基于密度峰值和网格的自动选定聚类中心算法

针对快速搜索和发现密度峰值的聚类算法(DPC)中数据点之间计算复杂,最终聚类的中心个数需要通过决策图手动选取等问题,提出基于密度峰值和网格的自动选定聚类中心的改进算法GADPC。首先结合Clique网格聚类算法的思想,不再针对点对象进行操作,而是将点映射到网格,并将网格作为聚类对象,从而减少了DPC算法中对数据点之间的距离计算和聚类次数;其次通过改进后的聚类中心个数判定准则更精确地自动选定聚类中心个数;最后对网格边缘点和噪声点,采用网格内点对象和相邻网格间的相似度进行了处理。实验通过采用UEF(University of Eastern Finland)提供的数据挖掘使用的人工合成数据集和UCI自然数据集进行对比,其聚类评价指标(Rand Index)表明,改进的算法在计算大数据集时聚类质量不低于DPC和K-means算法,而且提高了DPC算法的处理效率。     

一种针对聚类问题的量子主成分分析算法

聚类问题中的离群点容易影响簇中心的选择,且样本数据量规模的扩大会造成样本点间的距离计算需要消耗大量计算资源.为了解决上述问题,从簇中心选取和最短距离搜索2个方面出发,提出了一种针对聚类问题的新型量子主成分分析算法.利用阈值更新奇异值并得到主成分,再通过势函数得到簇中心,从而减少异常值对簇中心选取的影响.此外,采用量子最小值搜索算法寻找距离样本点最近的簇中心,减少聚类所需迭代次数.以小规模数据集为例,采用Cirq量子编程框架对算法进行电路设计和仿真实验.实验结果表明,该算法与已有的量子聚类算法相比,在聚类准确度上有所提升.性能分析表明,与现有经典和量子算法比较,该算法在簇中心选取和最短距离搜索时间复杂度上有不同程度的改进,消耗资源有所降低.     

一种采用Hilbert曲线网格划分聚类算法

Hilbert曲线能够线性填充数据空间,将数据空间分割成大小相等的网格,从而将位于网格中的点映射到线性空间中.本文利用Hilbert曲线的数据聚类性质,提出一种基于Hilbert曲线网格划分聚类算法,详细叙述算法的执行过程,并给出每一步的理论依据.算法首先以网格为单位合并出面积较小的聚集,然后将小聚集经过若干次合并形成较大聚集,最终使得聚集最优.实验结果表明该算法的执行时间少于经典聚类算法k-means和基于网格聚类算法CLIQUE.     

基于局部密度和动态生成网格聚类算法

为了解决网格聚类算法中的输入参数和聚类结果不精确问题,提出了基于局部密度的动态生成网格聚类算法(DGLD).该算法使用动态生成网格技术能大幅度地减少数据空间中生成的网格单元的数量,并简化邻居的搜索过程;采用局部密度思想解决数据空间相邻部分对网格密度的影响,提高了聚类精度.该算法不需要用户输入参数,能识别任意形状的聚类并有效地去除噪声点.实验结果表明该算法是有效的.     

一种改进的模糊核聚类算法

为解决经典模糊聚类算法对噪声数据敏感、样本分布不平衡和高维数据集聚类效果不理想的问题。针对此不足,可以通过Mercer核把原来的数据空间映射到特征空间,并为特征空间的每个向量分配一个动态权值,从而在经典模糊聚类算法的基础上得到特征空间内的全新的目标函数。在基于核函数的模糊聚类算法中,核参数的选择是至关重要的。因此,提出了一个简单有效地决定核参数的方法。理论分析和实验结果表明,相对于其它经典模糊聚类算法,新算法具有更好的健壮性和聚类效果。     

旋转网格:一种新的聚类融合方法

网格聚类以网格为单位学习聚簇,速度快、效率高。但它过于依赖密度阂值的选择,并且构造的每个聚簇边界呈锯齿状,不能很好地识别平滑边界曲面。针对该问题,提出一种新的面向网格问题的聚类融合算法(RG) . RG不是通过随机抽样数据集或随机初始化相关参数来创建有差异的划分,而是随机地将特征划分为K个子集,使用特征变换得到K个不同的旋转变换基,形成新的特征空间,并将网格聚类算法应用于该特征空间,从而构建有差异的划分。实验表明,RU能够有效地划分任意形状、大小的数据集,并能有效地解决网格聚类过分依赖于密度阂值选择以及边界处理过于粗糙的问题,其精度明显高于单个网格聚类。     

基于多维网格空间的改进K-means聚类算法

K-means算法是被广泛使用的一种聚类算法,传统的K-means算法中初始聚类中心的选择具有随机性,易使算法陷入局部最优,聚类结果不稳定。针对此问题,引入多维网格空间的思想,首先将样本集映射到一个虚拟的多维网格空间结构中,然后从中搜索出包含样本数最多且距离较远的子网格作为初始聚类中心网格,最后计算出各初始聚类中心网格中所包含样本的均值点来作为初始聚类中心。此法选择出来的初始聚类中心与实际聚类中心拟合度高,进而可据此初始聚类中心稳定高效地得到最终的聚类结果。通过使用计算机模拟数据集和UCI机器学习数据集进行测试,结果表明改进算法的迭代次数和错误率比较稳定,且均小于传统K-means算法测试结果的平均值,能有效避免陷入局部最优,并且聚类结果稳定。     

基于网格密度的带有层次因子的聚类算法

基于网格和密度的聚类算法是一类很重要的聚类算法,但由于采用单调性搜索的方法,使得聚类结果并不十分理想,因此文中在GDD算法的基础上,提出了一种基于网格和密度的带有层次因子与距离因子的GDLD算法.GDLD算法将数据空间按要求划分成网格结构并计算网格密度,构建新的跃迁函数以达到形成有效聚类的目的.实验证明,该算法不仅能够发现任意形状的簇,而且使效率得到了很大的提高.同时层次因子既体现了簇的密度水平,也反映了簇密度的变化过程并使得算法参数更容易确定.     

滑动窗口内基于密度网格的数据流聚类算法

提出了一种基于密度网格的数据流聚类算法。通过引入“隶度”,对传统的基于网格密度的数据流聚类算法,以网格内数据点的个数作为网格密度的思想加以改进,解决了一个网格内属于两个类的数据点以及边界点的处理问题。从而既利用了基于网格算法的高效率,还较大程度地提高了聚类精度。     

一种基于网格框架下改进的多密度SNN聚类算法

针对数据集中数据分布密度不均匀以及存在噪声点,噪声点容易导致样本聚类时产生较大的偏差问题,提出一种基于网络框架下改进的多密度SNN聚类算法。网格化递归划分数据空间成密度不同的网格,对高密度网格单元作为类簇中心,利用网格相对密度差检测出在簇边界网格中包含噪声点;使用改进的SNN聚类算法计算边界网格内样本数据点的局部密度,通过数据密度特征分布对噪声点进行类簇分配,从而提高聚类算法的鲁棒性。在UCI高维的数据集上的实验结果表明,与传统的算法相比,该算法通过网格划分数据空间和局部密度峰值进行样本类簇分配,有效地平衡聚类效果和时间性能。     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.     

Editorial: Special issue on recent advances in hybrid control theory and applications

正The demands of a rapidly advancing technology for faster and more accurate controllers have always had a strong influence on the progress of automatic control theory.In recent years control problems have been arising with increasing frequency in widely different areas,which cannot be addressed using conventional control techniques.The principal reason for this is the fact that a highly competitive economy is forcing systems to operate in regimes where     

Information for Authors

正Aim The Journals of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE(A/B/C)areedited by the international board of distinguished Chinese andforeign scientists,and are aimed to present the latest devel-opments and achievements in scientific research in China andoverseas to the world’s scientific circles,especially to stimulateand promote academic exchange between Chinese and for-eign scientists everywhere.     

Enhancing a leaf radiative transfer model to estimate concentrations and in vivo specific absorption coefficients of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b from single-needle reflectance and transmittance

The relative concentrations of different pigments within a leaf have significant physiological and spectral consequences. Photosynthesis, light use efficiency, mass and energy exchange, and stress response are dependent on relationships among an ensemble of pigments. This ensemble also determines the visible characteristics of a leaf, which can be measured remotely and used to quantify leaf biochemistry and structure. But current remote sensing approaches are limited in their ability to resolve individual pigments. This paper focuses on the incorporation of three pigments—chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total carotenoids—into the LIBERTY leaf radiative transfer model to better understand relationships between leaf biochemical, biophysical, and spectral properties.Pinus ponderosa and Pinus jeffreyi needles were collected from three sites in the California Sierra Nevada. Hemispheric single-leaf visible reflectance and transmittance and concentrations of chlorophylls a and b and total carotenoids of fresh needles were measured. These data were input to the enhanced LIBERTY model to estimate optical and biochemical properties of pine needles. The enhanced model successfully estimated reflectance (RMSE = 0.0255, BIAS = 0.00477, RMS%E = 16.7%), had variable success estimating transmittance (RMSE = 0.0442, BIAS = 0.0294, RMS%E = 181%), and generated very good estimates of carotenoid concentrations (RMSE = 2.48 µg/cm², BIAS = 0.143 µg/cm², RMS%E = 20.4%), good estimates of chlorophyll a concentrations (RMSE = 10.7 µg/cm², BIAS = − 0.992 µg/cm², RMS%E = 21.1%), and fair estimates of chlorophyll b concentrations (RMSE = 7.49 µg/cm², BIAS = − 2.12 µg/cm², RMS%E = 43.7%). Overall root mean squared errors of reflectance, transmittance, and pigment concentration estimates were lower for the three-pigment model than for the single-pigment model. The algorithm to estimate three in vivo specific absorption coefficients is robust, although estimated values are distorted by inconsistencies in model biophysics. The capacity to invert the model from single-leaf reflectance and transmittance was added to the model so it could be coupled with vegetation canopy models to estimate canopy biochemistry from remotely sensed data.     

Mr. Twinn’s bombes

This article discusses the history and design of the special versions of the bombe key-finding machines used by Britain’s Government Code & Cypher School (GC&CS) during World War II to attack the Enigma traffic of the Abwehr (the German military intelligence service). These special bombes were based on the design of their more numerous counterparts used against the traffic of the German armed services, but differed from them in important ways that highlight the adaptability of the British bombe design, and the power and flexibility of the diagonal board. Also discussed are the changes in the Abwehr indicating system that drove the development of these machines, the ingenious ways in which they were used, and some related developments involving the bombes used by the U.S. Navy’s cryptanalytic unit (OP-20-G).