胆内瘘:附32例漏诊分析

目的:探讨胆内瘘术前漏诊的原因及减少漏诊的方法。方法:回顾性分析32例胆内瘘漏诊患者的临床资料,平均年龄52.1(25~72)岁,患者分别行B超,T管造影,消化道钡餐,胃镜,胆道镜,ERCP,PTC检查,所有患者均行手术治疗。结果:32例均为术前漏诊者,占同期收治的44例胆内瘘的72.73%。32例均术中确诊。结论:胆内瘘术前漏诊率高,应提高对该病的警惕性;注意寻找该病的特征性表现;尤其当B超发现有胆道积气时,应行进一步检查 如内镜和造影检查,这是提高术前诊断的重要方法。     

经肝动脉灌注平阳霉素碘油乳剂对兔正常肝脏组织的影响

目的：探讨平阳霉素碘油乳剂（PLE）经肝动脉灌注对兔正常肝脏组织的影响。方法：14只4～5个月龄日本大耳白兔，体重（2.5±0.2）kg，按注入生理盐水或PLE的量分为假手术组、实验A组（低剂量组）和实验B组（高剂量组）。各组兔均开腹穿刺肝动脉，按分组剂量注入PLE。术后1，2，4，6周取病理切片，HE染色，光镜下观察肝脏组织学改变;免疫组织化学（免疫组化）染色标记血小板衍化生长因子B链（PDGF-B），并行图象分析。结果：A组HE染色肝细胞呈一过性水样变，变性在2周时最重，至6周已明显减轻。B组HE染色2周时肝细胞明显水样变，4周时可见汇管区纤维组织增生，6周时部分肝组织出现明显假小叶结构。免疫组化染色显示，PDGF-B在肝细胞胞膜及纤维间隔中有明显表达。结论：经肝动脉灌注PLE可导致正常肝脏组织产生不同程度的肝纤维化;PDGF-B参与了肝纤维化的病理过程。     

核因子-κappaB与肿瘤坏死因子α mRNA在肝细胞癌中的表达及其意义

目的：探讨核因子-κappaB(nuclear factor-κB,NF-κB)与肿瘤坏死因子α(tumor necrosis factor-alpha,TNF-α)mRNA在肝细胞癌中表达的意义。 方法：采用化学发光凝胶电泳迁移率(electrophoretic mobility shift assay,EMSA)的方法检测正常肝组织、肝血管瘤、肝癌癌灶及癌旁肝组织NF-κB的活性表达,用逆转录－聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)方法检测TNF-α mRNA的表达。结果：正常肝组织、肝血管瘤TNF-α mRNA分别为0.24±0.12和0.21±0.10,显著低于癌旁肝组织和肝癌癌灶的0.36±0.16和0.68±0.21(P<0.05);正常肝组织、肝血管瘤NF-κB未被检测到明显的活性，而癌旁肝组织、肝癌癌灶NF-κB表达与正常肝组织及肝血管瘤组织比较差异具有显著性 (P<0.05)。癌旁肝组织、肝癌癌灶TNF-α mRNA表达与NF-κB的活性呈显著正相关(r=0.773,P<0.05; r=0.838,P<0.05)。 结论：NF-κB信号传导途径异常激活及TNF-α与肝细胞癌的发生发展密切相关。     

Poland 综合征合并乳癌1例

患者女,50岁。1个月前无意中发现左乳有一肿物,约花生米大小,自觉局部有时轻度刺痛,疼痛无规律及周期性,可自行好转,无乳头溢液,当时未在意,未予诊治。1个月来肿物有所增大入院,体查:双乳对称,乳头无畸形,皮肤色泽正常。左乳腺外下象限可扪及一1.5cm×1.0cm肿物,质韧,边界不清,移动度良好,无明显触痛,腋窝未触及肿大的淋巴结。诊断:左乳肿物。行手术治疗,术中冷冻切片报告:乳腺浸润性导管癌,行乳癌根治手术,术中游离乳腺时见腺体下方为肋骨及肋间肌,未见胸大、小肌,锁骨下及腋静脉浅面直接被皮肤及皮下脂肪覆盖。切除全部左侧乳腺和锁骨下及…     

23 COX-2和 HER-2在结直肠癌中的表达及其意义

为研究COX 2和HER 2在结直肠癌中的表达及其临床意义以及两者的相互关系，笔者采用免疫组化法检测123例结直肠腺癌及其中的25例淋巴结转移灶组织、12例远癌肠黏膜组织、15例结直肠腺瘤性息肉组织COX 2和HER 2的表达情况。结果示，COX 2在远癌组织、腺瘤性息肉、腺癌中的高表达率分别为0%，33.3％，81.3％，三者差异有统计学意义（P<0.001）;腺癌中COX 2的高表达与Dukes分期、淋巴结转移和浸润层次有关;HER 2的高表达在腺癌（67.5％）与腺瘤性息肉（80.0%）之间差异无统计学意义，但均高于远癌肠黏膜（33.3%）（P<0.05）;HER 2的胞膜高表达与浸润层次有关;在淋巴结转移灶中COX 2和HER 2具有相关性(χ2=3.949，P<0.05，c=0.3693）。提示 COX 2在正常组织、腺瘤性息肉及腺癌中的表达逐步上调;COX 2可能是结直肠癌发生的早期事件;COX 2的高表达及HER 2胞膜的高表达均与肿瘤侵袭性增高有关。     

部分门静脉动脉化对大鼠肝脏血管铸型变化的影响

目的：探讨用部分门静脉动脉化重建肝血流后对肝脏微血管和组织学的影响。方法：建立大鼠部分门静脉动脉化重建肝脏血流的实验模型，观察该模型大鼠肝脏微血管和组织学的变化。结果：行门静脉动脉化手术后1个月动物肝脏组织未见明显异常。血管铸型标本显示肝窦略变粗，较正常充盈，肝窦无明显变形，仍呈放射状分布于中央静脉的周围。墨汁灌注标本显示肝窦内墨汁灌注规整，略显增宽，颜色均匀并加深。结论：部分门静脉动脉化后在近期内不影响肝脏的微血管及组织学结构。     

急性重症胆管炎168例临床分析

目的:探讨急性重症胆管炎（ACST）的早期诊断指标和手术时机的选择。方法:回顾性分析168例ACST临床资料。结果:所有患者均有胆道病史，有典型Charcot三联征者93例，有精神症状者37例，收缩压<90 mmHg或脉搏>120次/min者89例，体温>39 ℃者76例，上腹部腹膜炎体征114例。白细胞>20×109/L84例。手术治疗157例中痊愈135例，带T管出院16例，手术组死亡6例，死因为肝肾综合征1例，肝昏迷1例，ARDS 1例，多器官功能衰竭（MOF） 3例。非手术治疗11例全部死亡。结论:ACST的早期诊断，把握好手术时机，采用适当的手术方法早期手术，是降低病死率的有效方法。     

能稳定表达外源抑癌基因PTEN的胆管癌细胞系QBC939的建立

目的：为研究抑癌基因PTEN对胆管癌细胞生物学行为的影响，建立能稳定表达外源PTEN的胆管癌细胞系。方法：将野生型、突变型PTEN质粒和空载体质粒分别转化细菌，提取纯化后，脂质体介导法转染体外培养的胆管癌细胞系QBC939;嘌呤霉素筛选抗性克隆;Western blot 检测标签蛋白HA的表达;RT-PCR， Western blot和免疫细胞化学法分析目的基因PTEN的表达。结果：野生型、突变型PTEN和空载体转染细胞株均获得嘌呤霉素抗性;野生型和突变型PTEN转染细胞株均检测到ＨＡ的表达，而空载体转染细胞株和未转染细胞株均未检测到ＨＡ的表达;野生型及突变型PTEN转染细胞株中目的基因PTEN在mRNA和蛋白质表达水平上均较空载体转染细胞株和未转染细胞株增强。结论：成功构建了分别能稳定表达外源野生型PTEN，突变型PTEN或空载体pBP的胆管癌细胞系。     

小鼠全肝缺血再灌注时肺泡巨噬细胞TLR2的激活与肺损伤的机制

目的：探讨肺泡巨噬细胞Toll样受体2（TLR2）的激活机制及其在肝脏缺血再灌注（HIR）中肺损伤的意义。方法：用野生型小鼠C3h/Heouj和TLR4缺失小鼠C3h/Hej建立HIR动物模型。于再灌注1，6，12h后经支气管肺泡灌洗液获取肺泡巨噬细胞，采用荧光定量PCR方法检测TLR2/4mRNA的表达。同时检测支气管肺泡灌洗液中内毒素及肿瘤坏死因子（TNF）的水平，肺组织湿干重比值，肺组织髓过氧化物酶的浓度，并进行肺组织学评分。结果：C3h/Heouj组HIR缺血再灌后各时点肺泡巨噬细胞TLR2/4mRNA表达升高，TLR2mRNA表达持续升高，TLR4mRNA6h达到最高值。同时C3h/Heouj组HIR后支气管肺泡灌洗液中TNF水平明显升高，肺损伤加重，肺组织湿干重比值持续升高，肺组织髓过氧化物酶持续增加(P<0.05)。C3h/Hej组HIR后TLR2mRNA表达仅轻度升高，且支气管肺泡灌洗液中TNF水平低于C3h/Heouj组(P<0.05)，肺损伤轻于C3h/Heouj组(P<0.05)。结论：HIR可致肺泡巨噬细胞表面TLR4的激活，可上调TLR2的表达，从而可加重HIR时的肺损伤。     

严重肝外伤的手术处理：附28例报告

笔者回顾分析近5年来收治的28例严重肝外伤患者的临床资料。 严重肝外伤28例中治愈24例，死亡3例，放弃治疗1例。快速有效复苏、及时诊断、正确选择手术方法，是提高严重肝外伤救治成功的关键。     

大鼠脑损伤动物模型研制方法的探讨

目的 制作稳定的弥漫性脑损伤同时合并局灶性脑损伤动物模型，重点探讨其制作方法。方法 将266只大鼠分实验组3组，对照组1组。分别从不同高度打击至2种不同垫片上，观察生命体征及病理学变化。结果 实验组大鼠均有脑弥漫性脑损伤病理改变。打击垫片上加小圆柱组在弥漫性脑损伤同时合并局灶性损伤。有机玻璃管固定3点，重物从1m高处落下，造成的损伤稳定性好。结论将有机玻璃管固定3点于墙上，打击重锤通过滑轮自1m高处落下，打至置有小钢柱的垫片上，能制成稳定、重复性好，符合临床颅脑损伤的弥漫性脑损伤同时合并局灶性脑损伤的动物模型。     

Clinical features of diffuse axonal injury

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Diffuse axonal injury: its role in diffuse brain injury and its significance for severe disability and vegetative state

Diffuse traumatic brain injury and combinations of diffuse with focal impact traumatic brain injury can cause widespread diffuse axonal injury (DAI) to the white matter. DAI is often the main reason for a persistent vegetative state or a persistent dementia after acute brain damage and may be responsible for a poor outcome after neurosurgical interventions. In the last few years, amyloid precursor protein (APP) has attracted interest as an early marker of DAI staining only injured axons, whereas background uninjured axons are not stained, in contrast to the more traditional demonstration of DAI by neurofilament proteins, which also stain normal axons. On the one hand, there are a number of forensic implications with regard to the evidence and the time pattern of occurrence of DAI, on the other hand, experimental studies mainly carried out by neurosurgeons in cooperation with neuropathologists provide insights into the pathobiology and the severity of DAI with regard to irreversible damage to axons and/or the time pattern of reversibility, both being of prognostic importance.     

Diffuse axonal injury: its role in diffuse brain injury and its significance for severe disability and vegetative state

Diffuse traumatic brain injury and combinations of diffuse with focal impact traumatic brain injury can cause widespread diffuse axonal injury (DAI) to the white matter. DAI is often the main reason for a persistent vegetative state or a persistent dementia after acute brain damage and may be responsible for a poor outcome after neurosurgical interventions. In the last few years, amyloid precursor protein (APP) has attracted interest as an early marker of DAI staining only injured axons, whereas background uninjured axons are not stained, in contrast to the more traditional demonstration of DAI by neurofilament proteins, which also stain normal axons. On the one hand, there are a number of forensic implications with regard to the evidence and the time pattern of occurrence of DAI, on the other hand, experimental studies mainly carried out by neurosurgeons in cooperation with neuropathologists provide insights into the pathobiology and the severity of DAI with regard to irreversible damage to axons and/or the time pattern of reversibility, both being of prognostic importance.     

Significance of magnetic resonance imaging in diffuse axonal injury

Advantages of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to computed tomography (CT) on a diagnosis of diffuse axonal injury (DAI) were discussed. Sixteen patients diagnosed as DAI defined by the criteria of Gennarelli were studied with CT and MRI. Lesions were demonstrated as high intensity areas on MRI of T2 weighted imaging (SE 2000/111) in all of the patients. These lesions were located only in a cerebral white matter in the cases of mild DAI, whereas in the cases of severe DAI located in a basal ganglia, corpus callosum, dorsal part of the brain stem as well as in the cerebral white matter. As for the findings of CT, these parenchymal lesions were not visualized in nine cases including six cases without any pathological findings. Our series suggest that MRI is superior to CT on the diagnosis of DAI and provides some information to evaluate the severity of DAI.     

Diagnosis and treatment of diffuse axonal injury in 169 patients

Diffuse axonal injury (DAI) following brain injuryhas acute and severe clinical manifestations andleads to a very high death rate. At presenttherapies for DAI do not have good effect. Weretrospectively analyzed 169 DAI patients treated in theSecond, Sixth…     

Diffuse axonal injury and early intracranial sequelae in severe head injury.

The importance of diffuse axonal injury (DAI) and early intracranial sequelae was studied in 107 patients with diffuse and focal brain injuries. Comprehensive neuropathological study was also undertaken in 24 fatal patients. The mortality rate was clearly the highest in traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage, followed by acute subdural hematoma, cerebral contusion with delayed hematoma formation, traumatic intracerebral hematoma, diffuse cerebral swelling, DAI with classical features, and finally nearly normal on computed tomographic scans. The mean flow velocities in the middle cerebral artery recorded by transcranial Doppler ultrasound were variable in diffuse brain injury, but commonly decreased on the hematoma side depending on increased intracranial pressure and decreased cerebral perfusion pressure in focal brain injury. Deep-seated hemorrhagic lesions did not expand in diffuse brain injury, but sizable hematoma developed within 24 hours in focal brain injury. The platelet count was significantly lower in patients with poor outcomes in focal brain injury. Histological evidence of classical DAI was found in eight (50%) of 16 cases with focal brain injury. DAI of varying severity is the common subjacent lesion in patients with severe head injury, but the final outcome varies greatly with different lesion types.     

Diffusion tensor imaging fiber tractography for evaluating diffuse axonal injury

Patients with Diffuse axonal injury (DAI) frequently exhibit cognitive disorders chronically. Radiologic recognition of DAI can help understand the clinical syndrome and to make treatment decisions. However, CT and conventional MRI are often normal or demonstrate lesions that are poorly related to the cognitive disorders. Recently, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) fiber tractography has been shown to be useful in detecting various types of white matter damage. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of using DTI fiber tractography to detect lesions in DAI patients, and to correlate the DAI lesions with the cognitive disorders. We investigated two patients with chronic DAI. Both had impaired intelligence, as well as attention and memory disorders that restricted their activities of daily living. In both patients, DTI fiber tractography revealed interruption of the white matter fibers in the corpus collosum and the fornix, while no lesions were found on conventional MRI. The interruption of the fornix which involves the circuit of Papez potentially correlates with the memory disorder. Therefore, DTI fiber tractography may be a useful technique for the evaluation of DAI patients with cognitive disorders.     

Magnetic resonance imaging in diffuse brain injury]

Forty cases diagnosed as diffuse brain injury (DBI) were studied by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) performed within 3 days after injury. These cases were divided into two groups, which were the concussion group and diffuse axonal injury (DAI) group established by Gennarelli. There were no findings on computerized tomography (CT) in the concussion group except for two cases which had a brain edema or subarachnoid hemorrhage. But on MRI, high intensity areas on T2 weighted imaging were demonstrated in the cerebral white matter in this group. Many lesions in this group were thought to be edemas of the cerebral white matter, because of the fact that, on serial MRI, they were isointense. In mild types of DAI, the lesions on MRI were located only in the cerebral white matter, whereas, in the severe types of DAI, lesions were located in the basal ganglia, the corpus callosum, the dorsal part of the brain stem as well as in the cerebral white matter. As for CT findings, parenchymal lesions were not visualized especially in mild DAI. Our results suggested that the lesions in cerebral concussion were edemas in cerebral white matter. In mild DAI they were non-hemorrhagic contusion; and in severe DAI they were hemorrhagic contusions in the cerebral white matter, the basal ganglia, the corpus callosum or the dorsal part of the brain stem.