HDPE/EG/石蜡导热定形相变材料的制备及性能

采用熔融共混法制备高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)/膨胀石墨(EG)/石蜡导热定形相变材料(PCM),并对其渗漏率、微观形貌、导热性能和相变潜热进行研究。结果表明:导热定形相变材料中,HDPE,EG和石蜡三种组分具有较好的相容性;PCM中添加EG时渗漏率有所提高,但渗漏率随EG含量的增加而降低;EG含量为15%(质量分数)时,PCM渗漏率低于0.6%;PCM热导率随EG含量的增加而增加,EG含量为15%时,热导率达到1.265W/(m·K);PCM的相变潜热随EG含量的增加变化不大。     

膨胀石墨定形复合相变材料热性能可视化研究

膨胀石墨(EG)作为吸附材料不仅可以防止石蜡(PA)泄漏，还可以提高复合相变材料的导热系数。采用熔融混合法制备了EG含量不同的3种石蜡/膨胀石墨(PA/EG)定形复合相变材料，并对复合相变材料的潜热、热导率、热稳定性和热分解特性进行研究；搭建了可视化控温系统，在恒热流密度下采用红外热成像仪对复合相变材料传热特性进行可视化研究。研究结果表明：EG含量为30%(wt,质量分数，下同)时，复合相变材料导热系数为5.21W/(m·K),与PA相比提高约20倍；随着EG含量的增加，复合相变材料的相变焓逐渐降低，当EG含量为30%时，循环100次后复合相变材料的相变焓为183.6J/g;从熔融过程的温度可视化结果可得，复合相变材料中的EG虽然削弱了自然对流的影响，但是由于其导热系数远高于PA,所以复合相变材料温度变化较为明显。     

膨胀石墨/石蜡相变复合材料有效导热系数的数值计算

通过膨胀石墨粉与石蜡混合制备相变复合材料可有效提高该储能材料的传热性能。为研究膨胀石墨/石蜡相变复合材料的导热机制,提出了膨胀石墨粉与石蜡混合后的3尺度层次固体有效导热系数计算方法。然后,通过数值模拟计算得到了具有不同体积分数和不同导热系数的膨胀石墨导热颗粒的膨胀石墨/石蜡相变复合材料的有效导热系数。结果表明:膨胀石墨能够有效地提高石蜡的导热性能,当膨胀石墨的体积分数为10%时,膨胀石墨/石蜡相变复合材料的有效导热系数是纯石蜡的9倍。此外,提高底层尺度的石墨片与石蜡的混合程度及降低底层尺度石墨的体积分数都能有效提高膨胀石墨/石蜡相变复合材料的有效导热系数。所得结论为探究膨胀石墨粉提高相变复合材料导热系数的机理奠定了基础。     

石墨/石蜡复合相变储热材料的热性能研究

膨胀石墨(EG)在超声作用下解离成微米级石墨片层(MSGF),并加入到石蜡基体中制备得到石墨/石蜡复合相变储热材料,并对复合相变材料的结构和热性能进行表征。实验结果表明,该石墨/石蜡复合相变储热材料储热速率加快,化学性质稳定。随MSGF质量分数的增加,固态及液态复合材料的导热系数均呈非线性显著增长,相变温度及相变潜热略有降低。     

膨胀石墨对石蜡膨胀石墨复合相变材料热工性能的影响

在石蜡中加入不同含量的膨胀石墨制备了石蜡/膨胀石墨复合相变材料,通过测定不同膨胀石墨掺量的复合相变材料的导热系数、比热容、蓄热系数、热稳定性、热膨胀系数等参数,探究了膨胀石墨对石蜡的热工性能的影响规律。结果表明,膨胀石墨的加入,复合相变材料的导热系数呈线性增大,传热能力增强,蓄热时间缩短,蓄热系数增加,使石蜡的热效率提高;同时,冷热循环过程中,热膨胀系数减小,化学结构稳定,封装效果良好,具有较好的热循环稳定性和热化学稳定性,使石蜡的热稳定性提高。     

铝蜂窝增强膨胀石墨/石蜡复合材料的制备和性能研究

以石蜡(PW)为相变材料、膨胀石墨(EG)为导热增强剂和定形材料、铝蜂窝为导热和结构强度增强材料,制备了铝蜂窝增强EG/PW复合材料板。通过X射线衍射仪、红外光谱和差示量热等手段分析了铝蜂窝增强EG/PW复合材料的物相、化学结构和相变行为,测试了导热系数,并对比了PW和铝蜂窝增强EG/PW复合材料对动力锂电池的控温散热效果。结果表明:EG与PW之间未发生化学反应,EG/PW复合材料的相变潜热略低于理论计算值,过冷度变小;其导热系数随EG含量的增加而增大;与PW相比,铝蜂窝增强EG/PW复合材料对动力锂电池具有良好的控温散热效果。     

基于石墨烯相变材料的锂离子电池热管理技术研究

锂离子电池由于其高能量与高能量密度而被广泛运用于生活中的各个领域,但这也导致它在运行期间容易升温,影响电池的正常工作。相变材料(PCM)是一种有效热能存储材料,由于其在转变物理性质的过程中可以吸收或者释放大量潜热,从而被研究应用于电池热管理系统。该文以石蜡（PA）作为相变基体,膨胀石墨（EG）和石墨烯协同增强导热,制备高导热性的复合相变材料。在不同石墨烯含量下,观察其在锂电池放电过程中的冷却作用。结果表明,复合相变材料能有效降低工作中锂离子电池的表面温度,同时使电池的性能更加稳定。通过对比复合相变材料与PA的降温效果,发现当放电倍率越高,其降温效果越好。当放电倍率为3C、复合相变材料为PCM-4时,冷却效果较好,电池最高表面温度41.24℃,比PCM-1下降5.31℃,较PA而言,温度降低10.39℃。     

石蜡/膨胀石墨/碳化硅复合相变材料的制备及热性能研究

膨胀石墨(EG)是多孔吸附材料中具有优良传热效果的材料。为进一步提高石蜡(PW)/EG复合相变材料的热性能，以PW为相变主材，EG为载体，碳化硅(SiC)、碳纤维(CF)或活性炭(AC)为强化传热介质，通过熔融共混法制备了不同质量分数配比的复合相变材料(CPCM)并压制成形。采用导热系数测试仪、差示扫描量热仪、扫描电子显微镜对CPCM的热性能进行测试和表征。结果表明，当CPCM中PW∶EG∶SiC(质量比)为70∶25∶5时，CPCM的导热系数为1.827W/(m·K),潜热为147.2J/g,分别为PW∶EG=70∶30的CPCM的1.022倍和1.036倍。所制备的CPCM没有新物质产生，相变温度合适，微观结构紧凑，热性能好。     

膨胀石墨/石蜡/高密度聚乙烯导热复合定形相变材料传热行为的数值模拟

采用FLUENT软件,对膨胀石墨(EG)/石蜡/高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)导热增强型复合定形相变材料(PCM)的熔化凝固过程进行数值模拟。结果表明,相变材料在熔化过程中的传热方式以自然对流为主,凝固过程以热传导为主,凝固过程长于熔化过程;EG能够提高熔化和凝固速率,并分别提高了545%,554%,弥补了石蜡热导率低的缺陷。为了验证模型的有效性,通过实验获得了石蜡/HDPE随时间变化的液相体积分数,模拟数据与实验结果基本吻合。     

二十二烷/膨胀石墨复合相变材料的制备与表征

基于膨胀石墨(EG)良好的热性能和吸附性,以膨胀石墨为吸附介质,以二十二烷(DE)为相变材料,用熔融共混法制备了二十二烷/膨胀石墨复合相变材料,采用扫描电镜、差示扫描量热仪、综合热分析仪、X射线衍射仪等对其进行性能测试和表征分析。结果表明,膨胀石墨具有网络状微孔结构,通过与二十二烷的物理结合将其封装,使其稳定性提高,同时颗粒粒径较小且均匀性较好,分散性提高;随着膨胀石墨含量的增加,复合相变材料导热系数提高、热稳定性增强;复合相变材料的相变温度较二十二烷略有降低,过冷现象得到改善,并具有较高的相变潜热;综合分析,复合相变材料中膨胀石墨的最佳含量为10%(质量分数)左右。     

基于复合相变散热的锂离子电池热管理实验研究

以纳米氮化硼(BN)为填料,制备不同质量分数的石蜡基纳米复合材料,对其进行热物性表征,并将该材料用于锂离子电池的热管理。实验结果发现,BN与石蜡之间为物理复合作用;复合材料的熔点和相变潜热随着BN含量增加均有所降低,复合材料导热系数发生转折的点对应于熔点;由于BN在石蜡中发生沉降,导致其含量为1%时复合材料热导率最大,为0.3386W/m·K。将1%的复合材料应用于锂离子电池的热管理,发现在3C和5C倍率放电条件下,电池表面最高温度较纯石蜡分别降低1.43℃和3.39℃,具有3.5%和7.6%的降温效果;最大温差分别降低0.24℃和0.35℃,比纯石蜡降低20%以上,电池表面温度更趋于均匀。因此复合相变材料在电池热管理上具有较好的应用前景。     

Paraffin/carbon aerogel phase change materials with high enthalpy and thermal conductivity

Two kinds of carbon aerogels, graphene aerogels (GA) and carbon nanotubes-graphene aerogels (CGA), were prepared by modified hydrothermal method. The form-stable phase change materials (PCMs) were fabricated by adsorbing paraffin into carbon aerogels. Morphology, structure, form stability and thermal property were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), in situ X-ray diffraction (in situ XRD) and differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). The results showed that GA presented wrinkled surface textures with curling edges, and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were interspersed or attached to GA sheets. The phase transition temperature and the phase change enthalpy of the GA/paraffin PCM composite were 48.7 °C and 223.2 J/g, respectively. Thermal and mechanical properties of PCM composites achieved a qualitative leap with the adding of carbon aerogels. The PCM composites had a thermal conductivity of about 2.182 W/m K at the carbon aerogels loading fraction of 2 wt%. The form-stable PCM composites with high thermal conductivity and high enthalpy could be promising for thermal energy storage applications in construction field.     

膨胀石墨-碳纤维/尼龙三元导热复合材料制备

以尼龙6（PA6）为基体,膨胀石墨（EG）和碳纤维（CF）作为导热填料,采用熔融共混法制备了EG/PA6、CF/PA6和CF-EG/PA6导热复合材料。重点研究当固定导热填料（CF和EG）填充量为40wt%时,CF与EG不同的填充比例对CF与EG的接触方式及CF-EG/PA6复合材料的导热性和力学性能的影响。结果表明,相比单一CF填充,EG的加入有利于CF-EG/PA6复合材料热导率的增加;CF:EG质量比是25:15时的EG-CF/PA6三元复合材料,热导率可以达到2.554 W/（m·K）,是PA6的8倍,拉伸强度提高了125.34%,弯曲强度提高了119.8%,同时具有优异的耐热性。SEM结果表明,纤维状CF与蠕虫状EG片层在适当的填充比例下可以形成"面接触"的三维网络结构,这种三维网络结构不仅显著增大EG-CF/PA6复合材料的热导率,而且明显提高了其力学性能和耐热性能。为研制填充型导热高分子材料提供了一条新思路。      

A capric–palmitic–stearic acid ternary eutectic mixture/expanded graphite composite phase change material for thermal energy storage

This paper demonstrated a capric acid–palmitic acid–stearic acid ternary eutectic mixture/expanded graphite (CA–PA–SA/EG) composite phase change material (PCM) for low-temperature heat storage. The CA–PA–SA ternary eutectic mixture with a mass ratio of CA:PA:SA = 79.3:14.7:6.0 was prepared firstly, and its mass ratio in the CA–PA–SA/EG composite can reach as high as 90%. The melting and freezing temperatures of CA–PA–SA/EG composite were 21.33 °C and 19.01 °C, and the corresponding latent heat were 131.7 kJ kg⁻¹ and 127.2 kJ kg⁻¹. The CA–PA–SA/EG composite powders can be formed into round blocks by dry pressing easily, with much higher thermal conductivity than CA–PA–SA. Thermal performance test showed that the increasing thermal conductivity of CA–PA–SA could obviously decrease the melting/cooling time. Thermal property characterizations after 500 heating/cooling cycles test indicated that CA–PA–SA/EG composite PCM had excellent thermal reliability. Based on all these results, CA–PA–SA/EG composite PCM is a promising material for low-temperature thermal energy storage applications.     

Preparation and Thermal Characterization of Nitrates/Expanded Graphite Composite Phase-Change Material for Thermal Energy Storage

Molten nitrate is widely used as thermal storage medium in the solar thermal power plants for its appropriate phase-change temperature, high heat storage density and low cost, etc. But its low thermal conductivity, heat absorbing and releasing rate limited its application. Expanded graphite (EG) can compensate the low thermal conductivity of nitrate. In this study, binary nitrates at the weight ratio of 4:6 for \(\hbox {LiNO}_{3}:\hbox {KNO}_{3}\) were prepared using static mixed melting method. EG with the mass fraction of 5 %, 10 %, 15 %, 20 % and 30 % was used to enhance the thermal conductivity. The compound of nitrates/EG was prepared using the ultrasonic smashing method. The thermal conductivity of binary nitrates, EG and nitrates/EG composite was measured by the transient plane heat source technique (TPS). The thermal behaviors were analyzed with a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). Results showed that the addition of EG significantly enhanced the thermal conductivity, e.g., the thermal conductivity of 10 wt% EG composite phase-change material (PCM) is 8.5 \(\hbox {W}(\hbox {m}{^{-1}} \hbox {K}{^{-1}})\) to 9.5  \(\hbox {W}(\hbox {m}{^{-1}}\hbox {K}{^{-1}})\), which is about eight times larger than that of binary nitrates. To observe the combination morphology, pure EG, nitrates/EG composite PCM and binary nitrates were characterized using scanning electron microscope (SEM). The thermal reliability of the binary nitrates and the composite PCM was determined by DSC. Thermal cycling test showed that both binary nitrates and nitrates/EG composite material have good thermal reliability.     

纳米铝粉/石蜡复合相变储能材料的性能研究

针对石蜡作为固-液相变储能材料存在导热系数小、传热性能差的缺点,采用两步法制备了分散性较好的纳米铝粉/石蜡复合相变材料,并对其热物性能进行了实验研究.研究表明,纳米铝粉的加入有效地提高了石蜡相变储能材料的导热系数,而对相变潜热和相变温度影响不大.     

Hierarchical graphene foam-based phase change materials with enhanced thermal conductivity and shape stability for efficient solar-to-thermal energy conversion and storage

Recently,graphene foam (GF) with a three-dimensional (3D) interconnected network produced by template-directed chemical vapor deposition (CVD) has been used to prepare composite phase-change materials (PCMs) with enhanced thermal conductivity.However,the pore size of GF is as large as hundreds of micrometers,resulting in a remarkable thermal resistance for heat transfer from the PCM inside the large pores to the GF strut walls.In this study,a novel 3D hierarchical GF (HGF) is obtained by filling the pores of GF with hollow graphene networks.The HGF is then used to prepare a paraffin wax (PW)-based composite PCM.The thermal conductivity of the PW/HGF composite PCM is 87％ and 744％ higher than that of the PW/GF composite PCM and pure PW,respectively.The PW/HGF composite PCM also exhibits better shape stability than the PW/GF composite PCM,negligible change in the phase-change temperature,a high thermal energy storage density that is 95％ of pure PW,good thermal reliability,and chemical stability with cycling for 100 times.More importantly,PW/HGF composite PCM allows light-driven thermal energy storage with a high light-to-thermal energy conversion and storage efficiency,indicating its great potential for applications in solar-energy utilization and storage.     

Dispersion of nanoplatelets of graphite on PMMA matrix by in situ polymerisation technique

Poly(methyl methacrylate)/expanded graphite (PMMA/EG) composites were prepared by the incorporation of EG in various proportions (1%, 2%, 3%, 4% and 5%) with PMMA by in situ polymerisation technique. The polymer composites were characterised by ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis) and Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopies. The structural property of PMMA/EG nanocomposites was studied by X-ray diffraction. The scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy of synthesised composites were taken in order to study their morphological properties. The conductivity of composites was measured as function of EG concentration. It was found that conductivity of composites gradually increased with the increase in EG loading. Oxygen permeability of PMMA/EG nanocomposites was calculated and it was found that the property was reduced substantially with rise of EG proportion. The thermal stability of PMMA/EG nanocomposites was improved by dispersion of EG with PMMA matrix.     

Synthesis of shape-stabilized paraffin/silicon dioxide composites as phase change material for thermal energy storage

The shape-stabilized paraffin/silicon dioxide (SiO₂) composite phase change materials (PCM) were prepared by using sol–gel methods. Paraffin was used as the PCM, and silicon dioxide was acted as the supporting material. Fourier transformation infrared spectroscope (FT-IR) and scanning electronic microscope were used to determine the FT-IR spectra and microstructure of shape-stabilized paraffin/silicon dioxide composite PCM, respectively. The thermal properties and thermal stability were investigated by a differential scanning calorimeter and a thermogravimetric analysis, respectively. The SEM analysis showed that the paraffin was well dispersed into the porous network of silicon dioxide. DSC analysis indicated that the mass content of paraffin in silicon dioxide was up to 92.1%, and paraffin/silicon dioxide composites had solidifying temperature of 57.07 °C, solidifying latent heat of 59.66 kJ/kg, melting temperature of 58.10 °C, and melting latent heat of 139.59 kJ/kg.