Comparing aboral versus oral pouch with preserved duodenal passage after total gastrectomy: does the position of the gastric substitute reservoir count?

BACKGROUND: Total gastrectomy results in a significant weight loss, different postgastrectomy symptoms, and a reduction in quality of life. Elaborate surgical reconstruction methods are evaluated to improve results. The present study compares two types of reconstructions--an aboral pouch with preserved duodenal passage and an oral pouch with preserved duodenal passage--differing only in the site of the pouch. METHODS: Twenty-eight patients entered the study. Primary outcome measures--body weight, body mass index, and quality of life, and secondary outcome measures--serum nutritional parameters, scintigraphic small-intestinal passage, and lipid and carbohydrate absorption were measured 6, 12, and 24 months after surgery. RESULTS: No significant differences were found in anthropometric parameters or in quality of life between the groups. Regarding the secondary outcome measures, albumin levels were higher in the oral pouch group, while protein and immunoglobulin-A levels were higher in the aboral pouch group. CONCLUSION: The site of the reservoir does not significantly influence the outcome after total gastrectomy and reconstruction with a preserved duodenal passage.     

Long-term effects of jejunal pouch added to Roux-en-Y reconstruction after total gastrectomy

Background. Jejunal pouch reconstruction after total gastrectomy has been demonstrated to ameliorate postgastrectomy symptoms, with the process of adaptation taking several months. In contrast to the short-term effects of pouch reconstruction, there are few reports about the long-term consequences (more than 2 years after surgery). Methods. In this study, 22 patients with jejunal pouch (PRY group) and 12 patients without jejunal pouch (RY group) who survived for more than 2 years without any recurrence and were available for follow-up were compared. Patients in the two groups were compared 2 years after surgery in terms of postgastrectomy symptoms, and improvements in body weight and nutritional parameters. Results. Eating capacity at a single meal compared with that in the pre-illness state was significantly better in the PRY group than in the RY group. The total score on the gastrointestinal symptom rating scale (GSRS) in the PRY group was less than that in the RY group (3.17 vs 5.25). The GSRS score for reflux syndrome in the PRY group was significantly better than that in the RY group. Assessment according to Cuschieri's gradings revealed that the total score in the PRY group was lower than that in the RY group (2.73 vs 5.92). Among the various symptoms examined, the incidence of dietary restriction and that of heartburn were significantly lower in the PRY group. Conclusion. We conclude that, 2 years after total gastrectomy, the pouch reconstruction had alleviated postgastrectomy symptoms to a greater extent than simple Roux-en-Y reconstruction, but the effectiveness could be improved. The long-term effects of pouch reconstruction should be examined more precisely with an adequate and valid scoring system for determining quality of life. Received: May 15, 2001 / Accepted: August 29, 2001     

全胃切除后消化道重建的前瞻性随机对照研究

目的　探讨全胃切除术后消化道重建的合理术式。方法　以 12例健康人为对照 ,对12 0例胃癌行全胃切除后 ,随机按食管空肠Roux y吻合 (A组 )、食管空肠“P”袢 +Roux y吻合 (B组 )、食管空肠Hunt Lawrence吻合 (C组 )及食管空肠原位间置代胃术 (D组 )等 4种术式行消化道重建 ,并比较其术后生活质量、预后营养指标 (PNI)指数、体重、血液营养学指标、胃肠激素水平、免疫功能 ,并以此判断各术式的优劣。结果　D组在PNI指数、体重变化和血液营养学指标上均优于A、B、C组(P <0 .0 5 ) ;D组餐后 30min胆囊收缩素 (CCK)水平及NK细胞、CD4 细胞、CD8细胞以及CD4 CD8值与对照组相似 ,亦均优于A、B、C组 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,差异有具著性。结论　食管空肠原位间置代胃术是一较合理的消化道重建术式。其空肠“P”字型构造具有代胃的功能 ;食糜通过十二指肠刺激CCK等胃肠激素的分泌 ,有利于消化及营养的吸收 ;仅切断一端空肠以及适度大小的代胃 ,保持了空肠及系膜原来的连系 ,既简化了手术 ,又保证了间置代胃空肠的血运 ,吻合口无缺血坏死之忧。     

全胃切除术后三种消化道重建术式对患者生活质量的影响

目的：探讨全胃切除术后三种消化道重建术式对患者术后生活质量的影响。方法：对２００３年１月～２００７年６月我院施行全胃切除术的２１８例患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。全胃切除后消化道重建分别为常规端侧食管空肠Ｒｏｕｘ-ｅｎ-Ｙ吻合术７８例（Ａ组）、Ｐ型空肠袢食管空肠Ｒｏｕｘ-ｅｎ-Ｙ吻合术９６例（Ｂ组）和改良空肠间置代胃吻合术（ＦＪＩ法）４４例（Ｃ组）。记录患者一般情况及术后１２个月的营养状况和胃肠道症状（ＧＳＲＳ）评分等。结果：术后１２个月,Ｂ组与Ａ组比较,进食量明显增加（Ｐ＜０.０５）,而ＧＳＲＳ评分明显降低（Ｐ＜０.０５）;Ｃ组与Ａ组比较,进食量亦明显增加（Ｐ＜０.０５）,ＧＳＲＳ评分则明显降低（Ｐ＜０.０５）。术后１２个月,Ｂ组与Ｃ组体重恢复较Ａ组更佳（Ｐ＜０.０５）,且Ｃ组患者的进食量又优于Ｂ组,Ｂ、Ｃ两组体重恢复比较,差异有统计学意义（Ｐ＜０.０５）。结论：Ｐ型空肠袢和改良空肠间置代胃吻合术均有利于维持患者术后生活质量。在每天进食量及体重恢复方面,改良空肠间置代胃吻合术更优于Ｐ型空肠袢食管空肠Ｒｏｕｘ-ｅｎ-Ｙ吻合术。     

Billroth 1 versus Roux-en-Y reconstructions: a quality-of-life survey at 5 years

Background In the majority of gastric surgical units across Japan, Billroth 1 is the preferred method of anastomosis following subtotal distal gastrectomy for gastric cancer. However, across Europe and North America, reconstruction using a Roux-en-Y anastomosis is more common. There is a lack of comparative studies of the two methods focusing on long-term outcome. This study evaluated patient outcome, in terms of adverse gastrointestinal complaints and quality of life, at 5 years following surgery. Methods A total of 652 patients had a subtotal distal gastrectomy for early gastric cancer between January 1993 and December 1999. We studied 229 patients with reconstruction by the Billroth 1 procedure and 214 patients with the Roux-en-Y procedure. All patients had an abdominal ultrasound and endoscopy as part of their follow-up. Quality of life was assessed by questionnaire. Results We had an 87% response rate from the questionnaire assessment. The results demonstrated that patients were less likely to experience symptoms of either early or late dumping after Roux-en-Y anastomosis than after Billroth 1. In addition, there were significantly fewer patients with gastritis on endoscopy in the Roux-en-Y group. There was no significant difference in the average relative body weight between the groups. However, patients were more likely to develop gallstones after a Roux-en-Y than after a Billroth 1 reconstruction. Conclusion The results from this study show that, at 5 years, both symptomatically and functionally, Roux-en-Y reconstruction was superior to the Billroth I method after subtotal distal gastrectomy for gastric cancer. However, the overall outcome in both groups was good, with patient satisfaction scores of around 75% in each group.     

Quality of life and functional results following different types of resection for gastric carcinoma

In order to evaluate quality of life and functional results following surgery for gastric cancer we studied 89 patients with no evidence of disease at a minimum of 12 months postoperatively. Patients were treated with total gastrectomy and jejunal pouch reconstruction according to Hunt-Lawrence-Rodino (n = 59), distal gastric resection (n = 21) or proximal gastric resection (n = 9). No significant differences were found between total gastrectomy or distal gastric resection with respect to dumping or heartburn, while patients with proximal gastric resection suffered from both. The latter group of patients reported both reduced feelings of hunger and appetite, resulting in a reduced nutritional status. Similar differences were observed when patients were assessed for quality of life; feeling well, feeling ill and capacity to work were all reduced in patients with proximal gastric resection, and their scores were lower when scoring systems according to Visick, Karnofsky, Spitzer and Troidl were applied. Psychological-rating scales measuring complaints and distress confirmed the superiority of total gastrectomy with pouch reconstruction or distal gastrectomy compared to proximal gastric resection. We conclude that in terms of postoperative quality of life, distal gastric resection has no advantage over total gastrectomy with pouch reconstruction. Proximal gastric resection incurs bothersome sequelae and should, therefore, be avoided.     

胃癌术式对患者术后营养的影响

全胃切除对机体的生理干扰较大,破坏了消化道的连续性和完整性,影响食物的消化和吸收,术后患者均有一些并发症出现。如：返流性食管炎、早期或晚期倾倒综合征、顽固性贫血、消化吸收不良以及腹泻、餐后上腹部轻度闷痛、食欲低下等症状,统称为胃切除术后综合征。全胃切除后消化道重建术式已达70多种,以期克服上述并发症。其中保持经十二指肠通路间置空肠（附加/无空肠袋）被认为可以提高患者的生活质量,降低上述并发症。近端或远端胃次全切除术后在残胃和十二指肠间间置一段空肠（附加空肠袋/无袋）可以改善患者的营养状况,提高患者的生活质量。预后营养指数（PNI）、Visik评分、Spitzer指数和欧洲癌症研究治疗机构问卷（EORTCQLQ-C30）都可以被用于评估胃切除术后患者的生活治疗及营养状况。     

Functional jejunal interposition versus Roux-en-Y anastomosis after total gastrectomy for gastric cancer: A prospective randomized clinical trial

BackgroundNutritional status and quality of life deteriorate significantly after total gastrectomy for patients with gastric cancer. The numerous types of reconstruction proposed by medical researchers around the world have limited effect. This prospective, randomized clinical trial compared functional jejunal interposition with Roux-en-Y anastomosis to identify the optimal reconstruction procedure.MethodsThis was a multi-center, prospective, randomized control trial. The enrolled patients were randomly assigned into the functional jejunal interposition group and the Roux-en-Y group. All patients were followed up at regular intervals after surgery. The endpoints were postoperative nutritional status, quality of life, and long-term postoperative complications.ResultsA total of 113 patients were enrolled from August 2012 to September 2017. Until March 2018, the median follow-up period was 18 months. At 12 months after surgery, food intake per meal (P = 0.021), Prognosis Nutritional Index (P = 0.015), weight loss (P = 0.019), and Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale score (P = 0.015) of the functional jejunal interposition group were significantly worse than those of the Roux-en-Y group. There was no significant difference in operative time, intraoperative blood loss, perioperative complications, time of first flatus and defecation after surgery, postoperative plasma nutritional parameters, Visick score, Eastern Cooperative Group physical condition score, and survival rate.ConclusionFor patients with long-term survival after total gastrectomy for gastric cancer, the Roux-en-Y anastomosis is a better choice compared with functional jejunal interposition.     

The Quality of Life of Gastric Cancer Patients with and without Duodenal Passage Reconstructions after Total Gastrectomy

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the Quality of Life of the patients who received a total gastrectomy with different kinds of reconstruction methods. METHODS Patients who received a total gastrectomy between May 1999 to May 2003 were followed-up via questionnaires. Fifty-nine who were alive more than 2 years with no sigh of recurrence were enrolled in this study. The patients were divided into 2 groups as follows： a group treated with reconstruction with a duodenal passage after total gastrectomy （gastric substitute, GS）; and a group receiving reconstruction without duodenal passage after total gastrectomy （Jejenal pouch, JP）. Follow-up feedback data of 14 items from the patients were analyzed, comparing the Quality of Life （QOL） between the 2 groups. RESULTS Six months after operation, the most common symptoms of all patients were reflux and loss of body weight, but there was no statistically significant differences in the 14 items related to the special post-operation symptoms between the 2 groups. At 12 months after the operations, there were significant differences between the 2 groups in body weight （P=0.01）, eating time （P=0.034〈0.05）, and frequency of food intake （P= 0.040〈0.05）; At 24 months after the operations, the only difference between the 2 groups was body weight gain （P=0.025〈0.05）. The JP group was better than the GS group. CONCLUSION The JP reconstruction pattern is superior to a simple GS in gain of body weight, volume of food intake and frequency of food intake, soon after the operation.     

全胃切除术后两种消化道重建术式的比较

目的探讨全胃切除术后两种消化道重建术式手术操作时间、病人术后生活质量的影响。方法对2003年1月-2007年6月我院施行全胃切除术的218例病人的临床资料进行回顾性分析。全胃切除后消化道重建分别采用P型空肠袢食管空肠Roux—en—Y吻合术（PR法）（A组,96例）和改良空肠间置代胃吻合术（FJI法）（B组,44例）。记录术中消化道重建时间、术后12个月营养状况和胃肠道症状（GSRS）评分等。结果消化道重建术所需时间两组比较,差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。术后12个月B组与A组比较,进食量明显增加（P〈0．05）,而GSRS评分降低（P〈0．05）。术后12个月B组体重恢复较A组更佳,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论改良空肠间置代胃吻合术有利于维持病人术后生活质量,在每天进食量及体重恢复方面改良空肠间置代胃吻合术优于P型空肠袢食管空肠Rottx—en—Y吻合术。     

Proximal gastrectomy and jejunal pouch interposition: evaluation of postoperative symptoms and gastrointestinal hormone secretion

Reflux esophagitis, dumping syndrome and malnutrition are included in the postgastrectomy complications. To prevent or minimize such sequelae, proximal gastrectomy with an interposed jejunal pouch has been advocated as an organ-preserving surgical strategy to improve quality of life for the patients. Proximal gastrectomy was performed in 44 patients with tumors in the upper third of the stomach; 21 had reconstruction using jejunal pouch interposition between the esophagus and the remnant stomach (JP group), while 23 had reconstruction by esophagogastrostomy (EG group). Re-construction method was selected by each patient on the basis of the informed consent. Thirty-five patients had early gastric cancer. Postoperative courses of patients were reviewed in terms of symptoms, weight maintenance, nutritional status, blood chemistry values, endoscopic findings, and radiographic appearances after a barium meal. Concentrations of gastrointestinal hormones were measured in response to a test meal. The JP procedure permitted increased dietary volume. The JP group showed fewer severe postoperative symptoms than the EG group. After operation, all patients examined in both groups showed hypergastrinemia and all patients examined in the JP group showed hypersecretinemia. In proximal gastrectomy, the JP procedure improved patient's post-operative quality of life.     

Effects of Different Operative Procedures on the Digestive and Nutritional Status of Patients Treated with a Gastrectomy for Gastric Cancer

Gastric cancer is one of the most common malignancies in China. So far surgical excision of diseased gastric and nodal compo- nents remains the primary therapy. As the detection rate of early can- cer has increased, owing to improved radiography, endoscop…     

全胃切除功能性间置空肠代胃术72例临床分析

目的：探讨功能性间置空肠代胃消化道重建在全胃切除术后的应用价值.方法：回顾性分析2006年1月-2011年12月施行全胃切除功能性间置空肠代胃术72例患者的临床资料.结果：全组无手术死亡和吻合口瘘发生.随访12个月至24个月,部分病例出现轻度反流性食管炎,代胃容量300ml以上,排空时间30-100min.术后生活质量有所提高.结论：功能性间置空肠代胃术是一种安全可靠、效果满意的消化道重建手术方式.     

胃癌全胃切除后不同重建方式对生活质量影响的分析

目的:探讨全胃切除术后不同重建方式对患者生活质量的影响.方法:分析我科1999年5月至2002年5月,全胃切除术的48例患者临床及病理资料和治疗效果,应用Visck分级评定方法,对代胃术组和非代胃术重建组的患者进行生活质量的对比评价.结果:两组患者均以返流为主要的术后症状,术后半年两组间对比14项症状无差异,术后1年,非代胃术重建组比代胃术组在体重、进食时间和进食次数有差异(P＜0.05～0.01);术后2年生存32例,两组仅在体重上有差异(P＜0.05).结论:非代胃术重建组患者比代胃术组患者在进食量、进食次数、体重变化方面具有一定优势;并且返流症状在术后短时间内能得到改善.     

全胃切除术后FJI消化道重建的临床研究

Objective To investigate the optimum reconstruction after total gastrectomy for malignant disease, especially the necessity of gastric substitute and duodenal passage. Methods Among the 459 total gastrectomy cases, 6 kinds of reconstructions had been used, including Braun, modified Braun I (mBraun I), modified Braun II (mBraun II), Roux-en-Y, “P” jejunal interposition (PJI) and functional jejunal interposition (FJI). Postoperative complains, body weight, food intake, serum nutritional paraments, complete blood count, half-emptying time of the gastric substitute, PNI, Visick index were evaluated one year after surgery. Results As compared with Braun group, the mBraun I, II and Roux-en-Y groups which had some kinds of gastric substitute showed less reflux esophagitis and higher serum total protein (P<0.01). As compared with mBraun I, II, Roux-en-Y, PJI and FJI groups which had duodenal passage showed better body weight, higher nutritional paraments and PNI (P<0.05). Conclusion It is essential to construct a gastric substitute and maintain the food chyme flowing through the duodenum after total gastrectomy, and the FJI is a better choice in this study.     

Subjective and functional results after total gastrectomy: prospective study for longterm comparison of reconstruction procedures

Background: Many reconstruction procedures have been developed in efforts to resolve patients' complaints after total gastrectomy. However, there have been few reports of longterm comparisons between reconstruction procedures, especially with regard to the prevention of duodenal food passage. This study was undertaken to compare the longterm subjective and functional results among Roux-en-Y esophagojejunostomy (R-Y), R-Y with pouch (P-Y), and jejunal interposition with pouch (P-I) after total gastrectomy. Methods: Consecutive patients requiring curative total gastrectomy were enrolled in this prospective study by the envelope method. Results: Hospital stay was longer following a P-I than an R-Y or a P-Y. Over 50% of R-Y patients complained of heartburn, and 20% of R-Y patients showed dumping syndrome throughout the postoperative period, with this rate being significantly different from rates in the other two groups. P-Y patients complained of early satiety in the late postoperative period, while P-I patients complained of early satiety in the early postoperative period. The nutritional index in P-I patients was higher than those in patients with the other two procedures. Gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary dual scintigraphy (GHDS) showed that the rate of bile reflux with an R-Y was relatively high after surgery. Food reflux with a P-Y was increased (9.4% to 11.1%), but with a P-I food reflux was decreased at 3 years after surgery (13.3% to 9.9%). Patients with a P-Y had a faster recovery of body, weight in the early postoperative period; however, at 5 years after operation, body weight recovery with a P-I was greatest. Conclusion: Reconstruction should be performed with pouch formation after total gastrectomy with curative intent. Received: March 7, 2002 / Accepted: September 26, 2002 Acknowledgments This study was partly supported by the University of Tsukuba Research Project. Offprint requests to: S. Adachi     

全胃切除术后消化道重建方式选择与评价

全胃切除术是治疗胃癌，尤其是胃体癌的一种重要的手术方式。术后消化道重建的方式多种多样，但是由于术后并发症的发生，至今对哪一种重建方式最好仍没有定论。目前对保留十二指肠食物通道连续性的必要性仍有争议；由于重建贮袋可减少并发症的发生，提高患者的生活质量。对贮袋重建的必要性基本取得了一致看法。本文对近年来全胃切除术后消化道重建方式及其手术效果进行综述。     

Reconstruction following total gastrectomy: a review and summary of the randomized prospective clinical trials.

Reconstruction of gastrointestinal tract continuity following total gastrectomy can be achieved using a variety of operations. Worldwide, Roux-en-Y esophago-jejunostomy with or without a pouch reservoir, is the most frequently performed operation after total gastrectomy. Others have advocated the preservation of the duodenal food passage, employing an interposed segment of bowel between the esophageal remnant and duodenum as a more physiologic operation. Several methods for either approach are described. In recent years, six randomized prospective clinical trials assessing various operations for gastrointestinal reconstruction have been reported. While there is a general consensus for the indications and patient selection criteria in order to proceed with total gastrectomy, a defined optimal procedure has not been clearly established. In the present work, these recent clinical studies addressing gastrointestinal reconstruction following total gastrectomy are reviewed and summarized.     

食道-残胃吻合联合胃空肠吻合术在近端胃癌根治术中的应用

目的 探讨保留远端残胃后利用食管-残胃吻合联合胃空肠吻合术在近端胃癌根治术中的应用价值。方法 回顾性分析68例近端胃癌手术患者的临床资料，其中23例患者接受近端胃切除联合食管-残胃吻合（Esophagogastrostomy，EG组），25例患者接受全胃切除术联合食管-空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术（RY组），20例患者接受近端胃切除，利用食管-残胃吻合联合胃空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术（ Esophagogastrostomy plus gastrojejunostomy，EGJ组），分别观察三组患者的手术治疗指标、术后并发症的发生情况、术后1年的营养状态及生活质量。结果 全组病例均无围手术期死亡，三组患者术中出血量、术后近期并发症（肠梗阻、吻合口漏、吻合口出血等）差异无统计学意义(P>0．05)，EGJ组手术时间高于RY组及EG组（P﹤0.05），反流性食管炎在EG组中的发生率39.13%（9/23）明显高于RY组8%（2/25）及EGJ组5%（1/20）（P﹤0.05）。三组患者术前及术后3、6、12月体重、血红蛋白、血浆总蛋白及白蛋白水平差异均无统计学意义（P>0．05），但EGJ组患者生活质量优于其它两组（P﹤0.05）。结论 保留远端残胃后利用食管-残胃吻合联合胃空肠吻合是治疗近端胃癌安全可行，术后反流性食管炎的发生率明显降低，并可有效地提高生活质量，且操作简便，值得基层医院推广应用。     

空肠间置代胃术在胃癌患者全胃切除中的临床效果

目的 观察根治性全胃切除后进行空肠间置代胃术与单纯Roux-en-Y吻合术对胃癌患者疗效的影响.方法 临床纳入进行根治性全胃切除的胃癌患者90例,根据全胃切除术后消化道重建方式的不同分为研究组与对照组,研究组进行空肠间置代胃术,对照组进行单纯Roux-en-Y吻合术.观察2组手术后血红蛋白浓度(Hb)、血浆前白蛋白(PA)、血浆总蛋白(TP)差异;采用Spitzer评分方法对术后患者生活质量进行评价;观察术后2组患者并发症发生率.结果 术后6个月,2组患者Hb、PA、TP水平差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);术后12个月,研究组Hb、PA、TP水平分别为(122.26±14.06)g/L、(325.48±11.62)mg/L、(64.05±3.54)g/L,对照组Hb、PA、TP水平分别为(133.65±18.26)g/L、(345.64±18.37)mg/L、(67.26±4.55)g/L,2组差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05).术后12个月对患者进行Spitzer评分:研究组活动情况、健康状况、总分分别为(1.42±0.62)、(1.13±0.64)、(1.36±0.62),对照组分别为(0.85±0.65)、(0.71±0.66)、(1.14±0.59),2组差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05).研究组术后并发症发生率为4.44%,远低于对照组的22.22%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 胃癌患者采用根治性全胃切除空肠间置代胃术,能够有效提高术后肠道吸收功能,改善营养状况,并能在一定程度上提高患者的生活质量,值得推广.