Effect of starter culture, spice mix and storage time and temperature on biogenic amine content of dry fermented sausages

Two types of dry fermented sausage differing in spicing mixture and the diameter (low content of red pepper + diameter 80 mm, H-sausage; high content of red pepper + diameter 55 mm, P-sausage, respectively) were produced in parallel with two different starter cultures (Pediococcus pentosaceus + Staphylococcus carnosus, B-samples and S. carnosus + Staphylococcus xylosus + Lactobacillus farciminis, F-samples, respectively). The sausages were ripened 21 days and subsequently stored 91 days at the room temperature. Concentration of both most abundant amines, putrescine and tyramine (y; mg/kg DM) increased significantly (P<0.01) in HB-sausage during ripening (x; days): y=2.5+18.13x−0.3144x² (R²=0.99) and y=0.7+8.17x−0.1130x² (R²=0.99), and also during storage: y=127.3+5.123x (R²=0.79) and y=26.0+3.211x (R²=0.74), respectively. At the end of ripening, putrescine (247 mg/kg DM) and tyramine (123 mg/kg DM) content in the HB-sausage was higher (P<0.05) than in the PB-sausage (12 and 9 mg/kg DM, respectively), concentration of either of these amines was negligible (1 mg/kg DM) in either type of F-inoculated sausage. Both starter culture and sausage type influenced significantly (P<0.001) both putrescine and tyramine content in the sausage; starter accounted for 57% and 55% of total variability in putrescine and tyramine content, respectively. Due to the significant (P<0.05) increase of total aerobic counts in the HB-sausage between the end of ripening and the 7th day of storage, followed by the significant (P<0.01) increase of the sum of total biogenic amines between the end of ripening (425 mg/kg DM) and the end of storage (1029 mg/kg DM), the storage of the dry fermented sausages at the room temperature should not be recommended.     

Effect of grape storage time on biogenic amines content in must

The presence of amines in wine can produce a negative impact on the aroma of the product and, in some cases, detrimental health effects. Several factors affect the content of amines in wine, among those, the presence of biogenic amines in must.     

Effects of heat treatment and storage temperature on the biogenic amine content of straw mushroom (Volvariella volvacea)

The changes in the biogenic amines tryptamine, 2-phenylethylamine, putrescine, cadaverine, histamine and tyramine of straw mushroom Volvariella volvacea (Bull, ex Fr) Sing produced by heat treatment and during storage at different temperatures were studied. About 80% of the original content of these amines was lost during cooking. Commercial canned straw mushroom contained low amounts of amines. The amine contents of straw mushroom increased during storage at 4°C, with particularly notable increases in the concentrations of 2-phenylethylamine and tyramine after 5 days' storage. However, the levels of all amines increased more markedly during storage at 25°C, and the increases in the putrescine and cadaverine concentrations were much greater than those reached at 4°C.     

黄酒中生物胺的检测方法改进

本研究在国标GB/T 5009.208-2008基础上简化了样品前处理条件和步骤,改进了检测黄酒中生物胺的方法。经方法学验证,8种生物胺得到了较好分离,标准品线性关系良好,相对标准偏差(RSD)值均＜2%,回收率均在92.0%～106.0%,方法具有良好的重复性和回收率。与国标生物胺的检测方法相比,本检测方法操作简单、快速,并且检测结果可靠。     

储存温度及时间对三文鱼中组胺和色胺

目的 探讨生物胺作为这种海洋食品鲜度变化参考指标的可行性。方法 采用柱前衍生-高压液相色谱法检测三文鱼在不同储存温度及时间下生物胺含量的变化。结果 分别在?18 ℃、4 ℃和10 ℃的冰箱中保存的样品, 于0 h、12 h、36 h、48 h后均可检测到色胺和组胺, 储存后的三文鱼中组胺含量较高, 含量随温度、时间的增加而增加; 在4 ℃下, 三文鱼中组胺的生成与时间呈现一定的线性关系。结论 在该温度下, 组胺可作为三文鱼肉新鲜程度的质量指标。     

Changes of yolk biogenic amine concentrations during storage of shell hen eggs

The RP-HPLC/UV method, using dabsyl derivatization, optimised for the determination of biogenic amines in egg yolk, was appropriate for quantification of putrescine, cadaverine, histamine, ethylamine, propylamine, ethanolamine, tyramine, tryptamine, spermine, spermidine, phenylethylamine. Detection limits ranged between 0.05 and 0.06 mg of biogenic amine/kg of egg yolk. Two experiments using, respectively, farm and avian eggs were conducted to evaluate yolk biogenic amine concentrations of fresh and stored eggs, and to explain the effect of temperature and time of storage in the levels of biogenic amines during egg shelf-life. Only five of the 11 biogenic amines under study were detected: putrescine, cadaverine, propylamine, ethylamine and ethanolamine. Storage time during shelf-life presented a significant effect on the levels of the five amines (p < 0.01). On the contrary, storage temperature did not presented a significant effect on the levels of the mentioned amines, p > 0.01. The significant reduction of biogenic amine concentration during the shelf-life justified the application of a multiple linear regression using stepwise method to estimate the storage time. The regression equation was applied with success to confirm the storage time of farm eggs and avian eggs that were stored at two different temperatures.     

Impact of fermentation conditions and refrigerated storage on microbial quality and biogenic amine content of sauerkraut

White cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata cv. Bronco) was fermented, at 0.5% and 1.5% NaCl, using Lactobacillus plantarum or Leuconostoc mesenteroides as starter cultures and, subsequently, sauerkraut was stored at 4 °C for 3 months. Microbial populations and six biogenic amines (putrescine, cadaverine, histamine, tyramine, spermine and spermidine) were investigated. Fermentation and storage increased aerobic mesophilic bacteria and LAB populations in sauerkrauts, and this was accompanied by a rise in biogenic amine content. L. plantarum sauerkrauts produced with 0.5% NaCl had the highest microbial counts, whilst no differences between salt contents were found with L. mesenteroides. Total biogenic amine amount was lower at 0.5% NaCl than at 1.5% in both induced fermentations and L. mesenteroides produced a lower content than did L. plantarum. Spermidine was the major contributor to the total biogenic amine content, followed by putrescine, whilst histamine was present at the lowest level. The individual and total biogenic amine levels in the experimental sauerkrauts stored at 4 °C for 3 months were below the upper limits reported in the literature for fermented products, indicating good quality and safety of the sauerkrauts. L. mesenteroides starter and 0.5% NaCl were the optimal fermentation conditions for producing sauerkrauts with the lowest biogenic amine contents.     

Impact of Gram-negative bacteria in interaction with a complex microbial consortium on biogenic amine content and sensory characteristics of an uncooked pressed cheese

The impact of Gram-negative bacteria on sensory characteristics and production of volatile compounds as well as biogenic amines (BA) in the core of an uncooked pressed type model cheese was investigated in the presence of a defined complex microbial consortium. Eleven strains of Gram-negative bacteria, selected on the basis of their biodiversity and in vitro BA-production ability, were individually tested in a model cheese. Four out of 6 strains of Enterobacteriaceae (Citrobacter freundii UCMA 4217, Klebsiella oxytoca 927, Hafnia alvei B16 and Proteus vulgaris UCMA 3780) reached counts close to 6 log CFU g⁻¹ in the model cheese. In core of cheeses inoculated with Gram-negative bacteria, only slight differences were observed for microbial counts (Enterococcus faecalis or Lactobacillus plantarum count differences below 1 log CFU g⁻¹), acetate concentration (differences below 200 mg kg⁻¹) and texture (greater firmness) in comparison to control cheeses. Cheese core colour, odour and volatile compound composition were not modified. Although ornithine, the precursor of putrescine, was present in all cheeses, putrescine was only detected in cheeses inoculated with H. alvei B16 and never exceeded 2.18 mmol kg⁻¹ cheese dry matter. Cadaverine was only detected in cheeses inoculated with H. alvei B16, K. oxytoca 927, Halomonas venusta 4C1A or Morganella morganii 3A2A but at lower concentrations (<1.05 mmol kg⁻¹ cheese dry matter), although lysine was available. Only insignificant amounts of the detrimental BA histamine and tyramine, as well as isopentylamine, tryptamine or phenylethylamine, were produced in the cheese model by any of the Gram-negative strains, including those which produced these BA at high levels in vitro.     

贮藏温度对青方腐乳生物胺和理化性质的影响

以市售的青方腐乳为原料,研究了开盖后贮藏在不同温度下其生物胺含量、水分活度（Aw）、pH值、氨基酸态氮的动态变化,探讨了生物胺与理化指标之间的相关性。结果显示,青方腐乳在不同温度下贮藏至15 d时总生物胺含量＞1 000 mg/kg,且组胺含量＞100 mg/kg,酪胺含量在贮藏至30 d时（除25 ℃第30天）＞100 mg/kg,均超过了相关标准推荐的限量值;在不同贮藏温度下,青方腐乳水分活度＞0.8,pH变化规律基本一致,在第15天达到最大,4 ℃贮藏时,氨基酸态氮含量随贮藏时间的延长而增大。相关性分析结果表明,理化指标的变化与生物胺存在一定的关系,pH与苯乙胺、尸胺、组胺和亚精胺呈极显著正相关（P＜0.01）。结果表明,为了食用安全,腐乳开盖后应尽量在15 d内食用完。     

酿酒工艺对黄酒中生物胺的影响

采用高效液相色谱技术,针对黄酒酿造工艺,模拟实际生产,分析了微生物、工艺参数和冷热处理等对黄酒中生物胺含量的影响。结果表明,酵母Y可使生物胺总量降低,霉菌M可使生物胺总量增加,细菌除戊糖片球菌L04使生物胺总量降低外,其他细菌均可使生物胺总量增加;在培养温度32 ℃,培养时间3 d,pH值为3.5,酒精体积分数15%的条件下,生物胺总量为60.19 mg/L;煎酒使生物胺含量增加,冷冻过滤技术因有效降低酪胺含量使生物胺总量大幅降低。     

黄酒中不产生物胺乳酸菌的筛选及应用

为筛选不产生物胺的乳酸菌菌株,对黄酒发酵醪液及米浆水中的微生物进行培养及与分离纯化,发现3株菌不具有氨基酸脱羧酶活性,但具有一定的生物胺降解能力。使用黄酒发酵液培养该3株菌,发现在2.50%Vol的黄酒培养液中,3株菌能正常生长;在8.80%Vol黄酒培养液中,菌株5-4和8-3生长能力明显弱于14-2-1;在15.70%Vol黄酒培养液中,3株菌均受到严重抑制。菌株14-2-1生长速率最快,繁殖最旺,经鉴定为植物乳杆菌,同时菌株产酸能力较强,产酸速率也较快,表现出一定的优越性,应用于黄酒酿造中,能有效降低黄酒中生物胺的含量。     

Effect of wine addition on microbiological characteristics,volatile molecule profiles and biogenic amine contents in fermented sausages

The aim was to evaluate the effect of wine addition during manufacturing of dry fermented sausages, in terms of safety aspects (biogenic amine accumulation), aroma profile and sensory characteristics. Three batches of salami were produced: without wine addition and with 7.5% or 15% (v/w) of white wine. The fermented sausages showed characteristics that can increase product diversification. Some of the sensory features (i.e. increased salty perception) can represent an important strategy because of the trend to reduce salt intake for health reasons. The presence of wine immediately reduced the pH and is a source of ethanol, which can have an inhibitory effect against undesirable microflora. The microbiological results observed regarding Enterobacteriaceae and enterococci were encouraging. The addition of wine did not negatively affect the ripening time or increase the presence of biogenic amines. The samples containing wine showed reduced concentrations of putrescine.     

Dynamic changes of the content of biogenic amines in Chinese rice wine during the brewing process

This study examined the biogenic amine content of the brewing raw material (wheat Qu, seed starter, mash or liquid) during fermentation and during the maturation and storage process. Pre‐column derivatization and high‐performance liquid chromatography were employed to analyse the dynamic changes in biogenic amines during the Chinese rice wine brewing process. Some aliphatic amines (putrescine, cadaverine, spermine) were already found to be present in the glutinous rice and wheat Qu, but the content was below 2.88 mg/kg. None of the amines were detected in the brewing water. The biogenic amine content in the seed starter exhibited a large variation range (16.43–87.72 mg/L), which could influence the total content of biogenic amines prior to fermentation. A much more obvious increase in biogenic amines stemmed from the fermentation process, with the presence of a biogenic amine‐producing bacteria and precursor amino amines. In the first 2 days, the biogenic amine content increased sharply, followed by a slow increase over the next 4 days, and the content reached a maximum value on day 6; subsequently there was a decrease or fluctuation in the concentration. After clarification and cooking, the biogenic amine content increased significantly; however, a slight decrease was observed during storage, especially for putrescine and histamine. Putrescine and tyramine were the most prevalent amines in all of the samples. Overall, the content of biogenic amines was found to be within the safe level for human health, ranging from 54.52 to 146. 35 mg/L. Copyright © 2013 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling     

生物胺降解菌株的筛选与鉴定

从实验室保藏的不同来源乳酸菌菌株中筛选出具有生物胺降解能力的菌株,测定其在不同盐浓度、pH下的生长能力。结果表明,筛选出3株具有生物胺降解能力的菌株,经16SrDNA序列分析,菌株HM22鉴定为发酵乳杆菌(Lactobacillus fermentum),菌株HM24为植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum),菌株YF10042为粪肠球菌(Enterococcus faecalis);其中植物乳杆菌HM24的降解能力最优,对色胺、苯乙胺、腐胺、尸胺、组胺、酪胺、亚精胺、精胺的降解率分别为(25.90±2.30)%,(35.75±2.71)%,(27.61±3.94)%,(25.91±3.76)%,(22.54±2.64)%,(34.55±1.90)%,(39.25±1.86)%,(55.66±7.08)%;当盐浓度为4%～10%时,3株菌株耐受力随盐浓度的增加而降低,;当pH为3.5～9.5时,3株菌株均可生长。     

不同啤酒生物胺含量的比较

使用反相高效液相色谱法,测定啤酒中8种常见生物胺含量。以苯甲酰氯为衍生试剂,Agilent EclipseXDB-C18为固定相,乙腈和乙酸铵溶液为流动相,紫外检测波长设置为254 nm,梯度洗脱。本文首先对国内市售啤酒生物胺种类及含量范围进行研究,检测结果表明国内啤酒中8种生物胺均有存在,但不同样品所含种类不同,且有个别胺含量偏低无法定量。不同厂家的产品在种类和含量上存在差别,但整体含量接近,生物胺总量为4.21～10.59 mg/L,不足以对人类健康产生危害。原麦汁浓度、酒精度与生物胺含量的关系显示,二者与生物胺有一定联系,但非主要因素,相对于生产厂家和发酵情况,原麦汁浓度、酒精度对生物胺含量的影响较小。     

The impact of fermentation at elevated temperature on quality attributes and biogenic amines formation of low-salt fermented fish

To accelerate fermentation and improve quality of fermented fish, the impact of fermentation at elevated temperature on physicochemical, microbiological and flavour characteristics, as well as biogenic amines (BAs) accumulation of low-salt fermented fish was investigated. Results showed that increasing temperature at later stage significantly promoted the growth of lactic acid bacteria, retarded the reduction of yeast and increased the titratable acidity, while staphylococci and enterobacteriaceae were inhibited to higher extent when fermented at elevated temperature. BAs contents in samples fermented at 30 °C during later stage were lower than those in the group fermented at 25 °C for 28 days, and the lowest values were observed in the sample initially fermented at 25 °C for 10 days followed by fermentation at 30 °C for 18 days. Furthermore, fermentation at elevated temperature at later stage favoured the formation of desired volatile flavour compounds. Results suggested that fermentation at elevated temperature at later stage could reduce BAs accumulation and enhance quality attributes of low-salt fermented fish.     

Selection of a versatile Lactobacillus plantarum for wine production and identification and preliminary characterisation of a novel histamine-degrading enzyme

In this study, a desirable and versatile Lactobacillus plantarum strain possessing great ability of L-malic acid consumption, biogenic amine degradation and resistance to wine harsh environment was obtained through successive screenings. Malolactic fermentation (MLF) in contaminated grape wine and cherry wine (supplemented with histamine, tyramine and cadaverine) conducted by this strain was finished within 24 and 18 days, respectively, and the concentration of histamine, tyramine and cadaverine was decreased by over 57% following MLF. The enzyme from L. plantarum responsible for the amine degradation was purified to homogeneity by four steps including cell disruption, ammonium sulphate fractionation, an anion chromatography and a gel filtration chromatography. Such enzyme was identified as glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) after N-terminal sequence analysis and protein Blast, a tetramer enzyme with a subunit molecular weight of 36 kDa. The optimum values of pH and temperature of this enzyme were at pH 7.5 and 40 °C, and stable between pH 5.5–8.5 and 30–50 °C.     

贮藏温度和时间对鳝鱼肌肉鲜度及生物胺 含量的影响

目的 为生鲜调理型鳝鱼制品的生产及安全控制提供保障。方法 以黄鳝为对象,测定在不同温度下(-0.5、4、15、30℃)黄鳝肌肉的菌落总数、氨基态氮、TBA、TVB-N、K值和生物胺含量及其在贮藏过程中的变化,研究了贮藏温度和时间对鳝鱼肌肉鲜度和生物胺含量的影响。结果 在-0.5、4、15、30℃4种温度贮藏时,贮藏温度越高,鳝鱼肌肉中菌落总数、K值、TVB-N以及氨基态氮含量增加速度越快,鳝鱼肌肉的鲜度下降越快。新鲜鳝鱼肌肉K值小于10%,在4、15、30℃下贮藏鳝鱼肌肉K值分别在第8 d、第4 d、12 h就超过了60%,而在-0.5℃贮藏14 d鳝鱼肌肉的K值都能保持在55%以下。生物胺的产生与贮藏温度和时间有着密切的联系,温度越高,时间越长,总生物胺产生量越高,腐胺和尸胺变化最为显著。在-0.5、4、15、30℃下贮藏鳝鱼肌肉生物胺含量分别在第14 d、第10 d、第4 d、第12 h超过20 mg/100 g。结论 鳝鱼肌肉应在-0.5℃贮藏,可以有效保持鲜度和控制脂肪氧化,减少微生物生长和生物胺产生,延长货架期。     

Effects of aw at packaging time and atmosphere composition on aroma profile,biogenic amine content and microbiological features of dry fermented sausages

The aim was to evaluate the effects of different water contents (corresponding to a_w 0.940, 0.914, 0.895 and 0.875) of sausages at different times on the characteristics of typical Italian dry fermented sausages packaged under two different modified atmospheres (MAP) (100%N₂ or 30%CO₂/70%N₂). During ripening and storage, samples were analyzed to evaluate pH and a_w changes, microbial population, biogenic amine (BA) accumulation and aroma profile.     

冰温发酵鳜鱼对鱼肉滋味及其生物胺含量的影响

以新鲜鳜鱼为原料,分别在冰温带(-2.5～0℃)和10℃条件下进行低盐自然发酵,研究冰温发酵鳜鱼相对于10℃发酵鱼肉滋味及鱼肉中生物胺含量的变化.分别测定2组发酵鱼肉呈味核苷酸、游离氨基酸、生物胺、pH、微生物、总挥发性盐基氮(total volatile basic nitrogen,TVB-N)等指标,结果表明,冰...