Achieving stable partial nitritation using endpoint pH control in an SBR treating landfill leachate

The feasibility of using endpoint pH control to achieve stable partial nitritation (PN) in an SBR for landfill leachate treatment was investigated. By imposing a fixed-time anoxia followed by variable-time aeration in an SBR cycle, successful partial nitritation was maintained for 182 days at a nitrogen loading rate of 0.30–0.89 kg/m³/day. The effluent NO₂⁻-N/NH₄⁺-N ratio and the effluent NO₃⁻-N concentration were 1.30 ± 0.22 and 16 ± 9 mg/L, respectively. High free ammonia (FA) and low dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations were inhibition factors of nitrate formation. The termination of aeration at a suitable endpoint pH was the key to achieve an effluent NO₂⁻-N/NH₄⁺-N ratio close to the stoichiometric value. This endpoint pH control strategy represents practical potentials in the engineered application of combined PN–ANAMMOX processes.     

絮凝法预处理高浓度垃圾渗滤液的实验研究

在用絮凝法对CODCr高达19 200～22 500 mg·L-1的垃圾渗滤液进行预处理当中,以垃圾渗滤液的CODCr去除率为考察指标,通过不同混凝剂对CODCr去除效果的比较,确定了最佳混凝剂.通过单因素实验和正交实验确定了最佳混凝剂用量以及最佳反应条件.研究结果表明,采用自制聚合氯化铁絮凝剂在投药比为1 000:3,pH值为10.5左右,搅拌时间为5.0 min,沉降时间为20 min时,能够使垃圾渗滤液的CODCr去除率达到64%以上,减轻了下一步生物处理的负荷.     

混凝-气浮预处理垃圾渗滤液的模拟试验研究

为了降低垃圾渗滤液中有机物和悬浮物含量,减轻后续处理负担,采用混凝-气浮工艺对垃圾渗滤液进行预处理,并考察其影响因素.结果表明,混凝剂种类、用量、混凝pH值、气浮作用时间等因素对有机物的去除率有明显影响.在优化工艺条件下,当进水COD为5 600 mg·L-1时,COD去除率可达到81.9%,BOD5的去除率可达73.3%,BOD5/COD从0.26提高到了0.40,有效提高了渗滤液的可生化性.研究表明,混凝-气浮工艺流程达到了较好的预处理效果.     

回灌型准好氧填埋场沉降特征模拟研究

分析了回灌型准好氧填埋场封场后出现沉降的机理和过程,进行回灌型准好氧填埋场沉降的室内模拟试验.结果表明,封场后固结沉降主要发生在前15 d,降解沉降主要发生在前5个月,两者沉降量分别约占总沉降量的43.8%～52.7%和47.3%～56.2%,垃圾填埋高度的14.7%～22.6%和18.8%～21.5%.导气管的存在使回灌型准好氧填埋场出现不均匀沉降,而且由于空气供应量的差异,距导气管越远,沉降量与沉降比例越小.直径为4.5 cm的导气管的影响半径约为240 cm,对与导气管不同距离监测点的沉降比例进行曲线拟合,得到拟合曲线 y=7×10-7x2-0.0007x+0.4541(0≤x ≤240 cm).根据拟合值得到不均匀沉降形成的坡度为6.05°,在设计与安装回灌设施和填埋气处理设施时需考虑因沉降不均匀形成的坡度.     

Two-stage biodegradation coupled with ultrafiltration for treatment of municipal landfill leachate

The municipal landfill leachate was treated in a hydrolysis–acidification reactor (HAR)/aerobic bio-contact oxidation reactor (ABOR) following a pretreatment with ultrafiltration (UF) membrane. Experiments were conducted continuously for 44 days at a constant flow rate of 20 l d⁻¹ and organic loading rates (OLRs) from 0.75 to 1.5 kgCOD m⁻³ per day. The results showed that COD of the leachate steadily decreased from 20,015 mg l⁻¹ to less than 3000 mg l⁻¹, and NH₄-N decreased from 368.6 mg l⁻¹ to 259.3 mg l⁻¹ in the UF process. The COD and NH₄-N removal efficiency of HAR was 56.7% and 27.7%, and that of ABOR was 94.6% and 86.7%, respectively. The total COD and NH₄-N removal efficiency reached 99.6% and 93.2%, respectively. UF and HAR played a critical role in raising the biodegradability of the landfill leachate, while ABOR had an important function on removing the dissolved NH₄-N in leachate.     

Pretreatment of municipal landfill leachate by a combined process

Biodegradability enhancement of landfill leachate using air stripping followed by coagulation/ultrafiltration (UF) processes was introduced. The air stripping process obtained a removal efficiency of 88.6% for ammonia nitrogen (NH₄–N) at air-to-liquid ratio of 3500 (pH 11) for stripping 18 h. The single coagulation process increased BOD/COD ratio by 0.089 with the FeCl₃ dosage of 570 mg l^?1 at pH 7.0, and the single UF process increased the BOD/COD ratio to 0.311 from 0.049. However, the combined process of coagulation/UF increased the BOD/COD ratio from 0.049 to 0.43, and the final biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), NH₄–N and colour of leachate were 1223.6 mg l^?1, 2845.5 mg l^?1, 145.1 mg l^?1 and 2056.8, respectively, when 3 kDa molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) membrane was used at the operating pressure 0.7 MPa. In ultrafiltration process, the average solution flux (J_V), concentration multiple (M_C) and retention rate (R) for COD was 107.3 l m^?2 h^?1, 6.3% and 84.2%, respectively.     

太阳光下Fenton氧化-混凝法深度处理垃圾渗滤液试验研究

针对经生物处理后难以进一步生物降解的垃圾渗滤液,提出采用太阳光下Fenton氧化-混凝法进行深度处理.比较了直接混凝法、太阳光下Fenton氧化法及其联合处理技术对垃圾渗滤液COD_(Cr)的处理效果.结果表明,垃圾渗滤液进行直接混凝处理的效果不理想.COD_(Cr)的去除率仅为17.8%;太阳光可有效地催化Fenton试剂对垃圾渗滤液COD_(Cr)的去除效果,但要其COD_(Cr)低于国家二级排放标准则需消耗H_2O_2的浓度大于600 mmol/L.导致其处理成本较高;而采用太阳光下Fenton氧化-混凝联合处理技术.垃圾渗滤液低于国家二级排放标准只需投加H_2O_2的浓度为170 mmol/L,比单纯采用太阳光下Fenton 氧化法处理垃圾渗滤液可节约H_2O_2用量2.53倍以上.     

工艺条件对垃圾渗滤液硝化生物强化特性的影响

通过探索垃圾渗滤液硝化生物强化体系中进、出水含氮化合物形态的转化规律及采用测定呼吸耗氧速率来表征硝化菌群的生物活性等方法研究了不同pH值、进水NH4 -N浓度(负荷)、DO条件下体系的硝化特性.研究发现,酸性条件下,垃圾渗滤液的亚硝化作用较硝化作用受抑制程度大,碱性条件下相反.为了维持较高的硝化效率,垃圾渗滤液的硝化生物强化pH值宜控制在7.5～8.5.实验体系所能承受的氨氮浓度和负荷上限分别为300 mg/L和0.6 kg NH4 -N/(m3·d)左右,当进水NH4 -N浓度和负荷过高时,硝化细菌活性下降幅度较亚硝化细菌要显著得多.DO影响因子实验表明,DO水平的控制对垃圾渗滤液的生物硝化程度有重要影响,当DO控制在0.5～0.6mg/L时,氨氮的氧化以亚硝化作用为主,当DO控制在1.1～2.6 mg/L时,垃圾渗滤液的硝化作用进行得较彻底.     

Biofiltration of gas-phase hexane and toluene mixture under intermittent loading conditions

This paper reports the performance of a compost biofilter subjected to periodic intermittent loads of gas-phase hexane and toluene. The biofilter was operated for 10 h per day, at different empty bed residence times (4, 2 and 1.3 min), and at different inlet concentrations of hexane and toluene, varying between 2 and 3.8 g m^?3, respectively. Steady-state removal efficiency profiles, reaching more than 90% for both the pollutants, was observed after 44 days of operation. Periodic operation of the compost biofilter was characterized by an adsorption step, followed by biological conversion of the pollutants by the microorganisms inherent to the compost. After resuming daily biofilter operation, the required times for biochemical reaction to dominate the initial adsorption step was observed to be 2.5 and 1 h, respectively, for toluene and hexane. The maximum elimination capacity due to the biological step was found to be 61.6 g m^?3 h^?1. The results from this study showed the effectiveness of the biofilter to handle mixtures of gas-phase pollutants, subjected to regular intermittent operations, thus proving their worthiness for industrial use.     

垃圾压实密度对模拟回灌型准好氧填埋场稳定进程影响的试验研究

在室内模拟试验条件下,研究了不同垃圾压实密度对模拟回灌型准好氧填埋场稳定进程的影响.经过近630 d的试验,对于压实密度分别为671.47 kg/m3、524.02 kg/m3和430.18 kg/m3的2#、3#和4#模拟垃圾柱,其渗滤液COD值由试验前的50 000 mg/L分别降至试验结束时的2 210 mg/L、2 790 mg/L和2 090 mg/L,氨氮质量浓度由最高时的约1 300 mg/L分别降至45.1 mg/L、12.1 mg/L和4.96 mg/L,垃圾柱累积表面沉降量分别为97.2 cm、122.5 cm和152.7 cm.研究表明,回灌型准好氧填埋场具有加速沉降,改善渗滤液水质的优势;并且垃圾压实密度越小,模拟准好氧填埋场前期好氧反应进行得越激烈,垃圾体的温度越高,渗滤液水质(COD、氨氮)越快得到改善,填埋垃圾的沉降越快,稳定速率也越快.因此在进行该类填埋场的设计和运行时,要适当控制填埋垃圾的压实密度.     

Removal of humic substances from landfill leachate by Fenton oxidation and coagulation

In this study, chemical oxygen demand (COD) was characterized as total organic constituents and the isolated humic substances (HS) were characterized as an individual organic contaminant in landfill leachate. It was found that the HS content of landfill leachate was 83.3%. The results of laboratory tests to determine the roles of HS in reducing the organic content of landfill leachate during Fenton process are presented. Furthermore, the performances of oxidation and coagulation of Fenton reaction on the removal of HS and COD from leachate were investigated. The change curves of HS removal were similar to those of COD. The HS removal was 30% higher than COD removal, which indicated that HS were mostly degraded into various intermediate organic compounds but not mineralized by Fenton reagent. The oxidation removal was greatly influenced by initial pH relative to the coagulation removal. The oxidation and coagulation removals were linear dependent with hydrogen peroxide and ferrous dosages, respectively. Ferrous dosage greatly influenced the coagulation removal of COD at low ratio ([H₂O₂]/[Fe²⁺] < 3.0), but not at extremely high ratio ([H₂O₂]/[Fe²⁺] > 6.0). The coagulation removal of HS was not affected obviously by oxidation due to both Fenton oxidation and coagulation remove high molecular weight organics preferentially. Higher temperature gave a positive effect on oxidation removal at low Fe²⁺ dosage, but this effect was not obvious at high Fe²⁺ dosage.     

处理垃圾渗滤液好氧颗粒污泥的培养及其脱氮特性

以垃圾渗滤液为试验用水,通过不断增加氨氮负荷(初始氨氮质量浓度从100 mg/L逐渐增加到180 mg/L)、并且适当投加外碳源的策略,在20 d内形成了好氧颗粒污泥,粒径为0.17 ～ 0.20 mm,到第109 d,好氧颗粒污泥粒径达到0.65 ～ 2.10 mm.在培养过程中由于氨氮质量浓度较高,水中游离氨(Free Ammonia,FA)抑制了亚硝酸氧化细菌(Nitrite-Oxidizing Bacteria,NOB)的活性,形成了短程硝化,并在第20～50d、第89～ 109 d发生了同步硝化反硝化(Simultaneous Nitrification and Denitrification,SN D),其中第89～109 d较为明显,在反应器内部C/N比为3.1～3.9情况下,总氮去除率稳定在70％左右.SEM显示好氧颗粒污泥存在大量孔隙,有利于底物输送.对培养过程中第1d、34 d、54 d、79 d、109 d的荧光原位杂交(Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization,FISH)结果进行统计分析,发现氨氧化细菌(Ammonia-Oxidizing Bacteria,AOB)分别占总菌量的2.37％、5.54％、7.26％、16.32％、22.33％.冰冻切片FISH结果表明,AOB主要聚集在好氧颗粒污泥的最外层,有利于AOB利用并消耗液相主体中的溶解氧,同时在好氧颗粒污泥内部形成缺氧区,有利于内部实现反硝化.好氧颗粒污泥的粒径越大,内部缺氧区越大,越有利于实现SND.通过对胞外聚合物(Extracellular Polymer Substances,EPS)染色,发现好氧颗粒内部β-D-吡喃葡萄糖的空间分布为外层较多,并随着颗粒孔隙向内延伸,在次外层与内层不均匀分布,这很好地解释了好氧颗粒污泥反应器在好氧的运行方式下,发生SND的途径及碳源的可能来源.研究表明,利用好氧颗粒污泥处理垃圾渗滤液具有较高的氨氮去除率(97％以上),好氧颗粒污泥的形态及结构有利于AOB的富集,同时在其内部储存了碳源,有利于SND的发生.     

城市垃圾渗滤液中氨氮脱除的试验研究

本试验采用规整填料塔对城市垃圾渗滤液中的氨氮进行了脱除研究。研究结果表明 ,在现场试验条件下 ,当渗滤液的水质在pH 7～ 9,CODCr2 0 0 0～ 10 0 0 0mg/l,BOD580 0～ 6 0 0 0mg/l,氨氮 10 0 0～ 5 0 0 0mg/l,悬浮物为 2 5 0mg/l时 ,吹脱塔的氨氮脱除效率可保持在 90 %以上 ,试验的药剂成本在 3元 /m3 渗滤液以下     

组合工艺削减垃圾渗滤液的毒性试验

利用斑马鱼胚胎及幼鱼评价垃圾渗滤液的生物毒性,并结合理化指标对混凝沉淀-厌氧-电化学氧化-好氧组合处理工艺的毒性削减能力进行评估。结果表明,经组合工艺处理后,垃圾渗滤液的化学需氧量、氨氮去除率分别达93.28%和96.84%,出水水质满足排放标准。垃圾渗滤液对斑马鱼胚胎和幼鱼的毒性单位分别由63.69和99.01降至12.78和19.49,组合工艺的毒性削减率分别为79.93%和80.32%。研究表明,组合工艺能显著降低垃圾渗滤液的毒性。     

HBH-Ⅱ微生物制剂与生物膜法联合处理垃圾渗滤液的效果试验

将复合微生物制剂(HBH-Ⅱ)与生物膜法相结合,以重庆市某垃圾填埋场的渗滤液为研究对象,探讨了HBH-Ⅱ制剂在3种不同条件下对渗滤液的处理效果.结果表明,HBH-Ⅱ对垃圾渗滤液COD和NH3-N的去除有明显影响.反应72 h、低流量间歇曝气36 h、接种量1/10 000(HBH-Ⅱ与水的体积比)、进水pH=8.5条件下,处理效果最佳.HBH-Ⅱ中的复合微生物具有生物增强剂的作用,能明显促进污染物的降解.采用HBH-Ⅱ制剂时克服了以往处理工艺中气味恶臭的弊端,还具有产泥量小、色度去除效果好等优点.与单独使用HBH-Ⅱ处理渗滤液相比,以陶粒为填料的HBH-Ⅱ生物膜系统能够为HBH-Ⅱ的生长繁殖提供良好环境.挂膜成功运行5 d后,COD和NH3-N的去除率分别达到70.58%和72.99%.     

基于混凝-Fenton氧化法的垃圾渗滤液深度处理研究

采用混凝-Fenton氧化法对经生化处理后的垃圾渗滤液进行了深度处理,确定了最佳的试验条件.结果表明,混凝剂聚合硫酸铁(PFS)的最佳投加量为20mL/L.通过正交试验和单因素试验,确定了Fenton反应最佳工艺条件: 初始pH值为3,H2O2加入量为3.0 mL/L,FeSO4·7H2O加入量为3.5 g/L,反应时间为120 min.生化处理后的垃圾渗滤液经混凝-Fenton氧化法深度处理后,CODCr由处理前的560 mg/L降至处理后的93 mg/L,去除率达83.4%,出水水质达到新修订的<生活垃圾填埋场污染控制标准>(GB 16889-2008)排放标准.     

A novel pretreatment process of mature landfill leachate with ultrasonic activated persulfate: Optimization using integrated Taguchi method and response surface methodology

A novel advanced oxidation process (AOP) using ultrasonic activated persulfate oxidation was used to pretreat mature landfill leachate. The effects of different operating variables (e.g., the initial S₂O₈²⁻ concentration, pH, temperature, ultrasonic power and reaction time) on the oxidation performance were investigated regarding the total organic carbon (TOC) removal efficiency, and the variables were optimized using the integrated Taguchi method and response surface methodology (RSM). Based on the Taguchi method under L₁₆ (4⁵) arrays and a grey relational analysis, the most significant variables included the initial S₂O₈²⁻ concentration, temperature and reaction time. The concentrations of these variables were further optimized using RSM. Using the integrated optimization method, the optimal conditions included an initial S₂O₈²⁻ concentration of 8.5 mM, a reaction temperature of 70 °C and a reaction time of 2.46 h, which resulted in a TOC removal efficiency of 77.32%. The experimental results showed that the enhanced TOC removal from mature landfill leachate by sono-activated persulfate oxidation could be attributed to the combined effects of ultrasonic catalysis and sulfate radical-AOP. Overall, ultrasonic activated persulfate oxidation is a promising method for the pretreatment of landfill leachate.     

渗滤液、粪便水与城市污水混合处理脱氮的最佳条件研究

为确定渗滤液、粪便水与城市污水混合处理脱氮的最佳条件,以实际混合污水为进水,采用实际倒置A2/O工艺的模拟反应器,进行中试规模的正交试验.选取因素为水力停留时间、好氧池溶解氧质量浓度、外回流比和内回流比.结果表明,水力停留时间影响力相对较大,延长水力停留时间是提高除污效果最为简捷有效的手段.当渗滤液、粪便水和城市污水混合比为0.2:1.0:400,水温为28～34℃,泥龄为20d时,最佳工艺条件为:HRT为llh,DO质量浓度为3 ng/L,R=1,r=2.此时COD、NH4-N和TN平均去除率分别为85.0％、96.5％和65.1％,出水质量浓度均在国家一级A排放标准以内.较常规工况,COD、NH4+-N和TN去除率分别涨幅8.2％、23.2％和19.2％,氮的去除率涨幅较大.研究证明,粪便水可作为外加碳源,适量添加到城市污水处理系统中,提高生化处理效率.     

细水雾作用下烟气运动速度变化规律研究

在受限空间内通过模拟实验研究细水雾作用下烟气运动速度的变化规律.采用Vario Plus型烟气分析仪,测量了施加细水雾前后空间某点的压差和温度,并根据动压测速原理计算出该点处烟气运动速度.通过改变喷头类型和工作压力,研究了不同工况下雾滴速度和粒径等因素对烟气运动速度的影响规律,定量地表征了细水雾作用下烟气在水平方向和垂直方向上速度增量的变化规律,为细水雾灭火系统的优化设计提供了科学依据.