X56钢焊接接头J-R曲线的研究

根据BS7448断裂韧度试验标准,采用多试样方法,测试了X56管线钢焊接接头的低温(-5℃)J-R曲线。取尺寸为B(板厚)×2B、缺口方向为板厚方向、带预制疲劳裂纹的标准试样进行三点弯试验。采用两个夹式引伸计在-5℃下分别得到焊缝和热影响区(HAZ)的双P-V曲线来计算施力点位移,从而得到J积分值。然后对数据点进行拟合得到J-R曲线,计算出J0.2,确定了材料的断裂韧度。通过对HAZ试样剖面分析表明,所有试样的裂纹尖端全部落在HAZ,从而验证了试验结果的可靠性。试验将BS7448标准应用于焊接接头J-R曲线的测定,试验结果为ECA评估提供了重要依据。     

关于J积分测定方法的比较及相关问题的讨论

采用多试样方法,应用国内外不同标准测试了X56管线钢焊接接头的低温(-5 ℃)J-R曲线并对结果进行了分析比较.采用两个夹式引伸计在-5 ℃下分别得到焊缝和热影响区(HAZ)的双P-V曲线来计算施力点位移,从而得到J积分值.然后对数据点分别根据国家标准GB2038-91和英国标准BS7448进行处理.结果表明,BS7448标准在钝化线、各界限确定等方面存在着很大的优越性,能够拟合得到J-R曲线,计算出J0.2,确定了材料的断裂韧度.而根据国家标准GB2038-91没有合格数据点,从而不能进行断裂韧度的计算.     

Q345B厚钢板对接接头显微组织分析及力学性能测试北大核心

为评价Q345B厚钢板焊接接头的力学性能,使用MAG焊和埋弧焊工艺对67 mm厚的试板进行焊接,并对焊接接头各区域进行金相组织分析及力学性能测试,包含拉伸、弯曲、常温冲击和低温冲击测试。结果表明,焊接工艺得到的焊接接头成形良好,缺陷较少,其中埋弧焊焊缝呈现粗大的柱状晶,为先共析铁素体和针状铁素体,MAG焊焊缝为先共析铁素体和针状珠光体,埋弧焊层间组织晶粒较均匀,为片状珠光体及铁素体;焊接接头屈服强度平均值为349 MPa,抗拉强度平均值为440 MPa,断后伸长率平均为29.3%;弯曲角90°时,不同位置的弯曲试样均未出现裂纹;除存在气孔的试样外,常温冲击吸收功大于100 J,低温冲击吸收能量大于65 J。总体来看,该工艺得到的焊接接头力学性能良好,能够满足技术要求。     

Q345B厚钢板对接接头显微组织分析及力学性能测试

为评价Q345B厚钢板焊接接头的力学性能,使用MAG焊和埋弧焊工艺对67 mm厚的试板进行焊接,并对焊接接头各区域进行金相组织分析及力学性能测试,包含拉伸、弯曲、常温冲击和低温冲击测试。结果表明,焊接工艺得到的焊接接头成形良好,缺陷较少,其中埋弧焊焊缝呈现粗大的柱状晶,为先共析铁素体和针状铁素体,MAG焊焊缝为先共析铁素体和针状珠光体,埋弧焊层间组织晶粒较均匀,为片状珠光体及铁素体;焊接接头屈服强度平均值为349 MPa,抗拉强度平均值为440 MPa,断后伸长率平均为29.3%;弯曲角90°时,不同位置的弯曲试样均未出现裂纹;除存在气孔的试样外,常温冲击吸收功大于100 J,低温冲击吸收能量大于65 J。总体来看,该工艺得到的焊接接头力学性能良好,能够满足技术要求。     

基于单边缺口拉伸试样的环缝接头阻力曲线确定方法对比

近些年单边缺口拉伸(SENT)试样被用于管道基于应变的设计与评估,并且相关机构发展了一些断裂韧性的测试标准,包括DNVGL-RP-F108,CANMET,BMT,USP以及英国国家标准BS 8571等. 但相关测试标准之间在测试原理、测试方法以及断裂韧性计算方法上还存在较大差异,有必要对它们之间的区别进行进一步的研究. 文中以API X80管线钢环缝接头为研究对象,对夹持式单边缺口拉伸(SENT)试样的裂纹尖端张开位移(δ)和J积分阻力曲线不同确定方法进行了对比. 结果表明,通过拟合计算J-R曲线、δ-R曲线以及初始断裂韧性值J_0.2和δ_0.2,给出了SENT试样断裂韧性阻力曲线计算的推荐公式.     

宏观力学不均匀性对焊接接头动态J积分的影响

焊接接头是一个宏观力学不均匀体，力学不均匀性对焊接接头的动态断裂行为有重要的影响。采用MARC有限元程序，对含焊缝中心裂纹的低匹配焊接接头三点弯曲试样的动态断裂响应进行了计算模拟，并采用虚拟裂纹扩展方法计算了动态J积分断裂参量。作为比较，计算了相同条件下全母材及全焊缝三点弯曲试样的动态响应。由于惯性效应的作用，动态载荷响应曲线周期振动，焊接接头试样的动态载荷响应值介于全母材与全焊缝之间。用虚拟裂纹扩展方法计算的动态J积分与路径无关，惯性效应对动态J积分基本没有影响。低匹配焊接接头的动态J积分低于全母材而高于全焊缝。研究结果为承受动载的焊接结构安全评定奠定了基础。     

X65管线钢焊接接头CTOD断裂韧度

根据BS74 4 8断裂韧度试验标准 ,对X6 5管线钢焊接接头的低温 (0℃ )裂纹尖端张开位移 (CTOD)进行了测试。取尺寸为B× 2B(B为试样厚度 )、缺口方向为NP的试样进行三点弯曲试验 ,然后由所得到的 0℃下母材、焊缝和热影响区 (HAZ)的P -V曲线来计算CTOD值 ,并对试验结果进行了讨论和总结。对显微组织的分析表明 ,共有3个HAZ试件不满足裂纹尖端不超过熔合线 0 .5mm且落在粗晶区内的要求。该结果恰好与P -V曲线和所得的CTOD值相一致 ,从而解决了试验值分散性大的问题 ,同时为ECA评估提供了重要依据 ,验证了BS74 4 8标准的合理性并体现了它的优越性。     

焊后热处理对海洋平台用钢焊缝低温断裂韧性的影响北大核心

分别采用焊条电弧焊(2G,3G)、CO2气体保护焊(2G,3G)与埋弧焊(2.0 k J/mm,3.5 k J/mm)工艺得到板厚分别为80 mm,80 mm,100 mm焊接接头。将试样均分为两组,根据英国BSI 7448—2005《断裂韧性试验标准》,分别进行焊态和热处理态低温断裂韧性(CTOD)测试。结果表明,相同热处理工艺对不同焊接方法焊缝中心线CTOD值影响不同。FCAW接头的低温韧性对热处理敏感性较低,热处理前后2G与3G位置的CTOD值都基本不变;埋弧焊接头断裂韧性提升幅度较小,低热输入下CTOD约提高5%,高热输入下约提高32%;焊条电弧焊2G和3G位置CTOD值分别提高14.15倍和1.5倍。试验结果为评价这几种焊接方法和相应板厚焊接接头的免除热处理提供了一定依据。     

海洋石油平台焊接接头大型CTOD试验

依据英国BS7448断裂韧性试验标准，对焊接接头超大尺寸低温裂纹尖端张开位移（CTOD）试验测试技术进行了探讨，对采用焊条电弧焊与埋弧焊工艺施焊的、板厚为2．5in(63.5mm）的海洋石油平台焊接接头试样进行了CTOD试验，分别测试了－18℃两种工艺下焊缝金属和热影响区的CTOD断裂韧性，对试验结果及试验中的有关技术问题进行了分析讨论。试验表明，除两个热影响区（HAZ）试样外，其余试样均满足美国Phillips石油公司提出了最小CTOD为0．15mm的要求。试验结果为评价这种板厚焊接接头的焊后热处理规范提供了依据。     

焊后热处理对海洋平台用钢焊缝低温断裂韧性的影响

分别采用焊条电弧焊(2G,3G)、CO2气体保护焊(2G,3G)与埋弧焊(2.0 k J/mm,3.5 k J/mm)工艺得到板厚分别为80 mm,80 mm,100 mm焊接接头。将试样均分为两组,根据英国BSI 7448—2005《断裂韧性试验标准》,分别进行焊态和热处理态低温断裂韧性(CTOD)测试。结果表明,相同热处理工艺对不同焊接方法焊缝中心线CTOD值影响不同。FCAW接头的低温韧性对热处理敏感性较低,热处理前后2G与3G位置的CTOD值都基本不变;埋弧焊接头断裂韧性提升幅度较小,低热输入下CTOD约提高5%,高热输入下约提高32%;焊条电弧焊2G和3G位置CTOD值分别提高14.15倍和1.5倍。试验结果为评价这几种焊接方法和相应板厚焊接接头的免除热处理提供了一定依据。     

Fracture toughness of CA6NM alloy,quenched and tempered,and of its welded joint without PWHT

CA6NM quenched and tempered steel is used in hydraulic turbine rotors, pumps and compressors. The objective of this research is to determine the fracture toughness of tempered and quenched CA6NM alloy, and of its welded joints without post-welded heat treatment (PWHT). To this end, compact tension (CT) test pieces are milled from pieces of CA6NM steel for evaluation of the toughness of the alloy used in a hydraulic turbine. Due to the elasto-plastic condition of the material, the test pieces are tested by means of the J integral concept, setting out the resistance curve J–R and the crack initiation J _IC. In welded joints produced from ingots, without PWHT, the fragility they show does not allow the J–R curve for the CT test pieces to be drawn up, and the toughness is characterized by means of the K _IC concept. The welding procedure looks at the probable conditions for repair of cavitation wear to the turbine, where PWHT cannot be carried out. The results confirmed the higher toughness for the CA6NM steel, with values approximately three times higher than those obtained in the welded joints without PWHT. In terms of the fracture, the CA6NM steel shows ductile behaviour while the welded joint without PWHT shows fragile behaviour.     

Fatigue behaviour of out-of-plane gusset joints with one-side fillet weld

In previous studies, many fatigue tests have been performed to investigate the fatigue behaviour of out-of-plane gusset welded joints. However, fatigue behaviour of out-of-plane gusset joints with a one-side fillet weld has not yet been clarified sufficiently. In this research, in order to quantitatively clarify the behaviour, welding residual stress at the weld toes of the joint was measured by a cutting method. In addition to this, fatigue tests were carried out on the joints with a one-side weld and turn-around weld. The plate thickness is 9 mm and the weld size is 10 mm. Moreover, finite element stress analyses were conducted on the test specimen models and parametric models with different main plate and gusset plate thickness. Their results show that fatigue cracks for out-of-plane gusset joints with a one-side fillet weld initiate from both weld toes at the start and end points of weld beads and non-penetration weld of the gusset side. Also, the crack initiation points are different depending on the weld arrangement; however, their fatigue strengths are almost same.     

Tailored blank welding between low carbon steel sheet and STS 304 stainless steel sheet by CO2 laser beam

A basic reseach of tailored blank welding between a low carbon steel sheet and a STS 304 stainless steel sheet was carried out with CO₂ laser beam. The materials used in this work were a low carbon steel sheet with a thickness of 0.9 mm and a STS 304 stainless steel sheet with the same thickness. Experiments were carried out by applying the Taguchi method to obtain optimized conditions in order to apply this tailored blank laser welding method in the practical manufacturing process. In order to compare the laser welding results with the conventional welding process, GTA welding was carried out for the same materials. Optical microscopy, SEM and XRD analyses were performed to observe the microstructures and to analyze the various phases. A tensile test, hardness test and Erichsen test were performed to evaluate the formability of welded specimens. In addition, immersion test was carried to estimate corrosion resistance. A WDS analysis showed that laser welding resulted in almost the same dilution of both low carbon steel and stainless steel in welded metal, meanwhile, GTA welding resulted in more dilution of stainless steel due to its slower heat conductivity. The formability of the laser welded specimen reached 83% of that in base metal. On the other hand, it was 63% in the case of GTA welding. During the tension test, base metal was fractured in the case of a laser welded specimen, meanwhile the welded zone was fractured in the case of the GTA welded specimen. The corrosion test showed that weight loss per unit area was less in the laser welded specimen than that of the GTA welded specimen.     

先进高强钢电阻点焊接头的断裂模式分析与预测

研究了先进高强钢(advanced high strength steel, AHSS)两层板电阻点焊接头的断裂模式,不同的断裂模式会影响点焊接头断裂时的机理、力学性能及断裂位置,基于不同组合下的临界熔核尺寸、最大载荷、断口宏观形貌、初始断裂位置、宏观金相组织以及微观硬度曲线等试验结果,阐明了板材厚度和板材强度两类因素对于断裂模式的影响规律. 结果表明,板材强度因素会直接影响断裂模式、初始断裂位置以及最大载荷;板材厚度因素影响断裂模式但不改变初始断裂位置及最大载荷. 临界熔核尺寸的影响因素有板材厚度、板材强度、熔核中缺陷以及拔出断裂位置距熔合线的距离. 在此基础上,文中提出了临界熔核尺寸(D_CR)的预测模型及预测方法,该方法与试验值符合较好,为实际工业应用中的临界熔核尺寸判定提供了理论依据.     

高强钢振动焊接工艺参数的优化

在WQ960高强钢GMAW焊接过程中施加机械振动,焊接过程中通过改变焊接电流、振动频率和振动振幅实现随焊随振.为了确定高强钢振动焊接的最佳工艺参数,引入正交试验方法,对各个参数下的焊接接头的微观组织、拉伸性能和冲击性能进行分析,确定最佳参数,并探究振动参数和焊接参数共同作用下高强钢焊接接头的组织性能演变规律及机理.结果表明,最佳振动焊接工艺参数为:焊接电流220 A,振动频率50 Hz,振动振幅0.5 mm;此时焊接接头的力学性能分别为:抗拉强度为875 MPa,冲击吸收功为70 J.这是因为振动可以细化晶粒,减少先共析铁素体的析出,进而使焊接接头的力学性能提高.     

焊接接头热影响区裂纹启裂行为的探讨

针对结构完整性评定中焊接接头难以评估问题，文中通过非匹配焊接接头“三材料”结构模型，建立热影响区中心裂纹启裂临界应力的失效评定图预测方法. 基于有限元ABAQUS软件分析，研究焊接接头热影响区裂纹启裂. 结果表明，高匹配焊缝促进热影响区裂纹启裂，软化的热影响区促进热影响区裂纹启裂，低匹配焊接接头，热影响区软化时，增加热影响区宽度促进热影响区裂纹启裂；热影响区硬化时，减小热影响区宽度促进热影响区裂纹启裂. 高匹配焊接接头，热影响区无论软化、硬化，增加热影响区宽度均促进热影响区裂纹启裂.     

Effects of activating fluxes on pulsed laser beam welded AZ31 magnesium alloy

Abstract

Effects of activating fluxes on macromorphologies, microstructures and mechanical properties of low power pulse laser beam welding of AZ31 magnesium alloy joints were investigated by microstructural observations and mechanical properties tests (including the ultimate tensile strength and hardness). The results showed that activating flux (SiO₂) is more effective in improving the laser welded penetrations when the heat input is at a critical value (E?=?53·42 J mm^?1). Five typical fluxes (SiO₂, TiO₂, ZnCl₂, CaCl₂ and CaF₂) all increased the weld penetrations and D/W ratios of the welded joints. The morphologies of grains in the band zones with fluxes are characterised by dendritic crystals. Moreover, the widths of the band zones with oxide and chloride fluxes are wider than that with fluorine flux. The mechanical properties of the welded joints with fluxes were lower than those without flux. The fracture surface of the welded joints with fluxes exhibited a character of a mixed fracture.     

Investigation into properties of laser welded similar and dissimilar steel joints

Abstract

Laser beam welding is currently used in the welding of steels, aluminium alloys, thin sheets, and dissimilar materials. This high power density welding process has unique advantages of cost effectiveness, deep penetration, narrow bead and heat affected zone (HAZ) widths, and low distortion compared to other conventional welding processes. However, the metallurgical and mechanical properties of laser welds and the response of conventional materials to this new process are not yet fully established. The welding process may lead to drastic changes in the microstructure with accompanying effects on the mechanical properties and, hence, on the performance of the joint. The thermal cycles associated with laser beam welding are generally much faster than those involved in the conventional arc welding processes. This leads to the formation of a rather small weld zone that exhibits locally a high hardness in the case of C–Mn structural steels owing to the formation of martensite. It is currently difficult to determine the tensile properties (full stress–strain curves) of the laser welded joint area owing to the small size(～V 2·3 mm) of the fusion zone. Complete information on the tensile and fracture toughness properties of the fusion zone is essential for prequalification and complete understanding of the joint performance in service, as well as for conducting a defect assessment procedure on such welded joints. Therefore, an experimental investigation into the mechanical properties of laser welded joints was carried out to establish a testing procedure using fiat micro tensile specimens (0·5 mm in thickness, 2 mm in width) for determination of the tensile properties of the weld metal and H AZ of the laser beam welds. Three similar joints, namely St 37–St 37, St 52–St 52, and austenitic–austenitic, and two dissimilar ferritic–austenitic joints were produced by CO₂ laser, using 6 mm thickness plates. The mechanical properties have been examined by microhardness survey and testing of conventional transverse tensile, round tensile, and fiat microtensile specimens. The results for the micro tensile specimens were compared with those for standard round tensile specimens and this clearly showed the suitability of the microtensile specimen technique for such joints.     

焊接结构主S-N曲线拟合方法及软件开发

主S-N曲线法是当前焊接结构疲劳计算的新方法,在焊接结构疲劳分析中被广泛采用. 该方法以等效结构应力为核心参量,实现了以一条S-N曲线计算不同载荷模式和焊接形式结构的疲劳寿命. 依据主S-N曲线法,利用不同材料和焊接形式的疲劳试验建立了焊接结构疲劳试验数据库. 考虑厚度、弯曲比及多轴应力等修正参量的影响,采用最小二乘法原理,研究了不同主S-N曲线方程的拟合方法及其标准差. 在此基础上,开发了主S-N曲线拟合方法的专用软件. 基于VC++编程环境实现了名义应力、结构应力、等效结构应力、剪切结构应力、多轴结构应力及初始裂纹修正等主要计算功能. 基于该软件,完成了试验数据的多参量的对比分析,为研究焊接结构疲劳寿命评估及影响因素分析提供了技术基础.     

Study on the microstructure,mechanical properties and corrosion behaviour of S355JR/316L dissimilar welded joint prepared by gas tungsten arc welding multi-pass welding process

In this study, the joints of dissimilar materials between S355JR carbon steel and 316L stainless steel were welded by gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) multi-pass welding process. Characterisations of microstructure, mechanical properties and corrosion behaviours of dissimilar joint were investigated. The experimental results reveal that the microstructure of weld metal (WM) is austenite and vermiform δ-ferrite, and they cross-distribute in the weld seam. Moreover, there is a decarburisation layer on the interface of S355JR/WM, but the detrimental phase σ and M₂₃C₆ (chromium carbide) are not observed in the WM through X-ray diffraction. The fracture of the S355JR/316L welded joints always occurs in the S355JR heat affected zone during tensile test. Mechanical properties of the welded joints prepared by GTAW can meet the requirements of engineering application. The electrochemical corrosion test is also indicates that the corrosion resistance of WM decreases compared with the 316L base material. The corrosion products of S355JR/316L dissimilar welded joints in 3.5?wt-% NaCl aqueous solution mainly are α-Fe and FeOOH.