*值及b*值均随成熟时间延长显著升高（P＜0.05）。宰后成熟2～48 h内滩羊肉HIF-1表达量与TPI活力、能量物质水平、肉色及pH值均显著相关（P＜0.05、P＜0.01），可能是由于受宰后缺氧信号诱导，HIF-1表达量于宰后6 h内迅速升高，HIF-1复合体转移至细胞核与糖酵解基因结合，促进糖酵解相关基因表达，促使糖酵解途径增强，提高了糖酵解相关酶活力，并降低肌肉pH值。综上，HIF-1可能通过调控宰后糖酵解及肌肉pH值影响肉色。     

AMPK活性对宰后牛肉糖酵解、肌肉内环境及品质的影响

为探究牛肉宰后成熟过程中单磷酸腺苷活化蛋白激酶（adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase,AMPK）对糖酵解、肌肉内环境及品质的影响,以0.50 mol/L 5-氨基咪唑-4-甲酰胺核苷（5-amino-4-imidazolecarboxamide,AICAR）处理的西杂牛背最长肌为对象,于4 ℃进行成熟,测定宰后成熟期间肌肉AMPKα基因（PRKAA1、PRKAA2）转录量、P-AMPK表达量、AMPK活性、糖酵解水平及品质指标的变化情况。结果表明：宰后24～120?h,处理组AMPKα基因转录量、P-AMPK表达量及AMPK活力均显著高于对照组（P＜0.05）;72～168?h,处理组pH值和肌糖原含量显著低于对照组（P＜0.05）,乳酸含量显著高于对照组（P＜0.05）;12～168?h,处理组L*、b*值及ATP、ADP、AMP和IMP含量均显著高于对照组（P＜0.05）,a*值显著低于对照组（P＜0.05）;24～120?h,处理组蒸煮损失率和肌原纤维小片化指数显著高于对照组（P＜0.05）,剪切力显著低于对照组（P＜0.05）。AICAR通过激活AMPK并加快宰后糖酵解影响肌肉内环境、肉色、剪切力及肌纤维微观结构变化,加快宰后肌肉成熟进程,说明AMPK活性对宰后肌肉糖酵解及品质变化具有重要影响,且可通过调控宰后肌肉AMPK活性来调节肌肉品质。     

冷藏时间对冷却猪背最长肌品质的影响

以宰后24 h的猪背最长肌为研究对象,研究4 ℃条件下冷藏0、12、24、36、48 h对猪背最长肌pH值、色 差、冷藏损失、蒸煮损失、剪切力和水分迁移状态的影响。结果表明：随着冷藏时间的增加,猪背最长肌的pH 值、黄度值（b*）、冷藏损失率和蒸煮损失率均显著提高（P＜0.05）;亮度值（L*）和红度值（a*）在冷藏24 h 内差异不显著（P＞0.05）;冷藏48 h时,猪背最长肌的pH值、L*、b*、冷藏损失和蒸煮损失最大,剪切力最小; 低场核磁共振结果表明,随着冷藏时间的增加,T2b、T21和T22起始弛豫时间显著延长（P＜0.05）,T21的峰面积比例 降低,T22的峰面积比例增加。综上所述,4 ℃条件下冷藏24 h以内有利于保持猪背最长肌的品质。     

新疆山羊肉的食用品质及差异蛋白质分析

宰后成熟的过程中,肌肉中蛋白质的表达水平和参与的代谢调节不同,均对肉品质的调节起关键作用。为了深入探索宰后成熟过程中的差异蛋白对新疆山羊肉品质的影响,明确肉质较好的最适成熟时间,该研究测定了宰后不同时间下的新疆山羊背部最长肌的pH值,并采用串联质量标签技术比较死后不同成熟时期的蛋白质水平变化。共得到级质谱谱图总数518 230个,匹配到的谱图总数量为47 666张,唯一肽段总数14 466个,蛋白质总数2 526个。大多数差异表达在山羊宰后成熟中下调表达,其中只有2个糖酵解相关差异蛋白(PGM1,LDHB)上调表达;且与能量代谢相关的线粒体核糖体蛋白L46(MRPL46)、线粒体核糖体蛋白S15(MRPS15)、39S核糖体蛋白L41(MRPL41)、线粒体核糖体蛋白L22(MRPL22)等差异蛋白显著上调表达。结果表明,山羊肌肉的糖代谢过程能维持到肉质成熟的48 h以后,促进肉色的稳定和肉质的嫩化,而线粒体作为能量代谢的关键部位调节肉质嫩度的变化。在成熟期间的肉质逐渐嫩化,且24 h时嫩化程度最高,进一步表明宰后成熟起到嫩度优化的作用。     

苏尼特羊宰后成熟过程中单磷酸腺苷活化蛋白激酶活性、糖酵解与肉品质指标的变化分析

本实验选取苏尼特羊背最长肌为研究对象，分析宰后4 ℃下成熟过程中（0、24、48、72、96 h）单磷酸腺苷活化蛋白激酶（adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase，AMPK）的质量浓度和活力、糖酵解及肉品质相关指标的变化情况，以探究宰后AMPK的含量和活性对糖酵解和成熟进程的影响，确定苏尼特羊宰后最佳的成熟时间。结果表明：羊肉中磷酸化AMPK的质量浓度和活性都呈现先上升后下降的趋势，在24 h达到最高点。糖酵解指标中，pH值在宰后24 h内显著下降（P＜0.05）；肌糖原和游离葡萄糖的含量随着宰后成熟时间的延长逐渐下降；乳酸含量在宰后24 h到达最大值。肉品质相关指标中，羊肉的剪切力在24 h达到最大值，随后下降，48 h后总体趋于稳定；a*值及b*值在宰后均呈现先升高后趋于平缓的趋势；L*值在宰后96 h达到最大；在不同时间点（0、24、48、72、96 h）挥发性风味物质分别为29、30、41、40、46 种，整体呈现升高的趋势，其中48 h时醛类物质种类最多，有助于提高羊肉的整体风味。综上所述，宰后不同时间点AMPK含量和活性的变化会造成糖酵解指标的改变，进而影响了肉品质指标的变化；在宰后48 h的羊肉具有较好的品质和风味，适宜加工食用。     

牦牛肉宰后成熟过程中热休克蛋白27表达量与食用品质的相关性分析

为研究牦牛肉宰后成熟过程中热休克蛋白27（heat shock protein 27,Hsp27）的变化及其与食用品质的相关性,测定了5 头青海大通母牦牛背最长肌肉成熟过程中色度L*、a*、b*值、pH值、剪切力、蒸煮损失以及Hsp27的表达量,进一步研究了Hsp27与肉品质的相关性。结果表明：Hsp27表达量总体呈降低的趋势,宰后0～48 h Hsp27表达量显著降低（P＜0.05）,72～120 h Hsp27表达量显著升高,至168 h又显著降低（P＜0.05）;Hsp27表达量与a*值成显著正相关（P＜0.05）,与b*值成极显著负相关（P＜0.01）,与pH值成极显著正相关（P＜0.01）。证明Hsp27与牦牛肉食用品质之间存在相关性。     

宰后成熟时间对不同部位牦牛肉细胞内环境变化的影响

研究不同部位牦牛肉宰后成熟过程中不同时段肌细胞内部变化与肉质嫩化的关系。将宰后牦牛肉冷却排酸(0~4℃,风速0.5 m/s),于宰后2 h~5 d取牦牛肉前部肱三头肌(TB)、中部背最长肌(ML)和后部半膜肌(SM)分析其p H值、肌细胞间隙面积、线粒体形态变化和能量因子活性,加入Caspase-3专一抑制剂Ac-DEVD-CHO制作SDS-PAGE全蛋白电泳图谱。宰后12 h~24 h,ML p H值显著下降p H=5.17±0.4(p0.01);宰后24 h,SM肌细胞间隙面积较12 h显著增大48.75%(p0.05);宰后5 d,ML线粒体溶融显著,TB线粒体嵴仍有一定存在量;宰后3 d,ML ATP含量变化较宰后24 h差异极显著下降79%,几乎降至最低点(p0.01);宰后12 h,Caspase-3专一抑制剂对TB和ML蛋白降解抑制显著,ML显著出现30 ku蛋白条带。结果说明,宰后成熟过程中不同部位牦牛肉肌细胞内环境变化与牦牛肉品质变化是同步进行的。     

脯氨酰羟化酶对宰后牦牛肉糖酵解及肉品质的影响

为研究脯氨酰羟化酶（prolylhydroxylase,PHD）对宰后牦牛肉低氧诱导因子-1α（hypoxia inducible factor-1α,HIF-1α）、糖酵解及肉品质的影响,以牦牛背最长肌为研究对象,分析二甲基乙二酰氨基乙酸（dimethyloxaloylglycine,DMOG）处理组和生理盐水对照组中HIF-1α表达量、糖酵解关键酶活性、糖酵解程度、肉品质等指标的变化。结果显示,在宰后成熟过程中,HIF-1α表达量随成熟时间的延长呈先升高后降低的趋势,但由于DMOG的作用,HIF-1α表达量在宰后12 h内显著升高（P＜0.05）,说明抑制PHD活性可以上调HIF-1α表达量。己糖激酶（hexokinase,HK）活性、磷酸果糖激酶（phosphofructokinase,PFK）活性和丙酮酸激酶（pyruvate kinase,PK）活性均随成熟时间的延长呈先升高后降低的趋势,同时DMOG组的HK、PFK、PK的活性在3～120 h均显著高于对照组（P＜0.05）;DMOG组的糖原含量和pH值均在3～72 h显著低于对照组（P＜0.05）,而乳酸含量显著高于对照组（P＜0.05）,说明PHD介导HIF-1α上调糖酵解酶活性,加速糖酵解进程。同时,DMOG组的剪切力在宰后成熟3～72 h显著高于对照组（P＜0.05）,L*值在6～168 h显著高于对照组（P＜0.05）,而a*值在成熟过程中始终显著高于对照组（P＜0.05）;DMOG组的肌纤维直径和肌纤维面积均低于对照组,肌纤维间隙高于对照组,但差异不显著。说明PHD介导HIF-1α对宰后肉品质的形成产生影响,其中剪切力与L*值的变化由pH值变化引起,而a*值的变化原因需要进一步探究。结果表明,在宰后成熟过程中,PHD通过上调HIF-1α表达量进而增强糖酵解关键酶活性,加速糖酵解进程,引起肌肉内环境的变化,最终影响宰后肉品质的形成。     

活性氧激活缺氧诱导因子-1α加速宰后成熟初期牛肉能量代谢

为探究活性氧（reactive oxygen species,ROS）在宰后成熟初期调控牛肉缺氧诱导因子-1α(hypoxiainduciblefactor-1α,HIF-1α)对能量代谢的影响。牛肉样品分别用H2O2、N-乙酰半胱氨酸（N-acetyl-L-cysteine,NAC）和生理盐水（对照）处理。在低温成熟0.5、6、12、24、48 h分别测定ROS含量、脯氨酰羟化酶（proline hydroxylase,PHD）活力、磷酸肌醇-3激酶（phosphatidylinositol3-kinase,PI3K）/蛋白激酶B(proteinkinase B,AKT)和HIF-1α蛋白质表达水平、能量代谢水平以及pH值的变化。结果发现：H2O2处理组初始（0.5 h）ROS含量显著高于其他2组（P<0.05）,且在48 h内始终处于显著较高水平（P<0.05）,NAC处理能够在短期内（0.5～12 h）抑制ROS积累;H2O2处理组PHD活力在0.5～48 h内显著低于其他2组（P<0.05）,同时,在0.5～12 h和0.5～6 h内PI3K和磷酸化AKT表达...     

Effect of sunflower cake supplementation on meat quality of indigenous goat genotypes of South Africa

The effect of four castrated goat genotypes and sunflower cake supplementation on goat meat quality was determined. Supplemented Boer (BOR) and Xhosa-Boer cross (XBC) goats had significantly higher (P < 0.05) SLW and CDM than non-supplemented groups. The Xhosa lop-eared (XLE) and Nguni (NGN) goats had higher pH24 (P < 0.05) than BOR and XBC goats. For each genotype, the sunflower cake supplemented and non-supplemented goats had similar a* values, except for the XLE goats. In the XLE goats, the a* values were lower in the sunflower cake supplemented goats. Sunflower cake supplemented BOR goats had higher L*values than their non-supplemented counterparts (P < 0.05). The sunflower cake supplemented BOR and NGN goats also had higher b* values as compared to their non-supplemented counterparts. In comparison with the Boer goat, the XLE and NGN goats had lower CDM, L* and WBF values but generally had higher CL and a* values. Sunflower cake supplementation improved meat quality attributes of the goats.     

Effects of transportation at high ambient temperatures on physiological responses, carcass and meat quality characteristics of three breeds of Omani goats

The experiment was designed to determine the effects of short road transportation in an open truck during the hot season on live weight shrink, physiological responses, carcass, and meat quality characteristics in three breeds of Omani goats. Forty-two male goats (12 months of age) representing equally three breeds of Omani goats (Batina, Dhofari, and Jabal Akhdar) were divided into two groups: 2 h transportation stress (TS) or not transported (NT). The NT group remained unstressed in holding pens with feed and water provided ad libitum prior to slaughter, while the TS group was transported on the day of slaughter 100 km in an open truck. The average temperature during transportation was 37 °C. All animals were blood-sampled before loading and prior to slaughter via jugular venipuncture. Animals were weighed just before loading onto a truck and after transport to assess shrinkage. Muscle shear force, sarcomere length, pH, expressed juice, color, and cooking loss were measured on samples from Mm longissimus dorsi (LD), biceps femoris (BF), and semitendinosus (ST) muscles collected at 24 h postmortem at 1–3 °C. Live weight shrinkage losses were between 1.07 and 1.28 kg. The TS goats had higher plasma cortisol (P < 0.01), adrenaline, nor-adrenaline, and dopamine concentrations (P < 0.05) than NS goats. Blood serum from Batina goats had significantly (P < 0.05) higher cortisol, adrenaline and dopamine and nor-adrenaline concentrations than those from Jabal Akdhar goats. Transportation stress had a significant (P < 0.05) effect on meat quality characteristics of the LD, BF, and ST muscles. Meat from TS goats had significantly higher ultimate pH, expressed juice, cooking loss percentage, shear force, but significantly lower sarcomere length, L^*, a^*, and b^* values. LD muscles of Batina goats had significantly higher ultimate pH values and lower L^* values than Dhofari and Jabal Akdhar goats. These results indicated that subjecting goats to the 2-hour road transportation with high ambient temperatures can generate major physiological and muscle metabolism responses.     

The influence of ante-mortem treatment on relationship between pH and tenderness of beef

Longissimus lumborum et thoracis muscles from 150 cattle comprising Czech Pied breed bulls and cows were used to investigate the relationship between pH value and beef tenderness as influenced by housing before slaughter and by the hanging mode of carcasses. The pH value was measured in the loin at the end of the slaughter-line (pH(0)) and after cooling of carcasses (pH(24),pH(48)). The texture of raw meat was measured 72h post-mortem by the Warner-Bratzler shear method; the shear force was related to pH. Curvilinear relationships with coefficients of correlation r=0.64 (P<0.05) for bulls individually housed and r=0.83 for bulls housed in groups between the shear force and the pH value 24h p.m. were found with maximal shear force (the most tough meat) in the range of pH(24) from 6.2 to 6.4. Lower correlations (r=0.72 and r=0.54) between pH(24) and meat tenderness were found in the case of cows individually housed and housed in groups, respectively. No significant relationships were found between texture and pH measured at the end of the slaughter-line (r=0.59 for bulls and r=0.65 for cows) and 48h post-mortem (r=0.64 for bulls and r=0.50 for cows). The mode of housing of cattle before slaughter influenced the properties of beef significantly. Meat of bulls housed in groups before slaughter was less tender (the shear force was higher) than meat of bulls individually housed. It could be explained by higher depletion of glycogen before slaughter and thus insufficient pH decline. Generally, the meat of cows was more tender than of bulls irrespective of housing. No significant differences were found between the left and right halves of carcasses. Thus the mode of hanging had no influence on beef tenderness.     

苏尼特羊、巴美肉羊和乌拉特山羊的肉品质和挥发性风味物质比较

为了探究品种对羊肉品质和风味的影响,选取12月龄苏尼特羊、巴美肉羊和二狼山白绒山羊(乌拉特山羊)各12只,测定其屠宰性能,再分别取股二头肌测定肉品质和挥发性风味物质并进行比较。结果表明:巴美肉羊的胴体质量、背膘厚、a*值均显著高于苏尼特羊和乌拉特山羊(P<0.05),说明其屠宰性能较好,肉色较红;苏尼特羊的pH显著高于乌拉特山羊(P<0.05),而巴美肉羊与二者之间无明显差别(P>0.05)。品种对挥发性成分的相对含量和构成影响很大,电子鼻测定结果表明苏尼特羊、巴美肉羊和乌拉特山羊的气味存在差异,进一步对比挥发性风味物质发现,苏尼特羊肉中醛、醇及酮类化合物的总相对含量较高。气相色谱-质谱联用检测出乌拉特山羊肉中风味物质较其他两种丰富,通过相对气味活度值(ROAV)筛选出庚醛、辛醛、壬醛、反-2-壬烯醛、1-辛烯-3-醇、反-2-癸烯醛和十二醛可作为三种羊肉共有的关键风味物质,其中壬醛对苏尼特羊肉风味贡献最大,而巴美肉羊和乌拉特山羊肉中贡献最大的风味物质为1-辛烯-3-醇。总体上,巴美肉羊的屠宰性能较优良且肉色略红,在风味方面,不同品种的羊肉其关键风味物质存在差异。     

不同月龄莱芜黑山羊屠宰性能及肉质比较研究

通过测定屠宰率、pH值、肉色、蒸煮损失、粗蛋白含量、粗脂肪含量、快/慢肌纤维数量等指标,综合分析莱芜黑山羊的屠宰性能、营养品质和加工品质,并进行感官品质评价。结果表明:不同月龄莱芜黑山羊各指标间存在不同程度的差异显著性,12月龄莱芜黑山羊屠宰率(48.21%)与24月龄(48.75%)不存在显著差异,并显著高于8月龄(43.55%),其肉骨比为4.04,低于8月龄及24月龄;8月龄的莱芜黑山羊肉色与其他月龄相比更加红亮,8、12、24月龄的粗蛋白含量分别为19.29%、21.34%、22.00%,粗脂肪含量分别为1.83%、2.08%、2.10%,8月龄的莱芜黑山羊肉剪切力为4985.98 g,显著低于12、24月龄,嫩度最好,且快肌纤维数量及快/慢肌纤维数量比例最高,为6.36,与其他月龄相比差异显著,同时感官评分最高。因此,8月龄莱芜黑山羊肉可作为高档羔羊肉进行生产,以羔羊胴体销售时,12月龄屠宰效益较高。     

Effect of transport time and ageing on aspects of beef quality

Forty-eight bulls were transported by road in groups of eight for approximately 30 min, 3 or 6 h in two replicates. After slaughter, steaks from the longissimus dorsi thoracis of all transported animals were analysed in terms of pH, water-holding capacity, myoglobin concentration, texture at 7 and 14 days of ageing (compression and Warner-Bratzler analyses) and colour of the same surface of meat cut at 24 h post-mortem and allowed to bloom for 24 h and 7 d (L^*a^*b^*, chroma and hue). The myofibrillar resistance of the meat from animals transported 30 min was significantly greater at 20% compression (P<0.05). The maximum load and a^*b^* and chroma were all lower for meat aged 14 days.     

宰后僵直及成熟过程中羊背最长肌理化性质的变化

动物宰后从肌肉到肉品经过僵直、成熟等一系列复杂的生理生化反应。僵直及成熟过程的研究可为肉品质改善及肉制品加工提供理论依据。选取杂交公羊(小尾寒羊×北京本地羊)双侧背最长肌在4℃成熟0.5、2.0、6.0、12.0、24.0、48.0、72.0、120.0、168.0 h,测定不同时间的pH值、剪切力、肌节长度、ATP含量、肌原纤维小片化指数(myofibril fragmentation index,MFI)、钙蛋白酶活力。结果表明:宰后成熟过程中,pH值先下降后逐渐趋于稳定,从第24小时后变化不显著(P0.05);剪切力先上升后下降,在第24小时达到最大值;肌节长度在宰后先缩短后逐渐变长,且在第48小时缩至最短;ATP含量先上升后下降,48 h后趋于稳定;μ-钙蛋白酶80 kD大亚基在宰后24 h基本降解完全,其降解的78 kD大亚基在第48小时降解完全;肌间线蛋白和肌钙蛋白T作为μ-钙蛋白酶的降解底物,在成熟过程中发生降解,第168小时几乎观察不到完整的蛋白条带;随着宰后时间的延长,羊背最长肌从第2小时开始僵直,到第24小时程度达到最大,从第48小时开始解僵,解僵后肉的嫩度逐渐改善。     

宰前短期饮水中添加VC对育肥猪肉品质的影响

试验考察宰前48 h饮水中添加VC对育肥猪血液指标、肉品质的影响.结果表明:宰前饮水短期添加VC对育肥猪胴体品质无影响;与对照组相比,添加VC 500和1 000 mg/L组血浆VC含量提高(P＜0.05),肉的亮度L*24h降低(P＜0.05);添加500 mg/L组肉的红度(α*24h)增加(P＜0.05).添加V...